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Permafrost response to climate change in the Cervinia basin (Matterhorn, Italy)

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(1)

Permafrost response to climate change in the Cervinia basin (Matterhorn, Italy)

U. Morra di Cella 1 , P. Pogliotti 1

1

ARPA Valle d’Aosta, Italy

”Riederalp 2016 Cryosphere Workshop, from process understanding to impacts and adaptation”

March 15-19, 2016

(2)

Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Overview Monitoring activities

Outline for section 1

1 Study Area Overview

Monitoring activities

2 Monitoring results

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

3 Conclusions

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Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Overview Monitoring activities

The cervinia basin: view from Matterhorn

(4)

Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Overview Monitoring activities

The cervinia basin: human activities

(5)

Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Overview Monitoring activities

The cervinia basin: human activities

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Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Overview Monitoring activities

The cervinia basin: potential permafrost distribution

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Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Overview Monitoring activities

The cervinia basin: climate and topography

Climate - MAAT:-3.2C - Prec:1200 mm/y

Morphology - Moraines - Rock Glaciers - Gelifluction Lobes - High-elevation plateau

- Steep Rock walls

Topography

- Elev: 2000-4478

- Slope: all

(8)

Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Overview Monitoring activities

Outline for section 1

1 Study Area Overview

Monitoring activities

2 Monitoring results

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

3 Conclusions

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Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Overview Monitoring activities

Permafrost problems Rock glaciers creep PF warming trend Rock walls temp.

Strategy

Long-term monitoring Detect CC signals Useful measures to admin.

Cover the range of PF

problems

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Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Overview Monitoring activities

Gran Sometta Active Rock Glacier

Elev: 2700 m a.s.l.

Asp: north Slp: 10

Measures:

- Drone

- GNSS

- Geophysics

- Borehole (15m)

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Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Overview Monitoring activities

Cime Bianche Plateau

Elev: 3100 m a.s.l.

Slp: 5 Asp: SW

Measures:

- Borehole (41m) - Meteo

- OTT prec. gauge

- Soil water content

- Geophysics

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Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Overview Monitoring activities

Capanna Carrel Steep rock walls

Elev: 3800 m a.s.l.

Asp: var.

Slp: var.

Measures:

- GST (0.55m)

- Borehole (10m))

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Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

Outline for section 2

1 Study Area Overview

Monitoring activities

2 Monitoring results

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

3 Conclusions

(14)

Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

GNSS – 2012

Drone – 2012

Boreholes – 2014

Geophysics – 2014

GNSS_fix – 2015

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Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

Drone intro

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Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

Drone intro - 2012/10

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Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

Drone intro - 2014/10

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Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

Drone intro - 2015/07

(19)

Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

Drone intro - 2015/08

(20)

Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

Drone Surface Velocities

4.30 m 4.30 m

0.05 m 0.05 m

0.57 m 0.57 m 3.80 m

3.80 m

1.62 m 1.62 m

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Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

Drone Surface Velocities

(22)

Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

GNSS velocities (by Uni.Fribourg)

(23)

Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

Continuous GPS records

75 days

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Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

GNSS – 2012

Drone – 2012

Boreholes – 2014

Geophysics – 2014

GNSS_fix – 2015

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Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

Geophysics - Left Lobe (by Uni.Fribourg)

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Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

Geophysics - White Lobe (by Uni.Fribourg)

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Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

Borehole Temperatures - White Lobe

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Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

Borehole Temperatures - White Lobe

(29)

Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

Gran Sometta

Conclusions

The survey is producing useful data to quantify the creep velocity of the rock glaciers and its variation over time.

The acceleration observed during the hot summer of 2015 suggest that this landform is highly unstable and reacts fastly to external forcing. Thus attention must be kept high.

Nevertheless, the low slope angle should not allow the triggering of

sudden dangerous phenomena.

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Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

Outline for section 2

1 Study Area Overview

Monitoring activities

2 Monitoring results

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

3 Conclusions

(31)

Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

Cime Bianche monitoring site (3100 m)

(32)

Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

Borehole SH (from 0 to 6 meters)

(33)

Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

Borehole SH (from 0 to 6 meters)

(34)

Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

Borehole DP (from 6 to 40 meters)

(35)

Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

Borehole DP (from 6 to 40 meters)

(36)

Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

Borehole DP (from 6 to 40 meters)

(37)

Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

Cime Bianche

Conclusions

The permafrost at Cime Bianche is degrading at significative rates below 8 meters.

Warming trend decrease with depth then seems that heat comes from the top to the bottom of permafrost table

If trend are confirmed to be real, after a re-calibration experiment planned for next summer, permafrost may retreat below 8/10m during the next 10 years.

It is reasonable to assume that what we observe at Cime Bianche is

happening at regional scale on the southern side of the Alps.

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Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

Outline for section 2

1 Study Area Overview

Monitoring activities

2 Monitoring results

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

3 Conclusions

(39)

Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

Capanna Carrel monitoring site (3800 m)

(40)

Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

Matterhorn Summit monitoring site (4450 m)

(41)

Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

GST monthly mean anomaly of 2015

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Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

Matterhorn - GST

Conclusions

The GST are relatively simple measures that, given an observation base of some years, can provide useful indications on the real-time status of rockwall thermal regime.

If the GST loggers are equipped with GPRS module for the daily data transmission, they may be used as support for decision making by the administrators.

What we observed in 2015 on the logger CCW suggest that during

heatwaves the altitudinal limit of the 0C isotherm on cold faces can

rise significantly leading to critical situations for stability. This is

exactly what have been observed during summer 2015 in the Mont

Blanc massif by Ravanel: an increase in the elevation of rockfall

trigger zone on cold faces.

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Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

Deep Boreholes (10m) and ALT

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Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

Deep Boreholes (10m) and ALT

2012,2.5m

2013,2.0m

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Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

Effect of thin and persistent snow cover

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Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Rock Glacier - Gran Sometta Slope - Cime Bianche Rock Walls - Matterhorn

Matterhorn - Boreholes

Conclusions

The experiment started in 2011 to explore the super-cooling effect of snow cover in steep rock walls is starting to show encouraging results.

The instrumentation of the two boreholes on the west face will allow to quantify this effect also on a cold face.

This findings have strong implications for the comprehension of

permafrost distribution in steep rock walls as well as for modeling

deep temperatures.

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Study Area Monitoring results Conclusions

Thanks for your attention!!

Bibliography

- Pogliotti, Guglielmin, Cremonese, Morra di Cella, Filippa, Pellet, Hauck (2015).

Warming permafrost and active layer variability at Cime Bianche, Western European Alps.

The Cryosphere, 9(2), 647-661.

- Dall’Asta, Delaloye, Diotri, Forlani, Fornari, Morra di Cella, Pogliotti, Santise (2015).

Use of UAS in a High Mountain Landscape: the Case of Gran Sommetta Rock Glacier (AO).

The International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences,

40(3), 391.

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