• Non ci sono risultati.

Optics and spectroscopy of gold nanowires.

N/A
N/A
Info
Scarica
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Condividi "Optics and spectroscopy of gold nanowires."

Copied!
209
0
0

Caricamento.... (Visualizza il testo completo ora)

Scarica adesso ( 209 pagine )

Testo completo

(1)X. lMBp2`bBi2 T`Bb@bm/. lMBp2`bBi£ /B SBb. õ+QH2 /Q+iQ`H2, QM/2b 2i KiBĐ`2. a+mQH /B .QiiQ`iQ BM a+B2Mx2 /B "b2 ǭ:HBH2Q :HBH2BǮ. G#Q`iQB`2 BKö *QiiQM. LMQ@G#. h?Đb2 /2 .Q+iQ`i /Bb+BTHBM2 S?vbB[m2. .QiiQ`iQ /B _B+2`+ BM 6BbB+. .272M/2/ QM y8fR9fkyRk #v. S`Bv obMi?FmK`. PTiB+b M/ aT2+i`Qb+QTv Q7 :QH/ LMQrB`2b *Q@bmT2`pBbQ`, MM2 .ö#``2 .B`2+i`B+2 /2 `2+?2`+?2- *L_a- G#Q`iQB`2 BKû *QiiQM *Q@bmT2`pBbQ`, J`B HH2;`BMB S`Q72bbQ`- lMBp2`bBi¨ /B SBb *QKTQbBiBQM /m Dm`v S`2bB/2Mi Q7 Dm`v, _272`22b, J2K#2`b,. AMpBi2/ K2K#2`,. E2MB+?B EQMBb?B- S`Q72bbQ`- lMBp2`bBiv Q7 SBb 6`M+2b+Q "miB2` /2 JQM;2Qi- S`Q72bbQ`- lMBp2`bBiv Q7 :2MQp SB2``2@JB+?2H /K- S`Q72bbQ`- lMBp2`bBiv Q7 h2+?MQHQ;v Q7 h`Qv2b P/BH2 ai2T?M- S`Q72bbQ`- lMBp2`bBiv S`Bb am/ J`B HH2;`BMB- +Q@amT2`pBbQ`- LMQ@G# - lMBp2`bBiv Q7 SBb MM2 .ö#``2- +Q@amT2`pBbQ`- H#X BKû *QiiQM- lMBpX S`Bb am/ Jm`Q hQM2HHB- S`Q72bbQ`- lMBp2`bBiv Q7 SBb 6`M+2b+Q 6mbQ- S`Q72bbQ`- lMBp2`bBiv Q7 SBb.

(2) k.

(3) *QMi2Mib amKK`v. B. aQKK`BQ. Bt. _2bmK2. tB. AMi`Q/m+iBQM yXR LMQb+B2M+2 X X X X X X X yXk h?2 QTiB+H T`QT2`iB2b Q7 yXj h?2 BMi2`2bi BM ;QH/ X X X yX9 SHbKQMB+b X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X X X X X K2iH MMQbi`m+im`2b X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X. X X X X. X X X X. X X X X. X X X X. X X X X. X X X X. X X X X. X X X X. X X X X. X X X X. X X X X. X X X X. R k k j 9. R aKTH2b N RXR :QH/ MMQrB`2b ``vb X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X N RXk :QH/ MMQ#2/b X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Rk RXj :QH/ MMQrB`2b X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Rk k SHbKQMb kXR AMi`Q/m+iBQM X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X kXk am`7+2 THbKQM TQH`BiQM 2t+BiiBQM X X X X X X kXj am`7+2 THbKQM T`QT;iBQM H2M;i? X X X X X X X kX9 JB2 i?2Q`v X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X kX8 :Mb i?2Q`v X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X kXe am`7+2 THbKQM /2T2M/2M+2 QM bBx2 X X X X X X X kXd am`7+2 THbKQM /2T2M/2M+2 QM b?T2 X X X X X kX3 am`7+2 THbKQM /2T2M/2M+2 QM `27`+iBp2 BM/2t. X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X. Rj Rj R9 Re Rd ky ky kR kk. j a1_a jXR AMi`Q/m+iBQM X X X X X X X X X X X X jXRXR 1pQHmiBQM Q7 a1_a X X X X jXk _KM aT2+i`Qb+QTv X X X X X X X jXj a1_a 1M?M+2K2Mi J2+?MBbKb. X X X X. X X X X. X X X X. X X X X. X X X X. X X X X. X X X X. X X X X. X X X X. X X X X. X X X X. kj kj k9 k9 ke. X X X X. X X X X. X X X X. X X X X. X X X X. X X X X. X X X X. X X X X.

(4) 9. jX9 jX8 jXe jXd. *PLh1Lha jXjXR 1H2+i`QK;M2iB+ 2M?M+2K2Mi X X X X X X jXjXk *?2KB+H 2M?M+2K2Mi X X X X X X X X X X 1M?M+2K2Mi 6+iQ` X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X jX9XR aBM;H2 KQH2+mH2 2M?M+2K2Mi 7+iQ` X X X jX9Xk p2`;2 2M?M+2K2Mi 7+iQ` X X X X X X X AKTQ`iMi T`K2i2`b i?i /QKBMi2b i?2 a1_a am`7+2 2M?M+2/ `2bQMM+2 _KM b+ii2`BM; 1tT2`BK2MiH b2i mT X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X jXdXR .`F }2H/ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X jXdXk S`Q#2 KQH2+mH2b X X X X X X X X X X X X X jXdXj aKTH2 T`2T`iBQM X X X X X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X X X X. 9 a1_a K2bm`2K2Mib @ AbQHi2/ MMQrB`2b 9XR AMi`Q/m+iBQM X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 9Xk *h" +Qi2/ MMQrB`2b X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 9Xj .`F }2H/ bT2+i`Qb+QTv X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 9X9 S`QT;iBQM K2bm`2K2Mib X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 9X8 SHbKQM T`QT;iBQM /2T2M/2M+2 QM qp2H2M;i? X X X X X X X X X 9X8XR dyk MK X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 9X8Xk dk3 MK X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 9X8Xj d8y MK X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 9X8X9 ddy MK X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 9X8X8 amKK`v Q7 i?2 /Bz2`2Mi K2+?MBbKb X X X X X X X X X X X 9X8Xe *QKT`BbQM X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 9Xe S`QT;iBQM G2M;i?b X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 9Xd a1_a X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 9X3 .2T2M/2M+2 Q7 a1_a QM rp2H2M;i? X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 9XN "HBMFBM; X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 9XRy aBHM2 +Qi2/ MMQrB`2b X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 9XRR "+F;`QmM/ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 9XRk aBM;H2 KQH2+mH2 `2;BK2 2pB/2M+2/ #v  irQ MHvi2 MHvbBb Q7 T`QT@ ;iBQM X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 9XRj aBM;H2 KQH2+mH2 `2;BK2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 9XR9 avMQTbBb X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 8 a1_a @ LMQrB`2 ``vb 8XR AMi`Q/m+iBQM X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 8Xk .BTQH` +QmTHBM; KQ/2H X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 8Xj 1H2+i`QbiiB+ TT`QtBKiBQM X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 8X9 .Bb+`2i2 /BTQH2 TT`QtBKiBQM X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 8X8 *QKT`BbQM #2ir22M 2H2+i`QbiiB+ TT`QtBKiBQM M/ ..a*h. X X X X X. X X X X X X X X X X X. ke kd kN kN kN jy jy jR jk jk j9. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X. jd jd j3 9R 98 93 9N 9N 8k 8j 89 89 8N ey eR ee e3 dy. X dy X dj X de X X X X X. dN dN 3y 3y 3R 3j.

(5) *PLh1Lha. 8. 8Xe 8Xd 8X3 8XN 8XRy 8XRR. .2T2M/2M+2 QM AMi2` T`iB+H2 /BbiM+2 X X X X X X aBKmHiBQM Q7 M B/2H bKTH2 bKTH2 X X X X X X hhP d9y X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X _?Q/KBM2 e: X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 1z2+i Q7 irQ `2TQ`i2`b X X X X X X X X X X X X X X SQH`BxiBQM /2T2M/2M+2 Q7 a1_a X X X X X X X X 8XRRXR SQH`Bx2/ ?Qi@bTQi HQM; i?2 MMQrB`2b X 8XRRXk *?`;2 i`Mb72` 2z2+i X X X X X X X X X X 8XRRXj SQH`Bx2/ ?Qi@bTQi +`Qbb i?2 MMQrB`2b 8XRk qp2H2M;i? /2T2M/2M+2 Q7 a1_a X X X X X X X X 8XRj avMQTbBb X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X e aLPJ eXR AMi`Q/m+iBQM X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eXk _vH2B;? +`Bi2`BQM M/ /Bz`+iBQM HBKBi eXj "`2FBM; i?2 /Bz`+iBQM #``B2` X X X X eX9 q?v aLPJ\ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eX8  #`B27 ?BbiQ`v M/ 2pQHmiBQM Q7 aLPJ eXe "bB+ rQ`FBM; T`BM+BTH2b Q7 aLPJ X X eXd a?2` 7Q`+2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X eX3 1tT2`BK2MiH a2i mT X X X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X. d aLPJ K2bm`2K2Mib @ LMQrB`2 ``vb dXR AMi`Q/m+iBQM X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X dXk *QMbiMi 2t+BiiBQM KQ/2 X X X X X X X X dXkXR S`Q/m+2/ KTb X X X X X X X X X X dXj aKTH2 R X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X dXjXR GQ+H }2H/ 2M?M+2K2Mi X X X X X dX9 aKTH2 k X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X dX8 _272`2M+2 bKTH2b X X X X X X X X X X X X X dXe 6Bt2/ 2t+BiiBQM KQ/2 X X X X X X X X X X dXd aKTH2 8 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X dX3 avMQTbBb X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X X X X. X X X X X X X X X X X. 39 38 3e N9 N3 RyR RyR Ry9 Ry8 RyN RR9. X X X X X X X X. RR8 X RR8 X RR8 X RR3 X RR3 X RRN X Rky X RkR X RkR. X X X X X X X X X X. Rk8 X Rk8 X Rkd X Rjy X Rjk X Rjd X R9R X R98 X R9e X R93 X R88. *QM+HmbBQMb. ReR.  TT2M/Bt. Re8. TT2M/Bt Re8 XR ..a*h X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Re8 XRXR AMTmi X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Re8.

(6) e. *PLh1Lha XRXk LQM@biM/`/ a?T2b Q` ai`m+im`2b X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Red XRXj S`Q;`K 1t2+miBQM X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Red XRX9 PmiTmi X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Re3. +FMQrH2/;K2Mib. ReN. _272`2M+2b. Rdk.

