chromosomal abnormalities 179 circulating cancer cells 332

CD21 131 Cdx1 6 , 14 Cdx2 6 , 14 celiac branch 343 cell-cycle regulators 56 chemoradiotherapy 239 chemosensitivity test 40 chemotherapy 36 chimeric mice 6

5 -chloro-2,4-dihydroxypyridine (CDHP) 315 cholecystolithiasis 341

choriocarcinoma 151

chromosomal abnormalities 179 circulating cancer cells 332

cis-dichloro-diamine platinum (II) 316 cisplatin (CDDP) 36, 316

class III mucin 5

classification of early gastric cancer 31 clubbing of the fold 187 , 189, 197 colors of the depressed area 187 , 188, 195 complete intestinal phenotype 172 completely gastric phenotype 172 complications of endoscopic resection 247 concept of tumor dormancy 38

converging folds 189

CpG island hypomethylator phenotype (CHOP) 101

CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) 99

cyclin E 56

cytological examination 333

D1 gastrectomy 288

D2 lymph node dissection 236 , 272 D2 lymphadenectomy 288 D3 dissection 277

D3 lymph node dissection 278

Index

abrupt cessation of the fold 187 , 196 accuracy rate 205 , 207

adjuvant chemotherapy 38 , 239, 283, 311 adriamycin (ADM) 36

alkaline reflux esophagogastritis 341 alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) 139 American College of Surgeons 271 4 -amino-4-deoxy-10-methyl pteroylglutamic

acid 317 anastomotic leakage 274 angiogenic factors 58 antiparietal cell antibodies 153 Appleby operation 35 , 280 Appleby procedure 280

barium 223

benign and cancerous erosions 191 benign erosion 191

bile 9 , 140

— canaliculus-like structures 140 Billroth 32

blood-borne metastases 332 body mass index 275 bone metastasis 301 Borrmann’s classification 31

C/EBP- b 142

C3H strain-specific antigen (CSA) 6 cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI) 81 cancer prevention 79

cancerous erosion 191 carcinoembryonic antigen 331 carcinoma fibrosum 282

carcinoma with lymphoid stroma 151 cardia cancer 264 , 283

CD10 5 , 12, 171

349

defensin 5 5 denervation 76 depth diagnosis 217 depth of gastric tumor 205 devices 216

5 ¢-DFUR 316 diagnosis 29

differential diagnosis 111 differentiated carcinoma 118 differentiated type 11, 163 diffuse-type 11 , 100 digital radiography 221 digitalization of images 224 dihydrofolate 317

— reductase (DHFR) 317

dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) 312 , 315

— inhibitory fluoropyrimidines (DIF) 315 , 316

DNA methylation 59 docetaxel 304

double-contrast method 30 , 223 dumping syndrome 341 Dutch trial 273 dysplasia 109 , 236

early gastric cancer (EGC) 185, 187, 191, 192, 198–202, 235 , 253

type 0 I — 191, 200 type 0 IIa — 192, 201 type 0 IIb — 187, 192, 202 type 0 IIc — 187, 198, 199 type 0 IIc + III — 199

early GC with submucosal invasion 121 echo levels of gastric cancer 206 , 208 EGFR 306

elderly 159

elevation of the whole lesion 189 , 191 EMD72 000 306

encroachment 187 , 189, 196 endoscopic classification 185

endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) 35 , 236 , 243, 311

— with cap (EMRC) 246

endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) 238 , 244

enteroblastic gastric tumors 140 epigenetics 97

epigenetic alterations 51

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) 99 , 127, 151

— -associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) 127

—-encoded small RNA (EBER)1 131 eradication 15

esophagogastrostomy 264 etoposide 318

evaluation of blood flow 208 evaluation of the depth 206 expansion pattern 112 experimental animals 3 extended surgery 34

