GLOSSARY
Active Volcano: it is currently erupting or has erupted in recorded time.
Conduit - The main passage for magma.
Crater – an opening formed by repeated eruptions of ash and lava, it surrounds the main vent.
Dike - an intrusion of magma that becomes a passageway for magma. This passageway connects the conduit to the side vent.
Dormant Volcano- it is not erupting currently but has erupted in recorded time.
Effusive eruption - liquid magma emerges quietly to the Earth’s surface Explosive eruption - escaping gases break magma into fragments
Extinct Volcano- it has not erupted in recorded time and is not considered likely to do so.
Lava - molten rock that has reached the surface of the Earth.
Magma - Molten rock under the surface of the Earth, generated within the Earth.
Magma Chamber - large mass of magma located under the surface of the Earth.
Main Vent- The main opening in a volcano. Located at the top of the conduit.
Side Vent - a secondary opening in a volcano that allows magma to reach the surface of the Earth. It is located on the flanks of a volcanic cone.
Viscosity- the thickness of lava and magma determine how the volcano will erupt, what type of lava flow will be formed, and what type of volcanic cone will form. Viscosity is the measure of how thick or thin the lava is. Thick magma or lava is said to have a high viscosity, while thin lava or magma is said to have low viscosity.
Volcanic Ash - fragments of volcanic rock less than 2mm in size.
Volcanic Gas - it is contained within magma. When magma rises to the Earth's surface the gases are exsolved and are an important factor in the violence of an eruption. Because some gases are toxic they can suffocate people. Volcanic gases include steam, sulphur dioxide and carbon dioxide.
Volcano - A cone which is formed around a vent by accumulations of erupted volcanic materials like ash, pumice,lava flows and other volcanic rocks. Mountain formed around a vent where lava, pyroclastic material and gases erupt
Verbs: to allow: permettere di - to be able to: saper fare - to build: costruire – to call: chiamare - to compare: confrontare - To find, found, found: trovare, trovato – to flow: scorrere – to make, made, made:
fare - To melt, melted, molten: fondere, fuso. - To push: spingere - To pull: sollevare - to rest: riposare, rimanere inattivo. - to rise: salire- to reach the surface: raggiungere la superficie to sink: sprofondare - to surround: circondare
Passive form: a volcano is called shield volcano when…. A volcano is made of solid lava
Let’s understand what the teacher says
1 Revising Can anyone Who can
remember
tell me what we
did
talked about learned
last lesson?
Was it OK/easy/difficult? Did you find it OK/easy/difficult?
2 Saying what the lesson will be about
What we’re going to do today is Today we’re going to
learn about cover read about write about discuss
……….
First Then Next After that finally
I’m we’re
going to
learn about read about write about discuss do.
……..
The first/next thing I’m/we’re going to do is
3 Signalling the end of one phase of a lesson and the beginning of another
Right OK Now…
4 Moving on to the next phase
Right OK Now
let’s shall we let me can we…(?) can I …(?)
move on (to the next point) go on
continue do…
etc
The next point/question is…
5 Finishing the lesson Right
OK
let’s
I’m/we’re going to
stop finish
there here
Next lesson In the next lesson
I’ll…
we’ll…
I’m…
we’re going to…
6 Setting homework
For I want you to
do…
read…
homework write…
7 Eliciting responses Put your hands up if
Hands up if you
know…
can say…
can tell me..
Who knows…? Who wants to start? Do you know…?
Who is going to start? Who would like to start? Does anybody know…?
Who can say…? Any volunteers? Can anybody tell me…?
Who can tell me…? Can anybody say…?
8 Moving to another student
Anybody else? Does anybody else know? Do you agree with what …says?
Is that right? Is that OK? Are you happy with that? Any objections?
9 Eliciting opinions
What do you think? What’s your opinion/view?
10 Encouraging learners
Think Try Come on You know this Help her/him
Let me give you a clue/hint Take your time 11 Encouraging a learner to continue Yes, go on Yes, and what else?
12 Asking a learner to repeat
Say that again Again Once more More slowly 13 Praising a learner
That’s Exactly Good Very good Excellent Perfect Correct Great 14 Correcting a learner
No That’s (completely) wrong Not exactly One small mistake Try again Have another go 15 Emphasising
This is an important word/concept I want you to remember this Don’t forget this Make sure you remember this Make a (mental) note of this
16 Checking Understanding
OK? Is that clear? Everybody clear? Do you understand?
Does everybody understand? Do you follow?
17 Getting Attention
Can I have your attention? Pay attention I want you to listen (carefully) Listen (carefully) 18 Drawing attention to the board
Look this way Look here Look at this 19 Drawing attention to a book
Turn to page… Look at page…
20 Working things out/thinking aloud
Let’s see Let me see Wait a minute Just a minute 21 Talking to individuals
Can I Let me
see
have a look at
your book-diary your work
what you’ve done what you’ve got 22 Forming groups
I want you to You’re going to
We’re going to
work in groups from groups get into groups
of about Three four five
Work with the person
next to in front of
behind you
…..
You have 5
10 minutes 23 Giving instructions
Right OK Now
listen carefully.
listen. This what I want you to do What I want you to do is What you’re going to do is
….
Does everybody understand?