(7) alJJ_u h?2 `2b2`+? //`2bb2/ BM i?Bb /Bbb2`iiBQM /2Hb rBi? i?2 QTiB+H T`QT2`iB2b Q7 K2iH MMQbi`m+im`2b M/ BM T`iB+mH` Bi Bb 7Q+mb2/ QM THbKQMB+ 72im`2b Q7 ;QH/ MMQrB`2b- r?B+? `2 BMp2biB;i2/ M/ bb2bb2/ i?`Qm;? /Bz2`2Mi QTiB+H i2+?MB[m2b HBF2 b+MMBM; M2` }2H/ QTiB+H KB+`Qb+QTv UaLPJV M/ bm`7+2 2M?M+2/ _KM bT2+i`Qb+QTv Ua1_aVX hQ mM/2`biM/ M/ +QMi`QH i?2 BMi2`+iBQM #2ir22M HB;?i M/ Kii2` Bb 7mM/K2MiH iQ b+B2M+2 M/ iQ i2+?MQHQ;vX b i?2 }2H/ Q7 T?QiQMB+b +QMbiMiHv bi`Bp2b iQ /Q bQ iQ KF2 2p2` bKHH2` /2pB+2b- i?2 /Bz`+iBQM HBKBi Q7 HB;?i 2K2`;2b b  7mM/K2MiH HBKBiiBQMX  MmK#2` Q7 M2r M/ MQp2H TTHB+iBQMb HBF2 H# QM  +?BT ?p2 BMbTB`2/ M2r rvb iQ +B`+mKp2Mi i?Bb Bbbm2X PM2 bQHmiBQM iQ i?2 T`Q#H2K- i?i Bb rB/2Hv +FMQrH2/;2/ M/ Bb 7bi ;`QrBM; Bb i?2 `2b2`+? QM THbKQMB+bX SHbKQMB+b Bb  #HQQKBM; }2H/ BM QTiQ2H2+i`QMB+bfMMQT?QiQMB+b i?i mb2b i?2 T2+mHB` QTiB+H T`QT2`iB2b Q7 K2iH MMQbi`m+im`2b iQ KMBTmHi2 HB;?i i MMQK2i2` b+H2b iQr`/b +QK#BM2/ QTiB+H M/ 2H2+i`QMB+ 7mM+iBQMbX h?2`2 Bb  +QMbiMi 2zQ`i iQ ?p2  #2ii2` mM/2`biM/BM; Q7 i?2 THbKQMb M/ BM i?Bb rQ`F- r2 T`2b2Mi Qm` +QMi`B#miBQM iQ bm+? i?2 2p2` ;`QrBM; `2b2`+? rBi? i?2 mb2 Q7 MQp2H 2tT2`BK2MibX h?2 i?2bBb Bb BM +Qimi2HH2 #2ir22M i?2 lMBp2`bBiv Q7 SBb M/ lMBp2`bBiv Q7 S`Bb am/ M/ `2b2`+? ?b #22M /QM2 iQ LMQH# .2T`iK2Mi Q7 S?vbB+b- lMBp2`bBiv Q7 SBb M/ i G#Q`iQB`2 BKû *QiiQM *L_a M/ lMBp2`bBiû S`Bb@am/X AM i?Bb i?2bBb rQ`F- i?2 BMp2biB;iBQM Q7 i?2 QTiB+H T`QT2`iB2b T2`iBMBM; iQ i?2 ;QH/ MMQrB`2b Bb +``B2/ QM #v M2`@}2H/ i2+?MB[m2b BM SBb M/ #v a1_a BM P`bvX h?2 B/2MiB}+iBQM M/ +?`+i2`BxiBQM Q7 HQ+H }2H/ 2M?M+2K2Mi 2z2+ib QM ;QH/ MMQbi`m+im`2b M/ i?2B` `2HiBQM iQ i?2 KQ`T?QHQ;v ?p2 #22M Q#iBM2/ rBi?  +mbiQK K/2 aLPJ b2imTX qBi? i?2 B/ Q7 bTiBH `2bQHmiBQM Qz2`2/ #v MQM@ T`QT;iBM; }2H/b- aLPJ QrMb i?2 mMB[m2 #BHBiv Q7 KTTBM; i?2 bT+2 /Bbi`B#m@ iBQM Q7 2XKX }2H/b i i?2 bm`7+2 Q7  MMQbi`m+im`2/ bKTH2 rBi?Qmi i?2 +QMbi`BMib BKTQb2/ #v QTiB+H /Bz`+iBQM BM +QMp2MiBQMH M/ +QM7Q+H KB+`Qb+QTvX b  +QM@ b2[m2M+2- QTiB+H T`QT2`iB2b +M #2 `2i`B2p2/ QM  Hi2`H bBx2 b+H2 +QKT`#H2- Q` 2p2M #2ii2` i?M i?2 T?vbB+H bBx2 Q7 i?2 MMQbi`m+im`2bX a1_a QM i?2b2 bKTH2b //`2bb2b i?2 2z2+ib Q7 }2H/ 2M?M+2K2Mi bbQ+Bi2/ rBi? THbKQM 2t+BiiBQMX  b2MbBiBp2 T`Q#2 Q7 i?2 2M?M+2K2Mi Bb i?2 /2i2+iBQM Q7 _KM bB;Mim`2b Q7 bmBi#H2 /v2 KQH2+mH2b /bQ`#2/ i i?2 bm`7+2X qBi? i?2 mb2.

(8) BB. alJJ_u. Q7 /Bz2`2Mi /v2b M/ /Bz2`2Mi 2tT2`BK2MiH T`K2i2`b Urp2H2M;i?- TQH`BxiBQMVM 2zQ`i ?b #22M K/2 iQ /Bb2MiM;H2 i?2 p`BQmb +QMi`B#miBQMb iQ a1_a `BbBM; 7`QK bm+? bKTH2bX h?2 /2THQvK2Mi Q7 i?2b2 ?B;?Hv bT2+BHBx2/ i2+?MB[m2b BKb i BKT`QpBM; i?2 mM@ /2`biM/BM; Q7 i?2 THbKQM 2t+BiiBQM K2+?MBbKb BM `2H bvbi2Kb- U/Bz2`2Mi 7`QK i?2 KQ/2H bvbi2Kb Q7i2M `2TQ`i2/ BM i?2 HBi2`im`2V- r?BH2 HHQrBM; 7Q`  /2iBH2/ 2pHmiBQM Q7 i?2B` TTHB+iBp2 TQi2MiBH BM `TB/Hv ;`QrBM; `2b bm+? b MMQT?Q@ iQMB+b M/ ?B;?@b2MbBiBpBiv QTiB+H /2i2+iBQMX M QmiHBM2 Q7 i?2 i?2bBb bi`m+im`2 Bb ;Bp2M #2HQrX AM i?2 BMi`Q/m+iBQM- r2 iHF Q7 i?2 BKTQ`iM+2 Q7 bim/vBM; i?2 QTiB+H T`QT2`iB2b Q7 K2iH MMQT`iB+H2b M/ `2bQMb 7Q` Qm` +?QB+2 Q7 ;QH/ MMQT`iB+H2bX :QH/ bvbi2Kb `2 b+`+2Hv BMp2biB;i2/ r?2M +QKT`2/ iQ bBHp2` #2+mb2 Q7 i?2 HBKBi2/ HQbb2b Q7 bBHp2` +QKT`2/ iQ ;QH/ BM i?2 pBbB#H2 `M;2 Q7 rp2H2M;i?bX >Qr2p2`- BM i?2 M2` BM7` `2/ `2;BQM- i?2 HQbb2b Q7 ;QH/ M/ bBHp2` #2+QK2 +QKT`#H2 M/ ;QH/ Bb p2`v mb27mH BM i?2 +b2 Q7 #BQHQ;B+H bvbi2Kb bBM+2 Bi Bb #BQ+QKTiB#H2 BM Mim`2X h?2 +?Ti2` k /2b+`B#2b i?2 bKTH2b i?i r2 ?p2 mb2/ 7Q` Qm` K2bm`2K2MibX h?2 a1_a M/ aLPJ K2bm`2K2Mib r2`2 /QM2 QM ;QH/ MMQrB`2 ``vbX h?2b2 ``vb ?p2 #22M +mbiQK K/2 #v i?2 ;`QmT Q7 S`Q7X "miB2` .2 JQM;2Qi mbBM; M mM+QMp2MiBQMH i2+?MB[m2 r?B+? Bb +Qbi 2z2+iBp2 M/ bi`B;?i 7Q`r`/ +QKT`2/ iQ i?2 Qi?2` 7#`B+iBQM K2i?Q/bX h?2 K+`Qb+QTB+ i`MbKBbbBQM T`QT2`iB2b Q7 i?2b2 bKTH2b `2 /Bb+mbb2/X q2 ?p2 HbQ mb2/ i?2 BbQHi2/ ;QH/ MMQrB`2b BM i?2 a1_a 2tT2`BK2MibX h?2v `2 +?2KB+HHv ;`QrM +QKK2`+BH MMQrB`2b Tm`+?b2/ 7`QK LMQT`ixX h?2`2 `2 irQ /Bz2`2Mi MMQrB`2b mb2/X PM2 +Qi2/ rBi? +2ivH i`BK2i?vHKKQMBmK #`QKB/2 U*h"V M/ MQi?2` rBi? bBHM2X h?2v `2 e µK BM H2M;i? M/ jy MK BM /BK2i2` UMQKBMHVX q2 ?p2 HbQ mb2/ 8y MK MMQ#2/b 7`QK "" BMi2`MiBQMH- 7Q` i?2 a1_a K2bm`2K2Mib HQM; rBi? i?2 MMQrB`2bX h?2 +?Ti2` j ;Bp2b M BMi`Q/m+iBQM iQ i?2 +QM+2Ti Q7 bm`7+2 THbKQMb- #Qi? HQ+H@ Bx2/ M/ T`QT;iBM; BM Mim`2X h?2 Q7i2M mb2/ i?2Q`B2b iQ /2b+`B#2 i?2 THbKQM BM MMQT`iB+H2b HBF2 i?2 JB2 i?2Q`v `2 T`2b2Mi2/ b?Q`iHvX o`BQmb i2+?MB[m2b mb2/ 7Q` 2t+BiBM; i?2 bm`7+2 THbKQMb `2 /Bb+mbb2/X h?2 /2T2M/2M+2 Q7 i?2 THbKQM QM p`BQmb 7+iQ`b HBF2 bBx2- b?T2 M/ i?2 `27`+iBp2 BM/2t Q7 i?2 bm``QmM/BM; K2/BmK `2 `2pB2r2/X am+?  /Bb+mbbBQM Bb BKTQ`iMi iQ mM/2`biM/ i?2 `2bmHib Q7 Qm` K2bm`2K2Mib r?B+? `2 T`2b2Mi2/ BM i?2 Hi2` +?Ti2`bX h?2 +?Ti2` 9 2H#Q`i2b QM i?2 7mM/K2MiHb Q7 i?2 a1_a BM  bBKTH2 KMM2`X h?2 +?Ti2` ?b #22M r`Bii2M BM bm+?  rv iQ ;Bp2  #bB+ B/2 Q7 i?2 BKTQ`@ iMi T`Q+2bb2b BM i?2 a1_aX h?2 2tT2`BK2MiH b2i mT mb2/ HQM; rBi? i?2 bKTH2 T`2T`iBQM `2 /2b+`B#2/ BM /2iBHX h?2 b2i mT BM+Hm/2b /`F }2H/ KB+`Qb+QTv 7Q` BK;BM; i?2 bKTH2b i i?2 /Bz`+iBQM HBKBi M/ mb2b  +QMiBMmQmb rp2 imM#H2 hB,a Hb2` rBi? M QmiTmi 7`QK dyy MK iQ Nyy MK M/  KtBKmK TQr2` Q7 j qX h?2 BMi2MbBiv M/ i?2 TQH`BxiBQM Q7 i?2 BM+B/2Mi #2K +M #2 p`B2/ #v .