F- b-alanine 315, 316 FDG-PET 320 fiberscopy 31 fibrosis 217

5 -fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate (FdUMP) 312

5 -fluorouracil (5-FU) 36 , 299, 312 5 -year survival rates 30

five layers 204 folate 317

fold convergence 187 , 189 folinate calcium 315

function-preserving surgery 344 fundic gland atrophy 160 fusion of the fold 187 , 189, 197

galactose oxidase-Schiff (GOS) 5, 12

— reaction 170 gastrectomy 32 gastric (G type) 12

— HPGs 10

gastric and intestinal (GI) type 5, 12, 58 gastric cancer 299

— treatment guidelines 35 gastric carcinoma 1 , 221

— with lymphoid stroma 127

— with rhabdoid features 151 gastric phenotype 76 gastric radiography 221 gastric remnant cancer 88 gastric stasis 261 gastric wall 204 gastrocamera 30 gefitinib 306

General Rules for the Gastric Cancer Study 235

genetic polymorphism 61

German Gastric Cancer Group 276

guidelines 254

H

-K

-ATPase 151

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) 4, 10 hepatic branch 343

hepatoid adenocarcinoma 139 hepatoid carcinoma 151 Her2 306

heterotopic proliferative glands (HPGs) 6 high elevation of the whole lesion 200 high-salt diet 8

histological diversity 117 histological figures of tub2 124 histological type 78, 117 histology 162

histone modification 60

histopathological underdiagnosis 175 historical review 29

hMLH1 166 HNF-4a 142 homeobox 14 host response 80

human gastric mucin (HGM) 5, 12 hypermethylation 166

hypomethylation 101

immunohistochemistry 329 inactive ternary complex 312

indication for endoscopic resection 243 indirect radiography 30

infectious mononucleosis (IM) 128 interleukin (IL)-8 58

intestinal (I type) 11, 12, 100

— alkaline phosphatase activity (I-ALP) 5, 12

— HPGs 10

intestinal metaplasia (IM) 5, 160 intestinal phenotype 76

intraabdominal fluid collection 280 intraepithelial neoplasia 109 intragastric mucosal resection 287 intraoperative and postoperative

complications 291 irinotecan (CPT-11) 299, 304 isolated tumor cells 329

Japan Anti-Cancer Association 32 Japan Clinical Oncology Group (JCOG)

238, 277, 300

Japanese Classification of Gastric Carcinoma 31 , 35

Japanese Gastric Cancer Association 35 Japanese guideline 235

Japanese Research Society for Gastric Cancer (JRSGC) 32, 235, 271

jejunal interposition 264 JGCA guidelines 258 , 261

Kondo 32 K-ras 176

laparoscopic gastrectomy 35 , 287 laparoscopic surgery 340 laparoscopic wedge resection 287 lateral intertubular expansion 113 Lauren’s classification 169

left upper abdominal exenteration 280 less invasive surgery 254

leucovorin 315 linitis plastica 282

liver-enriched nuclear factors 141 local resection 259

location 160

long-term outcome 291 LUAE 35

lymph node dissection 34, 339

lymph node metastasis 164, 175 , 208, 288 lymphadenectomy 339

lymphatic basin dissection 344 lymphorrhea 280

macroscopic appearance 162

macroscopic classification of gastric cancer 186

magnifying endoscope 193 mass-survey system 29 Mastomys 3

matrix diagnostics 111 MDCT gastrography 222

median survival time (MST) 38 , 318 Medical Research Council (MRC) trial

273

medullar tumors with gastrointestinal tract- specific AFP 140

meta-analyses 239 , 320 metal gastroscopy 30 methotrexate 317 methylation 97 , 128

methylenetetrahydrofolate 312 mice 4

microarray 63 microinvasion 218

micrometastases 256 , 319, 329

microsatellite instability (MSI) 56, 98, 132 , 179

minute GC 118

mismatch repair (MMR) system 179 mitochondria 153

mitomycin C (MMC) 36, 317 mixed histological types 120 mixed phenotype 172 Miyake 32

modified D1 dissection 257 modified D2 dissection 258 Mongolian gerbil (MG) 4 monoclonal growth 11 morbidity and mortality 274 morphological criteria 110 MUC2 12 , 171