(9) alJJ_u. BBB. #`Q/#M/ ?H7 rp2 THi2 M/  TQH`Bx2`- `2bT2+iBp2Hv- r?B+? `2 +QMi`QHH2/ rBi?  ?QK2 r`Bii2M bQ7ir`2X h?2 T`QT2`iB2b Q7 i?2 /v2b i?i ?p2 #22M mb2/ b T`Q#2 7Q` i?2 a1_a ?b #22M /Bb+mbb2/X h?2 +?Ti2` 8 /Bb+mbb2b i?2 `2bmHib Q7 i?2 a1_a K2bm`2K2Mib QM i?2 BbQHi2/ ;QH/ MMQrB`2bX h?2 BMBiBH B/2 rb iQ +QK#BM2 2M?M+2K2Mi M/ T`QT;iBQM K2bm`2K2Mib QM i?2b2 MMQrB`2bX >Qr2p2`- Bi rb b22M i?i Bi rb /B{+mHi iQ b22 Mv T`QT;iBQM rBi? Dmbi i?2 MMQrB`2bX aQ MMQ#2/b r2`2 //2/ iQ i?2b2 MMQrB`2b- r?B+? +i b  K2/BiQ` iQ +QmTH2 i?2 2t+BiiBQM iQ i?2 MMQrB`2X am+?  i2+?MB[m2 iQ mb2 MMQ#2/b ?b #22M `2TQ`i2/ BM HBi2`im`2X AM i?2 `2bmHib- }`biHv2tKTH2b Q7 /`F }2H/ BK;2b M/ i?2 THbKQM bT2+i` Q#iBM2/ i p`BQmb HQ+iBQMb `2 T`2b2Mi2/X Ai Bb b22M +H2`Hv i?i i?2 THbKQM bT2+i`mK /2T2M/b bi`QM;Hv QM i?2 TQbBiBQM Q7 K2bm`2K2MiX "Qi? i?2 b?T2 Q7 i?2 bT2+i`mK M/ i?2 TQbBiBQM Q7 i?2 `2bQMM+2 T2F p`B2b ++Q`/BM; iQ p`BQmb 7+iQ`b HBF2 i?2 T`2b2M+2 Q7 #2/b Q` i?2 bvKK2i`v i i?2 2M/ Q7 i?2 MMQrB`2 2i+XX L2ti r2 ?p2 `2TQ`i2/ i?2 THbKQM T`QT;iBQM Q7 i?2 MMQrB`2b i /Bz2`2Mi rp2H2M;i?bX 6Qm` /Bz2`2Mi rp2H2M;i?b ?p2 #22M +?Qb2M , dyk MK- dk3 MK- d8y MK M/ ddy MKX h?2 +?QB+2 rb K/2 iQ BMp2biB;i2 i?2 2z2+i Q7 rp2H2M;i? QM T`QT;iBQM r?BH2 i i?2 bK2 iBK2 iQ +Q``2Hi2 i?2 THbKQM bT2+i`mK iQ i?2 T`QT;iBQM iQ mM/2`biM/ i?2 /2T2M/2M+2 Q7 T`QT;iBQM iQ i?2 THbKQM b?T2X h?2 T`QT;iBQM Bb pBbmHBx2/ /B`2+iHv b i?2 a1_a Q` 2M?M+2/ ~mQ`2b+2M+2 bB;MH i?i Bb i?2 Qmi+QK2 Q7 i?2 BMi2`+iBQM #2ir22M i?2 MMQrB`2 M/ i?2 /v2 KQH2+mH2 mb2/X h?2 `2bmHib Tmi BMiQ 2pB/2M+2 i?2 +QM/BiBQMb M22/2/ iQ Q#b2`p2 THbKQM T`QT;iBQM , i?2 T`QT;iBQM Bb ?B;?2` r?2M i?2 2t+BiiBQM rp2H2M;i? Bb +HQb2` iQ i?2 KtBKmK Q7 i?2 THbKQM `2bQMM+2X h?2 #2bi Bb iiBM2/ r?2M i?2 THbKQM Ki+?2b i?2 KQH2+mH` `2bQMM+2X q2 ?p2 `2TQ`i2/ ?2`2  T`QT;iBQM /BbiM+2 Q7 #Qmi jX3 µKX h?2 KtBKmK T`QT;iBQM H2M;i? T`2pBQmbHv `2TQ`i2/ 7Q` ;QH/ MMQrB`2b BM HBi2`im`2 Bb kX8 µK #v E`2MM 2i HX L2ti i?2 `2bmHib QM i?2 a1_a K2bm`2K2Mib `2 T`2b2Mi2/X h?2 rp2H2M;i? /2T2M/2M+2 Q7 a1_a rb BMp2biB;i2/X am+? bim/B2b rBi? i?2 rp2H2M;i? `2 ?`/Hv `2TQ`i2/ bBM+2 p2`v 72r _KM b2imTb mb2 imM#H2 2t+BiiBQM bQm`+2X q2 ?p2 b22M i?i i?2 2pQHmiBQM rBi? i?2 rp2H2M;i? 7QHHQrb i?2 bK2 i`2M/ b i?i Q7 THbKQM T`QT;iBQMX h?2 /BbiM+2 /2T2M/2M+2 Q7 i?2 a1_a Bb T`2b2Mi2/ M/ Bi Bb b22M i?i rBi? i?2 BM+`2bBM; /BbiM+2 7`QK i?2 2t+BiiBQM TQBMi- i?2 bB;MH BMi2MbBiv 7HHb ;`/mHHv b 2tT2+i2/X Ai Bb M //BiBQMH 2pB/2M+2 Q7 i?2 THbKQM T`QT;iBQM rBiM2bb2/X q2 ?p2 2tTHBM2/ i?2 p`BQmb a1_a K2+?MBbKb rBiM2bb2/ BM Qm` bvbi2K rBi? 2tKTH2b HBF2 #HBMFBM; M/ i?2 bBM;H2 KQH2+mH2 `2;BK2X h?2 bBM;H2 KQH2+mH2 `2;BK2 rb iiBM2/ BM  MmK#2` Q7 ?Qi@bTQib 2bBHv M/ rb T`Qp2/ #v mbBM;  irQ MHvi2 i2+?MB[m2X hrQ /v2b- _?e: M/ hhP d9y r2`2 mb2/ iQ;2i?2` QM i?2 bm#bi`i2 M/ i?2 `2bmHib ;p2 M B``27mi#H2 2pB/2M+2 7Q` i?2 bBM;H2 KQH2+mH2 a1_aX h?2 bT2+i` `2+Q`/2/ rBi? #Qi? i?2 /v2b b?Qr2/ QMHv i?2 ivTB+H bB;Mim`2 Q7 QM2 KQH2+mH2 i  iBK2 M/ M2p2` #Qi?X Ai Bb +H2` i?i QMHv QM2 FBM/ Q7 KQH2+mH2.

(10) Bp. alJJ_u. Q++mTB2b i?2 ?Qi@bTQi i  iBK2 M/ Bi Bb `2TH+2/ #v i?2 Qi?2` FBM/ r?2M Bi KQp2b rv /m2 iQ p`BQmb 7+iQ`b HBF2 i?2`KH 2z2+ibX h?2 MQp2Hiv Q7 Qm` 2tT2`BK2Mi Bb i?i r2 `2 #H2 iQ +Q``2Hi2 b2p2`H QTiB+H T`QT2`iB2b Q7  bvbi2KX i Mv ;Bp2M HQ+iBQM QM i?2 MMQrB`2- r2 ?p2 i?2 /`F }2H/ BK;2- i?2 THbKQM bT2+i`mK i i?2 HQ+iBQM- i?2 T`QT;iBQM M/ i?2 a1_a bB;MHX am+?  +QKT`2?2MbBp2 bim/v Q7 i?2 ;QH/ MMQrB`2 ?b MQi #22M `2TQ`i2/ BM HBi2`im`2 bQ 7` iQ i?2 #2bi Q7 Qm` FMQrH2/;2X Ai ;Bp2b  #2ii2` mM/2`biM/BM; Q7 i?2 a1_a M/ T`QT;iBQM T`QT2`iB2b Q7 i?2 ;QH/ MMQrB`2bX h?2 +?Ti2` e `2pB2rb i?2 `2bmHib Q#iBM2/ rBi? a1_a K2bm`2K2Mib QM ;QH/ MMQrB`2 ``vb U+?Ti2` kVX AM i?2 #2;BMMBM; Q7 i?2 +?Ti2`- A T`2b2Mi i?2 `2bmHib Q7 i?2 bBKmHiBQMb K/2 BM Q`/2` iQ mM/2`biM/ i?2 #2?pBQm` Q7 bm+? bvbi2KbX h?2 KQiBpiBQM #2?BM/ i?2 bBKmHiBQMb rb HbQ iQ 2tTHBM bQK2 Q7 Qm` `2bmHibX q2 ?p2 mb2/ i?2 bQ7ir`2 ..a*h #b2/ QM /Bb+`2i2 /BTQH2 TT`QtBKiBQM U..V 7Q` Qm` +H+mHiBQMbX q2 ?p2 K/2  +QKT`BbQM #2ir22M i?2 .. M/ 2H2+i`QbiiB+ T@ T`QtBKiBQM +QMbB/2`BM;  bBKTH2 bBimiBQMX h?2 MMQrB`2b r2`2 `2T`2b2Mi2/ #v bH2M/2` 2HHBTbQB/bX >Qr2p2` i?2B` H2M;i? rb HBKBi2/ #v i?2 +QM/BiBQMb 7Q` pHB/Biv Q7 i?2 TT`QtBKiBQMbX q2 ?p2 bBKmHi2/ i?2 #2?pBQm` Q7 i?2 THbKQM `2bQ@ MM+2 rBi? +?M;2 BM 2t+BiiBQM TQH`BxiBQM- bBx2 M/ i?2 `27`+iBp2 BM/2t Q7 i?2 bm``QmM/BM; K2/BmKX h?2 }2H/ `QmM/ irQ Q` i?`22 +HQb2#v 2HHBTbQB/b i irQ /B7@ 72`2Mi 2t+BiiBQM TQH`BxiBQMb ?b #22M bim/B2/X Ai +QM}`Kb i?2 i?2Q`v H`2/v `2TQ`i2/ i?i i?2 }2H/ Bb KtBKmK i i?2 ;T #2ir22M irQ 2HHBTbQB/b r?2M i?2 TQH`BxiBQM Bb HQM; i?2 HBM2 DQBMBM; i?2 +2Mi2`b M/ Km+? r2F2` BM i?2 Qi?2` /B`2+iBQMX h?2 mM/2`HvBM; B/2 #2?BM/ i?2b2 K2bm`2K2Mib rb iQ /Bb+`BKBMi2 #2ir22M i?2 a1_a 2M?M+2K2Mi 7+iQ` +Q``2bTQM/BM; iQ i?2 MMQrB`2 THbKQMb QM QM2 ?M/ 7`QK i?i `2Hi2/ iQ KQH2+mH` `2bQMM+2 2t+BiiBQM QM i?2 Qi?2` ?M/X AM 7+i i?2 ?2i2`Q;2M2Biv Q7 i?2 bKTH2 HHQr2/ mb iQ /Bb2MiM;H2 /Bz2`2Mi 2z2+ib i?i +QMi`B#mi2 iQ a1_a BM bm+? bvbi2KbX h?2 T`2`2[mBbBi2 rb  H`;2 /Bz2`2M+2 BM a1_a 2M?M+2K2Mi 7+iQ`b 7Q` TQH`BxiBQM ?Q`BxQMiH M/ p2`iB+H iQ i?2 MMQrB`2 /B`2+iBQMX AM T`BM+BTH2-  ?B;?2` 2M?M+2K2Mi Bb 2tT2+i2/ B7 i?2 TQH`BxiBQM Q7 i?2 2t+BiiBQM Uo +QM};m`iBQMV Bb +`Qbb i?2 MMQrB`2b i?M r?2M Bi Bb HQM; U> +QM@ };m`iBQMV BiX >Qr2p2`- i?2 2tT2`BK2MiH `2bmHib /B/ MQi b?Qr  +H2` TQH`BxiBQM /2T2M/2M+2 Q7 i?2 a1_a bB;MH rBi? Dmbi hhP d9y KQH2+mH2 M/ i?2 bB;MH rb mMbi#H2X h?2M-  b2+QM/ KQH2+mH2 `?Q/KBM2 e: rb +Q@/2TQbBi2/ r?B+? Bb MQi BM `2bQMM+2 rBi? i?2 THbKQM Q7 i?2 bKTH2X h?2 a1_a rBi? _?e: QM i?2 bKTH2 rb K/2 iQ 2Mbm`2 i?i Bi /B/ MQi ;Bp2 Mv bB;MH QM Bib QrM- 2t+2Ti QM  p2`v HBKBi2/ MmK#2` Q7 HQ+iBQMbX h?2`2 r2`2 irQ /Bz2`2Mi 2z2+ib Q#b2`p2/ QM //BiBQM Q7 `?Q/KBM2-  ;HQ#H 2z2+i M/  HQ+H QM2X h?2 ;HQ#H 2z2+i Bb i?2 THbKQM `2/ b?B7i Q7 i?2 bKTH2 r?B+? Bb +QM}`K2/ #v i?2 TT2`M+2 Q7 bi`QM; HQr iQ K2/BmK 7`2[m2M+v HBM2b Ur?B+? Q++m`b QMHv r?2M i?2 bKTH2 Bb /22THv BM `2bQMM+2 rBi? i?2.

(11) alJJ_u. p. KQH2+mH2VX h?Bb Bb BM ++Q`/M+2 rBi? Qm` bBKmHiBQMb- r?B+? b?Qrb i?2 THbKQM Bb `2/ b?B7i2/ rBi? M BM+`2bBM; `27`+iBp2 BM/2t Q7 i?2 bm``QmM/BM; KQH2+mH2X h?2 M2ti BKTQ`iMi 2z2+i Bb QM  HQ+H b+H2c i?2 bi#BHBiv Q7 i?2 hhP d9y BM+`2b2b M/ i?2 2M?M+2K2Mi Bb +QMbB/2`#Hv BM+`2b2/X h?2 `2bQM #2?BM/ bm+? M 2z2+i Bb MQi 2t+iHv FMQrM- bBM+2 Bi `2[mB`2b HQi KQ`2 bim/B2b Q7 T?QiQ+?2KB+H Mim`2X >Qr2p2`- r2 ?p2 ;Bp2M i?2 TQbbB#H2 T`Q+2bb2b i?i +M Q++m` rBi? i?2 ?2HT Q7 HBi2`@ im`2- 2bT2+BHHv i?2 2z2+i Q7 BQMb QM a1_a bm#bi`i2b Q` i?2 T`Q+2bb Q7 +QKT2iBiBp2 #BM/BM; rBi? K2iH BM i?2 T`2b2M+2 Q7 MQi?2` BQMX h?2 TQH`BxiBQM bim/B2b QM i?2 bKTH2 `2 `2TQ`i2/ M/ Bi Bb b22M +H2`Hv i?i i?2 bB;MH 7HHb `TB/Hv #v +?M;BM; i?2 TQH`BxiBQM 2p2M #v ky◦ X >Qr2p2`- BM i?Bb +b2 i?2 bB;MH HQM; > Bb ?B;?2` i?M i?i HQM; o /B`2+iBQMX h?Bb bBimiBQM Q++m`b r?2M i?2 KQH2+mH2 bBib #2ir22M irQ T`iB+H2b HQM;  MMQrB`2 `i?2` i?M #2ir22M irQ MMQrB`2b b Bb b22M 7`QK Qm` bBKmHiBQMbX h?Bb +M HbQ #2 M 2pB/2M+2 Q7 i?2 +?`;2 i`Mb72` 2z2+i #2ir22M hhP d9y M/ i?2 K2iH M/ Bb 2tTHBM2/ BM /2iBHX qp2H2M;i? /2T2M/2M+2 Q7 i?2 bB;MHb ?b #22M BMp2biB;i2/ `M;BM; 7`QK dyy MK iQ d3y MK F22TBM; BM KBM/ iQ BMp2biB;i2 i?2 `M;2 #Qi? #2HQr M/ #Qp2 i?2 KQH2+mH` `2bQMM+2 i d9y MKX M 2tKTH2 Bb `2TQ`i2/X h?2 `2bmHib b?Qr i?i i?2 ?B;?2bi 2M?M+2K2Mi Bb `2+?2/ r?2M i?2 rp2H2M;i? Bb i `QmM/ d98 MK- r?B+? Bb #2ir22M i?2 THbKQM `2bQMM+2 Q7 i?2 bKTH2- K2bm`2/ i i?2 HQ+iBQM- M/ i?2 KQH2+mH` `2bQMM+2X h?2 i`2M/ `2KBMb i?2 bK2 7Q` #Qi? i?2 TQH`BxiBQM /B`2+iBQMb #mi i?2 bB;MH BM o /B`2+iBQM Bb [mBi2 ?B;? +QKT`2/ iQ i?2 Qi?2` QM2X h?2 MQM x2`Q bB;MH BM i?2 > /B`2+iBQM Bb 2tTHBM2/ rBi? i?2 2H2+i`B+ }2H/ bBKmHiBQMb `QmM/ i?2 2HHBTbQB/bX h?2 MQp2H B/2 Q7 i?2b2 2tT2`BK2Mib Bb i?2 mb2 Q7 irQ KQH2+mH2b iQ 2tTHQ`2 i?2 +QMi`B#miBQMb iQ a1_a 2z2+ibX h?Qm;? M 2tT2`BK2Mi rb `2TQ`i2/ rBi? irQ KQH2+mH2b #v _m 2i H- Bi rb iQ b2`p2 b M 2pB/2M+2 iQ bBM;H2 KQH2+mH2 `2;BK2X AM Qm` +b2 i?2 mb2 Q7 +QK#BM2/ KQH2+mH2b `2T`2b2Mib i?mb  TQr2`7mH- M/ T`iBHHv mM2tTHQ`2/- iQQH iQ mM/2`biM/ i?2 +QmTHBM; #2ir22M THbKQM 2t+BiiBQMb Q++m``BM; BM +HQb2Hv T+F2/ ;QH/ MMQbi`m+im`2bX h?2 +?Ti2` d ;Bp2b M BMi`Q/m+iBQM iQ i?2 #bB+ +QM+2Tib BM i?2 aLPJX h?2 b?Q`i ?BbiQ`v Q7 i?2 M2` }2H/ KB+`Qb+QTv Bb T`2b2Mi2/ rBi? M 2zQ`i iQ ;Bp2  ;Bbi Q7 i?2 BKTQ`iMi B/2b i?i ?2HT iQ mM/2`biM/ i?2 M2` }2H/ KB+`Qb+QTvX h?2 2tT2`BK2M@ iH b2i mT mb2/ Bb 2tTHBM2/ BM /2iBHX h?MFb iQ Bib b2MbBiBpBiv iQ M2` }2H/b M/ iQ i?2 bbQ+Bi2/ bm#@rp2H2M;i? bTiBH `2bQHmiBQM- aLPJ ?b #22M 7`2[m2MiHv mb2/ BM i?2 Tbi iQ MHvx2 i?2 Q++m``2M+2 M/ 72im`2b Q7 THbKQMb BM MMQbi`m+@ im`2/ K2iH bKTH2bX  KDQ` bi2T 7Q`r`/ ?b #22M K/2 BM i?2 `2HBxiBQM Q7 i?2 +QHH2+iBQM KQ/2 TT`imb rBi? i?2 BKTH2K2MiiBQM Q7  bTiBHHv +QMi`QHH2/[mbB@/Bz`+iBQM HBKBi2/ BHHmKBMiBQM bTQiX JQ`2Qp2`- +QMi`QH Q7 i?2 TQH`BxiBQM /B`2+iBQM M/ i?2 TQbbB#BHBiv iQ mb2 /Bz2`2Mi rp2H2M;i?b `2 BKTH2K2Mi2/ BM i?2 b2imTX h?2 mMB[m2 +T#BHBiB2b Q7 i?2 TT`imb 7Q` THbKQM BMp2biB;iBQM BMpQHp2b i?2 mb2 Q7 irQ /Bz2`2Mi QT2`iBM; KQ/2bX  constant BHHmKBMiBQM KQ/2- r?2`2.

(12) pB. alJJ_u. i?2 BHHmKBMiBQM bTQi Bb F2Ti }t2/ rBi? `2bT2+i iQ i?2 M2`@}2H/ T`Q#2- +M #2 mb2/ iQ #mBH/ i?2 KT Q7 i?2 M2` }2H/ BMi2MbBiv i i?2 bKTH2 bm`7+2 M/ iQ +Q``2Hi2 Bi rBi? i?2 KQ`T?QHQ;v i i?2 HQ+H b+H2- bBKmHiM2QmbHv `2+Q`/2/X h?2 Qi?2` QT2`iBM; KQ/2- /2MQi2/ b }t2/ BHHmKBMiBQM- HHQrb 7Q` +QmTHBM; `/BiBQM i  T`2/2}M2/ TQbBiBQM Q7 i?2 bKTH2 M/ Q#b2`pBM; i?2 M2`@}2H/ BMi2MbBiv mTQM bm+? HQ+HBx2/ 2t+BiiBQMX h?2 +?Ti2` 3 2tKBM2b i?2 `2bmHib Q7 i?2 M2` }2H/ 2tT2`BK2Mib QM i?2 MMQrB`2 ``vbX h?2 KQiBpiBQM 7Q` i?2 mb2 Q7 i?2 +QHH2+iBQM KQ/2 aLPJ M/ i?2 MQp2Hiv Q7 i?2 mb2/ BHHmKBMiBQM +QM/BiBQMb UQ#HB[m2- 7`QK iQT M/ BM i?2 7` }2H/V `2 2tTHBM2/ HQM; rBi? i?2 HBKBiiBQMb Q7 i?2 K2bm`2K2Mib- `2Hi2/ 2bb2MiBHHv iQ i?2 BKTQbbB#BHBiv 7Q` i?2 aLPJ iQ +QHH2+i i?2 M2` }2H/ i  p2`v b?Q`i /BbiM+2 7`QK i?2 bm`7+2- ?2M+2 iQ KBKB+ i?2 +QM/BiBQMb 72Hi #v i?2 /bQ`#2/ KQH2+mH2b BM a1_a 2tT2`BK2MibX h?2 KBM +Q`2 Q7 i?2 +?Ti2` Bb /2pQi2/ iQ i?2 b+Mb K/2 BM i?2 +QMbiMi BHHmKBMiBQM KQ/2- BK2/ i B/2MiB7vBM; bBi2b Q7 }2H/ 2M?M+2K2Mi M/ i +Q``2HiBM; i?2K rBi? i?2 bKTH2 bi`m+im`2 M/ KQ`T?QHQ;vX h?2 mb2 Q7 irQ rp2H2M;i?b- i?2 +QMi`QH Q7 i?2 TQH`BxiBQM /B`2+iBQM M/ i?2 MHvbBb Q7 /BbiBM+i bKTH2b- BM+Hm/BM; #HMF QM2b U`272`2M+2 bKTH2bV- 2M#H2 mM`p2HBM; i?2 ;2MmBM2 `QH2 THv2/ #v i?2 THbKQM 2t+BiiBQMX .Bz2`2Mi iQQHb `2 /2THQv2/ iQ MHvx2 i?2 `2bmHib- BM+Hm/BM; #Qi? biiBbiB+H K2i?Q/b US`Q##BHBiv .Bbi`B#miBQM 6mM+iBQM S.6- M/ miQ@*Q``2HiBQM 6mM+iBQM @ *6V BMbTB`2/ #v i?2 HBi2`im`2 /2HBM; rBi? `M/QK K2iH MMQT`iB+H2 bvbi2Kb- M/ /i KMBTmHiBQM bi`i2;B2b imM2/ iQ B/2MiB7v ?Qi bTQibX AM T`iB+mH`- Bi Bb 7QmM/ i?i }2H/ 2M?M+2K2Mi iF2b TH+2 QMHv BM i?2 +QM/BiBQMb H2/BM; iQ 2t+Bi2 i?2 THbKQM `2bQMM+2 Q7 i?2 bKTH2 Uo +QM};m`iBQM M/ Hb2` rp2H2M;i? r2HH rBi?BM i?2 `2bQMM+2 +m`p2Vr?2`2b Qi?2` BHHmKBMiBQM +QM/BiBQMb U> +QM};m`iBQM Q` rp2H2M;i? 7` 7`QK i?2 `2bQMM+2 T2FV H2/ iQ KTb /QKBMi2/ #v bBKTH2 b+ii2`BM; BM i?2 M2` }2H/ 7`QK BM/BpB/mH MMQT`iB+H2b Q` iQTQ;`T?v KQ/mHiBQMbX *`27mH +Q``2HiBQM Q7 i?2 QTiB+H M/ iQTQ;`T?B+H KTb BM/B+i2 i?i ?Qi bTQib i2M/ iQ bBi KQbiHv BM i?2 /2T`2bb2/ `2;BQMb Q7 i?2 bKTH2- `Qm;?Hv +Q``2bTQM/BM; iQ i?2 BMi2`@rB`2 ;T- M/ i?2B` Q++m``2M+2 Bb KQ`2 HBF2Hv BM i?2 pB+BMBiv Q7 /272+ib bm+? b- #2M/b#B7m`+iBQMb- 2MiM;H2K2Mi 2i+XX J2bm`2K2Mib `2 HbQ `2TQ`i2/ r?2`2 i?2 }t2/ BHHmKBMiBQM KQ/2 Bb mb2/X JQiBpiBQM 7Q` i?Bb TT`Q+? Bb 7QmM/ BM i?2 b2`+? 7Q` T`QT;iBQM T?2MQK2M /m2 iQ i?2 +Q@QT2`iBp2 2t+BiiBQM Q7 THbKQM Qb+BHHiBQMb BM /D+2Mi MMQrB`2bX h?Qb2 K2bm`2K2Mib- r?B+? `2 biBHH rBiBM; 7Q` 7m`i?2` +QM}`KiBQM QM Qi?2` bKTH2b M/ 7Q`  H`;2` biiBbiB+b- /2KQMbi`i2 i?2 `QH2 Q7 THbKQM `2bQMM+2 BM `mHBM; i?2 b+ii2`BM; T`Q+2bb BM i?2 M2` }2H/ M/ bm;;2bi i?2 Q++m``2M+2 Q7 mM2tT2+i2/ T?2MQK2M r?2M i?2 TQH`BxiBQM Q7 i?2 2t+BiiBQM `/BiBQM Bb i 98 /2;`22b rBi? `2bT2+i iQ i?2 MMQrB`2 tBbX q?BH2 #2BM; T`iBHHv mM2tTHBM2/- i?2 `2bmHib Q7 i?2 M2` }2H/ BMp2biB;iBQM TQBMi i  +QKTHB+i2/ BMi2`THv #2ir22M i?2 /BbQ`/2` i i?2 HQ+H b+H2- /m2 iQ i?2.