MUC5AC 5 , 12, 171 MUC6 5 , 12, 171 mucin phenotype 170 mucosal carcinoma 110

multidetector row computed tomography 221

multiple gastric cancers 164 multiplicity 164

muscularis mucosae 204

N type 12

narrow band imaging (NBI) system 193 neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) 38, 311,

318–320 neometaplasia 139

neuroendocrine carcinoma 151 Nishi’s definition 263

N-methyl-N¢-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) 3, 77

N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) 4, 77

oncocytic adenocarcinoma 151 oral chemotherapy 36

orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (OPRT) 312, 315

outcomes of endoscopic resection 247 oxaliplatin 316

oxyntic atrophy 88 , 90

p16 and E-cadherin 132 p73 176

paclitaxel 304 pancreatic fistula 275

pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) 34, 283 pancreatosplenectomy 35 , 274

Paneth cell carcinoma 151 PAPG 7

para-aortic dissection 35

paraaortic lymph node dissection 277 paradoxical concanvalin A staining 170 parietal cell carcinoma 151 , 156 pathobiology 51

PCS class III mucin 12 pepsinogen 5 , 7

— -altered pyloric glands 7 peritoneal dissemination 164 , 333 peritoneal lavage 333

peritoneal metastasis 301 phenotypes of cancer cells 118 PINX1 55

polypectomy 243 polyphenols 14

postgastrectomy disturbances 341 postgastrectomy rat model 89 postgastrectomy sequelae 253 postoperative complications 274 postoperative nutritional disadvantages

278

postoperative QOL 339 POT1 55

potassium oxonate 315 precancerous lesions 5, 75 preoperative staging 224

procedure-specific complications 282 prognosis 100 , 165

promoter methylation 165 proton pump 153 protruding-type EGC 191

protrusion in the depressed area 195 protrusion of the depressed area 187 proximal gastrectomy (PG) 262 pylorus-preserving gastrectomy 260

rats 3 RCT 320

reduced food intake 341

remnant gastric cancer models 89 response rate (RR) 38

reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction 329

RNA interference 133

S-1 37 , 299, 304, 315, 316 salt 8, 15

salted foods 15

segmental gastrectomy 261 , 342

sentinel node 339

serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) 64 severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

mice 131 short-term outcome 290 sialidase-GOS 5 , 12 sialosyl-Tn 175 sialyl-Tn antigen 12 Siewert type 263 silencing 98

single nucleotide polymorphism 61 small cell carcinoma 151

small early GCs 117 soft gastroscopy 30 solely intestinal (I) type 5 Sox2 6 , 14

SPEM 90

stage reduction 318

stage-specific survival rates 276 standard gastrectomy 32 standard surgery 255 strip biopsy 245 sucrase 12

superextended operations 277

superficial depressed-type EGC see type 0 IIb EGC

surface structure 187

— in the depressed area 195

—of the depressed lesion 189 surgical experience 276

tapering of the fold 187 , 196

techniques of endoscopic resection 244 tegafur 36, 315

telomerase 55 tetrahydrofolate 317

TFF2/spasmolytic polypeptide expressing metaplasia (SPEM) 87

T-helper 1 cellular immune responses 81

thoracoabdominal approach 282 three-dimensional CT visualization 225 thymidine phosphorylase 312

thymidylate synthase (TS) 312 time to progression (TTP) 38 topoisomerase II 318

total gastrectomy de principe 32 tracer 344

(trans-R,R)diaminocyclohexane- oxalatoplatinum (II) 317 transdifferentiation 139 , 141

— of chief cells 91 transhiatal approach 282 tumor cell microinvolvement 330

UFT 316

— and leucovorin 36 ultrasonic anatomy 204 ultrasonic endoscope 216

undifferentiated carcinoma (UCA) 118 undifferentiated type 11

unresectable gastric cancer 164 uridine phosphorylase 312

vagal nerve 343 villin 12

virtual endoscopic views 225 VP-16, UFT, and leucovorin 37

wall rigidity 189

X-ray fluoroscopy apparatus 29

yolk sac tumors 140