(13) alJJ_u. pBB. MMQT`iB+H2@HBF2 KQ`T?QHQ;v Q7 i?2 bKTH2- M/ i?2 ;HQ#H MBbQi`QTB+ Q`/2`BM; BKTQb2/ #v i?2 MMQrB`2 bi`m+im`2- i?i #Qi? KF2 Qm` BMp2biB;i2/ bKTH2b K`F2/Hv /Bz2`2Mi rBi? `2bT2+i iQ bKTH2b +QMbB/2`2/ BM i?2 HBi2`im`2- 2Bi?2` KQ/2H bvbi2Kb- ivTB+HHv T`Q/m+2/ ++Q`/BM; iQ  T`2/2}M2/ `2;mH`Biv Q` `M/QK MMQbi`m+im`2/ bKTH2b 7QHHQrBM;  7`+iH bTiBH /Bbi`B#miBQMX h?2 }MH +?Ti2`- +QM+HmbBQM- bmKK`Bx2b i?2 `2bmHib Q#iBM2/ rBi? Qm` rQ`F M/ QT2Mb mT M2r [m2biBQMb i?i /2b2`p2 7m`i?2` 2zQ`ib iQ #2 BMp2biB;i2/X.

(14) pBBB. alJJ_u.

(15) aPJJ_AP Zm2biQ HpQ`Q /B i2bB `B;m`/ HQ bim/BQ /2HH2 T`QT`B2i¨ QiiB+?2 /B MMQ bi`miim`2 K2iHHB+?2- BM T`iB+QH`2 [m2HH2 H2;i2 ;HB 2z2iiB THbKQMB+B +?2 bB p2`B}+MQ BM +KTBQMB /B MMQ}HB /B Q`Q BbQHiB Q `;;`mTTiB BM ``vbX L2HHQ bim/BQ bB mbMQ /m2 /BbiBMi2 i2+MB+?2 /B MHBbB +?2 ?MMQ +`ii2`BbiB+?2 +QKTH2K2Mi`B 7` HQ`Q, H KB+`Qb+QTB  b+MbBQM2 /B +KTQ QiiB+Q T`QbbBKQ UaLPJV 2 H bT2ii`Qb+QTB _KM bm`7+2@2M?M+2/ Ua1_aVX G +QKT`2MbBQM2 /2B K2++MBbKB /B #b2 +QBMpQHiB M2HH BMi2`xBQM2 `/BxBQM2 K@ i2`B ĕ 2bb2MxBH2 bQT`iimiiQ T2` T2`K2ii2`2 /B b2;mB`2 BH TbbQ /2;HB bpBHmTTB i2+@ MQHQ;B+BX AM K#BiQ 7QiQMB+Q- +QK2 T2` MmK2`QbB Hi`B b2iiQ`B TTHB+iBpB- bB bbBbi2 M2;HB mHiBKB MMB  mM bQ`i /B +Q`b p2`bQ H KBMBim`BxxxBQM2 /2B /BbTQbBiBpB 2 H 7##`B+xBQM2 /B bBbi2KB MMQ /BK2MbBQMiBX AH 72MQK2MQ /2HH /Bz`xBQM2 2K2`;2 HHQ` +QK2 mM 7Q`i2 7iiQ`2 HBKBiMi2 /B +`ii2`2 7QM/K2MiH2X AM bQbiMx- H KMBTQHxBQM2- BH +QMi`QHHQ- H ;mB/ /2HH Hm+2 `B+?B2/QMQ /BbTQbBiBpB 2 bBbi2KB +?2 ?MMQ /BK2MbBQMB }bB+?2 BM+QKTiB#BHB +QM H2 iimHB `B+?B2bi2 /B KBMBim`BxxxBQM2X lM KQ/Q T2` bmT2``2 [m2bi HBKBixBQM2 bB #b bmHH BKTB2;Q /2HH THbKQMB+X A 72MQK2MB THbKQMB+B +?2 bB p2`B}+MQ BM MMQ bi`miim`2 K2iHHB+?2 bQMQ MQiB / KQHiQ i2KTQ- K bQHQ M2;HB mHiBKB MMB BH /2bB/2`BQ /B b7`mii`HB T2` TTHB+xBQMB MMQi2+MQHQ;B+?2 ? biBKQHiQ HQ bpBHmTTQ /B mM ;`M MmK2`Q /B `B+2`+?2- BM +`2b+Bi +QMiBMmX G +QKT`2MbBQM2 /2ii;HBi /2B 72MQK2MB THbKQMB+B ĕ [mBM/B mM `;Q@ K2MiQ /B ;`M/2 2 T`2bbMi2 iimHBi¨ b+B2MiB}+, [m2biQ HpQ`Q /B i2bB BMi2M/2 7Q`MB`2 mM +QMi`B#miQ  iH2 b2iiQ`2 /B `B+2`+X G i2bB bB ĕ bpQHi BM `2;BK2 /B +Qimi2H i` H lMBp2`bBi¨ /B SBb 2 H lMBp2`bBiû S`Bb@ am/- P`bvX G `B+2`+ ĕ bii +QM/Qii M2H .BT`iBK2MiQ /B 6BbB+ /2HH lMBp2`bBi¨ /B SBb- /Qp2 ĕ bii BKTB2;i H i2+MB+ /B KB+`Qb+QTB  b+MbBQM2 /B +KTQ QiiB+Q T`QbbBKQ bpBHmTTi T`2bbQ BH LMQH#- 2 M2H G#Q`iQB`2 BKû@*QiiQM / P`bv- /Qp2 ĕ /BbTQMB#BH2 mM bBbi2K T2` KBbm`2 a1_aX G B/2MiB}+xBQM2 2 +`ii2`BxxxBQM2 /2;HB 2z2iiB /B mK2MiQ HQ+H2 /B +KTQ 2H2i@ i`QK;M2iB+Q bm MMQbi`miim`2 /B Q`Q- +?2 bQMQ mM 2pB/2Mx /2H p2`B}+`bB /B 2+@ +BixBQMB THbKQMB+?2 HQ+HBxxi2- 2 H HQ`Q +Q``2HxBQM2 +QM H KQ`7QHQ;B bQMQ bii2 Qii2Mmi2 +QM mMQ bi`mK2MiQ aLPJ /Bb2;MiQ 2 `2HBxxiQ BM H#Q`iQ`BQX :`xB2 HH 2H2pi `BbQHmxBQM2 bTxBH2 Qz2`i /B +KTB MQM@T`QT;MiB- HQ aLPJ TQbbB2/2 +`ii2`BbiB+?2 mMB+?2 +?2 +QMb2MiQMQ /B KTT`2 /B`2iiK2Mi2 H BMi2MbBi¨.

(16) t. aPJJ_AP. /B +KTQ 2H2ii`QK;M2iB+Q bmHH bmT2`}+B2 /2B +KTBQMB b2Mx H2 HBKBixBQMB +?2 H /Bz`xBQM2 BKTQM2 HH KB+`Qb+QTB +QMp2MxBQMH2 2 +QM7Q+H2X .B +QMb2;m2Mx- HQ aLPJ +QMb2Mi2 /B KBbm``2 H2 T`QT`B2i¨ QiiB+?2 bm `2;BQMB /2}MBi2 bTxBHK2Mi2 bm mM b+H +QKTiB#BH2- Q BM72`BQ`2- +QM H2 /BK2MbBQMB }bB+?2 /2HH2 MMQ bi`miim`2X G i2+MB+ a1_a T2`K2ii2 /B bim/B`2 ;HB 2z2iiB /B mK2MiQ HQ+H2 /2H +KTQ BM KMB2` BM/B`2iiX AM7iiB H mK2MiQ HQ+HBxxiQ /2H +KTQ /¨ HmQ;Q HH `Bp2HxBQM2 /2HH2 `B;?2 _KM /B QTTQ`imM2 KQH2+QH2 /B +QHQ`Mi2 /bQ`#Bi2 bmHH bmT2`}+B2 /2HH2 MMQbi`miim`2X lbM/Q /Bp2`bB +QHQ`MiB 2 p`BM/Q B T`K2i`B /B KBbm` UHmM;?2xx / QM/- TQH`BxxxBQM2V- ĕ biiQ +QKTBmiQ mMQ b7Q`xQ T2` /Bbi`B+`2 B p`B +QMi`B#miB H b2;MH2 a1_a M2B +KTBQMB 2bKBMiBX G BKTB2;Q +QK#BMiQ 2 +QKTH2K2Mi`2 /B [m2bi2 i2+MB+?2 HiK2Mi2 bT2+BHBxxi2 bB TQM2 +QK2 Q#B2iiBpQ H +QKT`2MbBQM2 /2B K2++MBbKB /B 2++BixBQM2 THbKQMB+ BM bBbi2KB `2HB- /Bp2`bB /B bBbi2KB KQ/2HHQ BH +mB bim/BQ ĕ KTBK2Mi2 `BTQ`iiQ BM H2ii2`im`- +QM HQ b+QTQ /B pHmi`M2 BH TQi2MxBH2 TTHB+iBpQ BM b2iiQ`B 2K2`;2MiB [mHB H MMQ 7QiQMB+ 2 H `Bp2HxBQM2 QiiB+ / HiBbbBK b2MbB#BHBi¨X.

(17) _1alJ1 JQM i`pBH /2 /Q+iQ`i bǶBMiû`2bb2 mt T`QT`Bûiûb QTiB[m2b /2 MMQbi`m+im`2b Kû@ iHHB[m2bX AH 2bi THmb T`iB+mHBĕ`2K2Mi +2Mi`û bm` HǶûim/2 /2b T`QT`Bûiûb /2b THbKQMb /2 MMQ}Hb 2M Q`X SQm` H2b MHvb2`- DǶB KBb 2M mp`2 /Bzû`2Mi2b Kûi?Q/2b- +QKK2 H KB+`Qb+QTB2 /2 +?KT T`Q+?2 QTiB[m2 ¨ #Hv;2 UaLPJV 2i H bT2+i`Qb+QTB2 _KM T` 2tHiiBQM /2 bm`7+2 Ua1_aVX G +QKT`û?2MbBQM 2i H2 +QMi`ƬH2 /2b BMi2`+iBQMb 2Mi`2 H HmKBĕ`2 2i H KiBĕ`2 bQMi 2bb2MiB2Hb 2M `2+?2`+?2 7QM/K2MiH2 +QKK2 TQm` H2b TTHB+iBQMbX .Mb H +Qm`b2 ¨ H KBMBim`BbiBQM 2M T?QiQMB[m2- H HBKBi2 /2 /Bz`+iBQM 2bi mM Q#bi@ +H2 7QM/K2MiHX SHmbB2m`b /ûp2HQTT2K2Mib `û+2Mib 2i /2b TTHB+iBQMb BMMQpMi2b+QKK2 H2b H#Q`iQB`2b bm` Tm+2 UG# QM +?BTV QMi BMbTB`û /2b pQB2b MQmp2HH2b TQm` /ûTbb2` H #``Bĕ`2 /2 /Bz`+iBQMX G THbKQMB[m2 2bi mM2 /2b pQB2b TQbbB#H2b [mB  `2i2Mm HǶii2MiBQM +2b /2`MBĕ`2b MMû2bX *2 /QKBM2 b2 /ûp2HQTT2 i`ĕb `TB@ /2K2Mi 2i +Q``2bTQM/ ¨ mM +?KT /2 `2+?2`+?2 i`ĕb +iB7 2M QTiQûH2+i`QMB[m2 2i 2M MMQT?QiQMB[m2X AH 2tTHQBi2 H2b T`QT`Bûiûb QTiB[m2b T`iB+mHBĕ`2b /2b bi`m+im`2b KûiHHB[m2b TQm` KMBTmH2` H HmKBĕ`2 ¨ HǶû+?2HH2 MMQKûi`B[m2 /Mb H2 #mi /2 +QK#BM2` 7QM+iBQMb QTiB[m2b 2i ûH2+i`QMB[m2bX lM 2zQ`i BKTQ`iMi 2bi +QMb2MiB TQm` Q#i2MB` mM2 K2BHH2m`2 +QKT`û?2MbBQM /2b THbKQMbX C2 T`ûb2Mi2- /Mb +2 KMmb+`Bi- K +QMi`B#miBQM ¨ +2ii2 `2+?2`+?2 2M TH2BM2 2tTMbBQM- Q#i2Mm2 ;`+2 ¨ /Bzû`2Mi2b 2tTû`B2M+2bX *2 /Q+iQ`i  ûiû `ûHBbû 2M +Qimi2HH2 2Mi`2 HǶlMBp2`bBiû /2 SBb2 2i HǶlMBp2`bBiû S`Bb@ am/ 2i H2b `2+?2`+?2b QMi ûiû 2z2+imû2b m LMQ@H# /m /ûT`i2K2Mi /2 S?vbB[m2 /2 HǶlMBp2`bBiû /2 SBb2 2i m H#Q`iQB`2 BKû *QiiQM /m *L_a 2i /2 HǶlMBp2`bBiû S`Bb@am/X *2 i`pBH /2 i?ĕb2  ûiû +QMb+`û ¨ HǶûim/2 /2b T`QT`Bûiûb QTiB[m2b /2b MMQ}Hb 2M Q` T` /2b Kûi?Q/2b /2 +?KT T`Q+?2 QTiB[m2 ¨ SBb2 2i T` a1_a ¨ P`bvX G KBb2 2M ûpB/2M+2 2i H +`+iû`BbiBQM /2b 2z2ib HQ+mt /Ƕ2tHiiBQM /2 +?KT bm` /2b MMQbi`m+im`2b 2M Q` 2i H2m` `2HiBQM p2+ H KQ`T?QHQ;B2 QMi ûiû Q#i2Mm2b ;`+2 ¨ mM KB+`Qb+QT2 /2 +?KT T`Q+?2 QTiB[m2 +QMbi`mBi m LMQH#X 1M 2t@ THQBiMi H `ûbQHmiBQM bTiBH2 HBû2 ¨ H /ûi2+iBQM /2 +?KTb ûpM2b+2Mib- H KB@ +`Qb+QTB2 2M +?KT T`Q+?2 Qz`2 H TQbbB#BHBiû mMB[m2 /2 +`iQ;`T?B2` H2b +?KTb ûH2+i`QK;MûiB[m2b ¨ H bm`7+2 /ǶmM û+?MiBHHQM MMQbi`m+im`û 2M bǶz`M+?BbbMi /2 H HBKBi2 /2 /Bz`+iBQM- +QMi`B`2K2Mi m +b /2b KB+`Qb+QTB2b +QMp2MiBQMM2HH2.

(18) tBB. _1alJ1. Qm +QM7Q+H2X *2H T2`K2i /Ƕûim/B2` H2b T`QT`Bûiûb QTiB[m2b /2b MMQbi`m+im`2b p2+ mM2 `ûbQHmiBQM bTiBH2 /m KāK2 Q`/`2 Qm KāK2 K2BHH2m`2 [m2 H /BK2MbBQM /2b MMQbi`m+im`2b bm# HQM;m2m`b /ǶQM/2X G bT2+i`Qb+QTB2 a1_a /2b û+?MiBHHQMb 2bi miBHBbû2 TQm` ûim/B2` H2b 2z2ib /Ƕ2tHiiBQM /2b +?KTb +`ûûb T` 2t+BiiBQM /2b THbKQMbX G2 bB;MH _KM /2 KQHû+mH2b /2 +QHQ`Mib /bQ`#û2b bm` H bm`7+2 KûiHHB[m2 2bi mM2 bQM/2 b2MbB#H2 /2 +2b 2z2ib /Ƕ2tHiiBQMX lM 2zQ`i T`iB+mHB2`  ûiû 7Bi TQm` B/2MiB}2` H2b /Bzû`2Mi2b +QMi`B#m@ iBQMb ¨ HǶ2tHiiBQM _KM /Mb H2b û+?MiBHHQMb ûim/Bûb 2M +QK#BMMi H `ûTQMb2 /2 THmbB2m`b KQHû+mH2b 2i 2M ûim/BMi HǶûpQHmiBQM /m bB;MH 2M 7QM+iBQM /2 T`Kĕi`2b +QKK2 H HQM;m2m` /ǶQM/2 Qm H TQH`BbiBQMX G KBb2 2M mp`2 /2 +2b i2+?MB[m2b i`ĕb bTû+BHBbû2b  2m TQm` Q#D2+iB7 /ǶKûHBQ`2` H +QKT`û?2MbBQM /2b Kû+MBbK2b /Ƕ2t+BiiBQM /2b THbKQMb /Mb /2b û+?MiBHHQMb `û2Hb U/Bzû`2Mib /2b bvbiĕK2b KQ/ĕH2b bQmp2Mi /û+`Bib /Mb H HBiiû`im`2V- iQmi 2M T2`K2iiMi /ǶûpHm2` H2m` TQi2MiB2H TTHB+iB7 /Mb H2b /QKBM2b 2M TH2BM2 2tTM@ bBQM /2 H MMQT?QiQMB[m2 2i /2 H /ûi2+iBQM QTiB[m2 /2 i`ĕb ?mi2 b2MbB#BHBiûX G2 `ûbmKû +B@/2bbQmb /QMM2 mM T2`Ïm /m +QMi2Mm /2 H i?ĕb2X GǶBMi`Q/m+iBQM T2`K2i /Ƕ2tTQb2` HǶBMiû`āi /Ƕûim/B2` H2b T`QT`Bûiûb QTiB[m2b /2b MMQT`iB+mH2b KûiHHB[m2b 2i /Ƕ2tTHB[m2` H2b `BbQMb /m +?QBt /2 HǶûim/2 /2 T`@ iB+mH2b 2M Q`X G2b bvbiĕK2b 2M Q` bQMi KQBMb ûim/Bûb [m2 H2m`b û[mBpH2Mib 2M `@ ;2Mi T`+2 [m2 H2b T2`i2b BMi`BMbĕ[m2b /2b THbKQMb bQMi THmb 7B#H2b TQm` HǶ`;2Mi [m2 TQm` HǶQ` /Mb H2 /QKBM2 /2b HQM;m2m`b /ǶQM/2 pBbB#H2bX .Mb H2 /QKBM2 /m T`Q+?2 BM7``Qm;2 +2T2M/Mi- +2b T2`i2b /2pB2MM2Mi +QKT`#H2b KBb HǶQ` +QMb2`p2 mM iQmi bmTTHûK2MiB`2 i`ĕb miBH2- b #BQ+QKTiB#BHBiûX .Mb +2ii2 BMi`Q/m+iBQMH2 i`pBH /2 H i?ĕb2 2bi `2TH+û /Mb +2 +QMi2ti2X .Mb H2 +?TBi`2 k- D2 /û+`Bb H2b û+?MiBHHQMb [mB bQMi miBHBbûb /Mb H2b ûim/2bX G2b K2bm`2b a1_a 2i 2M +?KT T`Q+?2 QMi ûiû `ûHBbû2b bm` /2b `ûb2mt /2 MMQ}Hb /ǶQ`X *2b `ûb2mt QMi ûiû T`Q/mBib T` H2 ;`QmT2 /m T`Q72bb2m` "miB2` /2 JQM;2Qi 2M miBHBbMi mM T`Q+û/û 2M /2mt ûiT2b- Q`B;BMH- bBKTH2 2i T2m QMû`2mt +QKT`û ¨ /Ƕmi`2b Kûi?Q/2bX G2b T`QT`Bûiûb K+`Qb+QTB[m2b /2b û+?MiBHHQMb- +QKK2 H2 /B+?`QśbK2 2M i`MbKBbbBQM bQMi T`ûb2Miû2bX CǶB û;H2K2Mi ûim/Bû T` a1_a H2b T`QT`Bûiûb /2 MMQ}Hb 2M Q` BbQHûbX *2mt +B bQMi bvMi?ûiBbûb T` /2b Kûi?Q/2b /2 +?BKB2 ?mKB/2 2i BHb QMi ûiû +?2iûb +?2x LMQT`ixX .2mt ivT2b /Bzû`2Mib /2 MMQ}Hb QMi ûiû miBHBbûb , H2b T`2KB2`b 2M`Q#ûb T` /m +2ivHi`BK2i?vHKKQMBmK #`QKB/2 U*h"V- H2b b2+QM/b T` /2b bBHM2bX AHb QMi mM2 HQM;m2m` MQKBMH2 /2 e µK 2i mM /BKĕi`2 /2 jy MKX CǶB û;H2K2Mi miBHBbû /2b #BHH2b /ǶQ` /2 8y MK /2 /BKĕi`2 /Mb H2b ûim/2b a1_a /2b MMQ}HbX G2 +?TBi`2 j BMi`Q/mBi H2 +QM+2Ti /2b THbKQMb /2 bm`7+2- 2i THmb T`û+BbûK2Mi H2b +QM+2Tib /2 THbKQMb HQ+HBbûb Qm T`QT;iB7bX G2b T`BM+BT2b /2 #b2 /2b i?ûQ`B2b H2b THmb +Qm`KK2Mi miBHBbû2b TQm` /û+`B`2 H2b THbKQMb /2 bm`7+2 /2b MMQT`@ iB+mH2b- +QKK2 H i?ûQ`B2 /2 JB2 bQMi #`Bĕp2K2Mi `TT2HûbX PM /û+`Bi THmbB2m`b.

(19) _1alJ1. tBBB. Kûi?Q/2b miBHBbû2b TQm` 2t+Bi2` H2b THbKQMb /2 bm`7+2X G2b 2z2ib /2 /Bzû`2Mib T`Kĕi`2b +QKK2 H iBHH2- H 7Q`K2 2i HǶBM/B+2 /2 `û7`+iBQM /m KBHB2m 2MpB`QMMMi bm` H2b `ûbQMM+2b THbKQMb bQMi 2tKBMûbX *2ii2 /Bb+mbbBQM 2bi BKTQ`iMi2 TQm` +QKT`2M/`2 H2b `ûbmHiib /2b K2bm`2b /û+`Bi2b /Mb H2b +?TBi`2b bmBpMibX G2 +?TBi`2 9 #Q`/2 H2b 7QM/2K2Mib /2 HǶ2z2i a1_a /2 7ÏQM bBKTH2X G2 +?TBi`2  ûiû `û/B;û TQm` /QMM2` mM T2`Ïm /2b T`BM+BTmt Kû+MBbK2b /m a1_a- ++2bbB#H2 ¨ mM MQM bTû+BHBbi2X G2 /BbTQbBiB7 2tTû`BK2MiH 2i H T`ûT`iBQM /2b û+?MiBHHQMb bQMi /û+`Bib 2M /ûiBHX GǶ2tTû`B2M+2 +QK#BM2 mM KB+`Qb+QT2 /2 +?KT MQB` [mB T2`K2i /2 `ûHBb2` /2b BK;2b /2b û+?MiBHHQMb p2+ mM2 `ûbQHmiBQM /QMMû2 T` H HBKBi2 /2 /Bz`+iBQM 2i mM KB+`Qb+QT2 _KM +QM7Q+H- +QMbi`mBi m H#Q`iQB`2miBHBbMi mM Hb2` hB@a +QMiBMm ++Q`/#H2 /2 dyyMK ¨ NyyMK- p2+ mM2 TmBbbM+2 MQKBMH2 KtBKmK /2 jqX GǶBMi2MbBiû 2i H TQH`BbiBQM /m 7Bb+2m BM+B/2Mi bQMi +QMi`ƬHû2b ¨ HǶB/2 /ǶmM TQH`Bb2m` 2i /ǶmM2 HK2 /2KB@QM/2 H`;2b #M/2b /QMi H2b Q`B2MiiBQMb bQMi TBHQiû2b T` mM HQ;B+B2H /ûp2HQTTû m H#Q`iQB`2X G2b T`QT`Bûiûb /2b KQHû+mH2b /2 +QHQ`Mib miBHBbû2b +QKK2 bQM/2b /2 HǶ2z2i a1_a bQMi /û+`Bi2bX G2 +?TBi`2 8 2tTQb2 H2b `ûbmHiib /2b K2bm`2b a1_a `ûHBbû2b bm` H2b MMQ}Hb BbQHûbX GǶB/û2 BMBiBH2 /2b 2tTû`B2M+2b ûiBi /2 +QK#BM2` /2b K2bm`2b /Ƕ2tHiiBQM /2 +?KT 2i /2 T`QT;iBQM /Mb +2b bvbiĕK2bX AH bǶ2bi pû`û i`ĕb /B{+BH2 /ǶQ#b2`p2` /2 H T`QT;iBQM /Mb H2b MMQ}Hb 2M Q`X CǶB HQ`b KûHM;û mt MMQ}Hb /2b MMQ#BHH2b 2M Q`X 1HH2b b2`p2Mi /2 +QmTH2m`b 2Mi`2 HǶ2t+BiiBQM 2i H2b MMQ}HbX *2ii2 Kûi?Q/2  ûiû /û+`Bi2 /Mb H HBiû`im`2X C2 /û+`Bb /Ƕ#Q`/ mM 2Mb2K#H2 /2 `ûbmHiib [mB +QK#BM2 H2b BK;2b 2M +?KT MQB` /2b MMQ}Hb BbQHûb 2i H2b bT2+i`2b /2b THbKQMb Q#i2Mmb 2M /Bzû`2Mib TQBMib /2b MMQ}HbX *2ii2 ûim/2 K2i +HB`2K2Mi 2M ûpB/2M+2 H /BbT2`bBQM /2b T`Q}Hb bT2+i`mt /2 H `ûbQMM+2 THbKQM 2M 7QM+iBQM /2 H TQbBiBQM H2 HQM; /m MMQ}HX mbbB #B2M H 7Q`K2 [m2 H TQbBiBQM /m KtBKmK /m T`Q}H p`B2Mi 2M 7QM+iBQM /2 T`Kĕi`2b i2Hb [m2 H T`ûb2M+2 /ǶmM2 #BHH2 bm` H2 MMQ}H Qm H 7Q`K2 /2 HǶ2ti`ûKBiû /m MMQ}H- 2i+X C2 KQMi`2 2MbmBi2 H2b T`QT`Bûiûb /2 T`QT;iBQM /2b THbKQMb 2M 7QM+iBQM /2 H HQM;m2m` /ǶQM/2X Zmi`2 HQM;m2m`b /ǶQM/2 /Bzû`2Mi2b QMi ûiû +?QBbB2b , dyk MK- dk3 MK- d8y MK M/ ddy MKX GǶ2MD2m /2 HǶ2tTû`B2M+2  ûiû /2 +Q``ûH2` HǶ2z2i /2 T`QT;iBQM ¨ H `ûbQMM+2 THbKQM 2i /ǶMHvb2` H2m` `2HiBQMX G T`QT;iBQM 2bi Q#b2`pû2 T` H2 #BBb /m bB;MH a1_a Qm /2 H ~mQ`2b+2M+2 2tHiû2 [mB `ûbmHi2 /2 HǶBMi2`+iBQM 2Mi`2 H2 +?KT T`Q+?2 /m MMQ}H 2i H KQHû+mH2 /2 +QHQ`Mi bQM/2X CǶB KBb 2M ûpB/2M+2 H2b +QM/BiBQMb Mû+2bbB`2b ¨ HǶQ#b2`piBQM /2 H T`QT;iBQM /2b THbKQMb , H HQM;m2m` /ǶQM/2 /Ƕ2t+BiiBQM /QBi āi`2 T`Q+?2 /m KtBKmK /2 H `ûbQMM+2 THbKQM m TQBMi /ǶBMD2+iBQM /m THbKQM T`QT;iB7 2i T`Q+?2 /2 H `ûbQMM+2 KQHû+mHB`2X G /BbiM+2 /2 T`QT;iBQM H THmb ;`M/2 [m2 DǶB Q#b2`pû2 2bi j-3 µKX G THmb ;`M/2 /BbiM+2 /2 T`QT;iBQM Q#b2`pû2 Dmb[m2@H¨ /Mb H2b MMQ}Hb /ǶQ`  ûiû Q#i2Mm2 T` E`2MM 2i H 2i pmi k-8 µKX G bmBi2 /m +?TBi`2 /û+`Bi HǶMHvb2 /2 HǶ2z2i a1_a 2i 2M T`iB+mHB2` HǶûpQHmiBQM /m T`Q}H _KM p2+ H HQM;m2m` /ǶQM/2 /Ƕ2t+BiiBQMX .2 i2HH2b K2bm`2b bQMi ``2K2Mi.

(20) tBp. _1alJ1. 2z2+imû2b +` H2b /BbTQbBiB7b _KM M2 bQMi 2M ;ûMû`H Tb ++Q`/#H2b 2M HQM;m2m` /ǶQM/2X GǶûpQHmiBQM /m bB;MH _KM p2+ H HQM;m2m` /ǶQM/2 KQMi`2 H KāK2 i2M/M+2 [m2 +2HH2 /2 H T`QT;iBQM THbKQMX G /ûT2M/M+2 /2 HǶBMi2MbBiû /m bB;MH p2+ H /BbiM+2 /2 H KQHû+mH2 m TQBMi /Ƕ2t+BiiBQM /m THbKQM T`QT;iB7  ûiû ûim/Bû2 2i HǶBMi2MbBiû /û+`Qŗi T`Q;`2bbBp2K2Mi +QKK2 T`ûpmX *Ƕ2bi mM2 T`2mp2 /B`2+i2 [m2 H2 bB;MH _KM b2`i /2 bQM/2 /2 H T`QTT;iBQM /2b TQH`BiQMb /2 THbKQMb /2 bm`7+2X LQmb pQMb 2tTHB[mû H2b /Bzû`2Mib 2z2ib Q#i2Mmb /Mb HǶûKBbbBQM _KM- +QKK2 H2 +HB;MQi2K2MiX CǶB /ûKQMi`û- /2 7ÏQM +HB`2- 2M miBHBbMi bBKmHiMûK2Mi bm` H2 KāK2 û+?MiBHHQM /2mt KQHû+mH2b /Bzû`2Mi2b- H _?e: 2i HǶhhP d9y- [m2 H2 `û;BK2 /2 H KQHû+mH2 mMB[m2 ûiBi ii2BMi /Mb mM ;`M/ MQK#`2 /2 bBi2b +iB7bX G2 bB;MH /ûi2+iû 2M +2b TQBMib +Q``2bTQM/ b2mH2K2Mi ¨ H bB;Mim`2 /ǶmM2 /2b 2bTĕ+2b- DKBb mt /2mtX *2H /ûKQMi`2 bMb K#B;mśiû [m2 H2 TQBMi +?m/ 2bi i`ĕb HQ+HBbû- [mǶmM2 b2mH2 KQHû+mH2 v `ûbB/2 ¨ H 7QBb 2i [mǶ2HH2 2bi `2KTH+û2 T` mM2 mi`2 KQHû+mH2 [mM/ 2HH2 bǶûHQB;M2 /m TQBMi +?m/ T` /Bzû`2Mib 2z2ib /QMi H /BzmbBQM bTiBH2 /ǶQ`B;BM2 i?2`KB[m2X GǶQ`B;BMHBiû /2 KQM i`pBH 2bi /ǶpQB` `ûmbbB ¨ +Q``ûH2` THmbB2m`b T`QT`Bûiûb QTiB[m2b bm` mM KāK2 MMQ}H BbQHûX 1M iQmb TQBMib /m MMQ}H- QM 2M`2;Bbi`2 HǶ2Mb2K#H2 /2b /QMMû2b bmBpMi2b , HǶBK;2 2M +?KT MQB`- H2 bT2+i`2 /2 H `ûbQMM+2 THbKQM m TQBMi +?QBbB- HǶBK;2 /2 H T`QT;iBQM 2i H2 bB;MH a1_aX *Ƕ2bi H T`2KBĕ`2 ûim/2 mbbB +QKTHĕi2 `ûHBbû2 bm` /2b MMQ}Hb 2M Q` BbQHûb ¨ MQi`2 +QMMBbbM+2X 1HH2 T2`K2i /2 T`Q;`2bb2` ¨ H 7QBb /Mb H +QKT`û?2MbBQM /2 HǶ2z2i a1_a bm` /2 i2Hb bm#bi`ib 2i bm` H2b T`QT`Bûiûb /2 T`QT;iBQMX G2 +?TBi`2 e 7Bi H bvMi?ĕb2 /2b `ûbmHiib Q#i2Mmb T` a1_a bm` H2b `ûb2mt /2 MMQ}Hb /û+`Bib m +?TBi`2 kX G2 +?TBi`2 bǶQmp`2 bm` H2b `ûbmHiib /2 bBKmH@ iBQMb `ûHBbû2b TQm` ;mB/2` HǶBMi2`T`ûiiBQM /2b Q#b2`piBQMbX CǶB miBHBbû H2 HQ;B+B2H ..a*h +QMbi`mBi bm` HǶTT`QtBKiBQM /2 H /Bb+`ûiiBQM T` /2b /BTƬH2b U..VX CǶB +QKT`û /Mb /2b bBimiBQMb bBKTH2b H2b `ûbmHiib /m KQ/ĕH2 .. ¨ +2HmB /2 HǶTT`QtBKiBQM /BTQHB`2X G2b MMQ}Hb bQMi `2T`ûb2Miûb T` /2b 2HHBTbQś/2b HHQM;ûbX *2T2M/Mi H2m` HQM;m2m` 2bi HBKBiû2 T` H2b +QM/BiBQMb /2 pHB/Biû /2b KQ/ĕH2bX CǶB 2z2+imû /2b bBKmHiBQMb TQm` bmBp`2 HǶûpQHmiBQM /2 H `ûbQMM+2 THbKQM 2M 7QM+@ iBQM /2 H TQH`BbiBQM /m +?KT 2t+Bii2m`- /2 H iBHH2 /2 HǶ2HHBTbQś/2 2i /2 HǶBM/B+2 /2 `û7`+iBQM /m KBHB2m 2MpB`QMMMiX G2 +?KT miQm` /2 /2mt Qm i`QBb 2HHBTbQś/2b T`Q+?2b  û;H2K2Mi ûiû +H+mHû TQm` /2mt TQH`BbiBQMb Q`i?Q;QMH2b /m +?KTX G2 +H+mH +QM}`K2 [m2 H2 +?KT /Mb HǶBMi2`pHH2 2Mi`2 H2b T`iB+mH2b 2bi KtBKmK [mM/ H TQH`BbiBQM /m +?KT 2t+Bii2m` 2bi HB;Mû2 b2HQM H /`QBi2 [mB DQBMi H2m` +2Mi`2 2i i`ĕb 7B#H2 /Mb H /B`2+iBQM T2`T2M/B+mHB`2X GǶB/û2 [mB bQmb@i2M/Bi +2b K2bm`2b ûiBi /2 TQmpQB` bûT`2` H2b 7+i2m`b /Ƕ2tHiiBQM HBûb mt THbKQMb /2 bm`7+2 /2b MMQ}Hb /ǶmM2 T`i /2 +2mt HBûb ¨ mM2 2t+BiiBQM /2 H KQHû+mH2 ¨ `ûbQMM+2X .2 7Bi- +Ƕ2bi HǶ?ûiû`Q;ûMûBiû /2b û+?MiBHHQMb [mB  T2`@ KBb /2 /BbiBM;m2` /Bzû`2Mi2b +QMi`B#miBQMb ¨ HǶ2z2i a1_aX G2 T`ûbmTTQbû ûiBi [mǶBH.

(21) _1alJ1. tp. 2tBbiBi mM2 /Bzû`2M+2 BKTQ`iMi2 /2b 7+i2m`b /Ƕ2tHiiBQM TQm` H2b TQH`BbiBQMb /2 HǶ2t+BiiBQM T`HHĕH2 2i T2`T2M/B+mHB`2 ¨ H /B`2+iBQM KQv2MM2 /2b MMQ}HbX 1M T`BM+BT2- QM ii2M/ mM2 2tHiiBQM THmb BKTQ`iMi2 [mM/ H TQH`BbiBQM 2bi T2`T2M/B+mHB`2 mt MMQ}Hb UTQH`BbiBQM oV T` `TTQ`i m +b Qɍ H TQH`BbiBQM 2bi T`HHĕH2 mt MMQ}Hb UTQH`BbiBQM >VX *2T2M/Mi H2b `ûbmHiib 2tTû`BK2Mimt MǶQMi Tb KQMi`û /2 /ûT2M/M+2 +HB`2 /2 HǶBMi2MbBiû /m bB;MH _KM p2+ H TQ@ H`BbiBQM p2+ H b2mH2 KQHû+mH2 /ǶhhP d9y +QKK2 bQM/2 2i H2 bB;MH 2bi i`ĕb BMbi#H2X 1MbmBi2- mM2 mi`2 KQHû+mH2 [mB MǶ2bi Tb 2M `ûbQMM+2 p2+ H2 THbKQM /2 HǶû+?MiBHHQM- +2HH2 /2 _?e:-  ûiû +Q/ûTQbû2X CǶB pû`B}û [m2 H2 bB;MH a1_a /2 H `?Q/KBM2 MǶûiBi Tb /ûi2+i#H2- ?Q`KBb 2M mM MQK#`2 i`ĕb HBKBiû /2 bBi2bX .2mt 2z2ib /Bzû`2Mib QMi HQ`b ûiû Q#i2Mmb- mM 2z2i ;HQ#H 2i mM 2z2i HQ+HX GǶ2z2i ;HQ#H 2bi mM /û+H;2 p2`b H2 `Qm;2 /2 H HQM;m2m` /ǶQM/2 /2 H `ûbQMM+2 THbKQM [mB b2 i`/mBi T` HǶTT`BiBQM /2 `B2b THmb 7Q`i2b /Mb H2 /QKBM2 #bb2b 2i KQv2MM2b 7`û[m2M+2b /m bT2+i`2 _KM UlM i2H `ûbmHii T2mi bǶBMi2`T`ûi2` +QKK2 mM 2z2i /2 `ûbQMM+2 2Mi`2 H KQHû+mH2 2i H2 THbKQMVX *2 `ûbmHii 2bi 2M ++Q`/ p2+ H2b bBK@ mHiBQMb [mB KQMi`2Mi [m2 H HQM;m2m` /ǶQM/2 /m THbKQM 2bi /û+Hû2 p2`b H2 `Qm;2 HQ`b[m2 HǶBM/B+2 /2 `û7`+iBQM /m KBHB2m 2MpB`QMMMi m;K2Mi2X G2 /2mtBĕK2 2z2i BKTQ`iMi TT`ŗi HQ+H2K2MiX G bi#BHBiû /2b KQHû+mH2b /ǶhhP d9y 2bi ++`m2 2i HǶ2tHiiBQM m;K2Mi2 /2 7ÏQM BKTQ`iMi2X C2 MǶB Tb /Ƕ2tTHB+iBQM bBKTH2 TQm` +2 T?ûMQKĕM2 /QMi H +QKT`û?2MbBQM Mû+2bbBi2`Bi /2b ûim/2b /2 T?vbB+Q@+?BKB2 TT`Q7QM/B2bX CǶB bm;;û`û [m2H[m2b TBbi2b ¨ T`iB` /2b /QMMû2b /2 H HBiiû`im`22M T`iB+mHB2` bm` H2 `ƬH2 /2b BQMb bm` HǶ2{++Biû a1_a- 2i bm` H2 T?ûMQKĕM2 +QK@ TûiBiB7 /2 HBBbQM /2b KQHû+mH2b p2+ H bm`7+2 2M T`ûb2M+2 /ǶmM /2mtBĕK2 BQMX G2b ûim/2b 2M TQH`BbiBQM bQMi /û+`Bi2b 2i D2 KQMi`2 mM2 T`2KBĕ`2 bBimiBQM /Mb H[m2HH2 HǶBMi2MbBiû /m bB;MH +?mi2 i`ĕb `TB/2K2Mi HQ`b[m2 H TQH`BbiBQM iQm`M2 /2 b2mH2K2Mi kyêX .Mb HǶ2t2KTH2 [mB 2bi /û+`Bi H2 bB;MH 2bi KtBKmK HQ`b[m2 H TQH`BbiBQM 2bi HB;Mû2 b2HQM H2 MMQ}HX *2ii2 bBimiBQM b2 T`Q/mBi [mM/ H KQHû+mH2 2bi bBimû2 /Mb HǶBMi2`pHH2 2Mi`2 /2mt T`iB+mH2b bBimû2b bm` H2 MMQ}H THmiƬi [m2 /Mb HǶBMi2`pHH2 2Mi`2 /2mt MMQ}Hb bm++2bbB7b- +QKK2 H2 KQMi`2 H2b bBKmHiBQMbX *2i 2z2i TQm``Bi mbbB āi`2 mM2 KMB72biiBQM /ǶmM 2z2i /2 i`Mb72`i /2 +?`;2 2Mi`2 H KQHû+mH2 /ǶhhP d9y 2i H bm`7+2- +QKK2 D2 HǶ2tTHB[m2X G /ûT2M/M+2 2M HQM;m2m` /ǶQM/2 /2 bB;Mmt a1_a  û;H2K2Mi ûiû ûim/Bû2 /Mb H ;KK2 dyy@d3y MK [mB 2M;HQ#2 H `ûbQMM+2 /2 H KQHû+mH2 ¨ d9y MKX lM 2t2KTH2 2bi /Bb+miûX G2b `ûbmHiib BM/B[m2Mi [m2 HǶ2tHiiBQM KtBKH2 2M +QM};m`iBQM o 2bi ii2BMi2 ¨ d98 MK- HQM;m2m` /ǶQM/2 bBimû2 2Mi`2 H `ûbQMM+2 THbKQM /m bBi2 ûim/Bû 2i H `ûbQMM+2 KQHû+mHB`2X *2ii2 i2M/M+2 b2 +QM}`K2 û;H2K2Mi /Mb H +QM};m`iBQM > TQm` H[m2HH2 H2 bB;MH 2bi #2m+QmT THmb 7B#H2X G2 `TTQ`i /2b BMi2MbBiûb /2b bB;Mmt _KM /Mb H2b /2mt bBimiBQMb 2bi +Q``Q#Q`û T` H2b bBKmHiBQMb /m +?KT ûH2+i`B[m2 miQm` /2b 2HHBTbQś/2bX GǶB/û2 Q`B;BMH2 /2 +2b ûim/2b 2bi HǶmiBHBbiBQM /2 /2mt KQHû+mH2b TQm` 2tTHQ`2` H2b.

(22) tpB. _1alJ1. 2z2ib a1_aX lM2 2tTû`B2M+2 /2 +2 ivT2  /ûD¨ ûiû `ûHBbû2 T` _m 2i H- KBb p2+ TQm` Q#D2+iB7 /2 /ûKQMi`2` bMb K#B;mśiû HǶ2tBbi2M+2 /ǶmM `û;BK2 /2 KQHû+mH2 mMB[m2X .Mb K i?ĕb2- HǶmiBHBbiBQM bBKmHiMû2 /2 /2mt KQHû+mH2b bǶ2bi pû`û mM2 Kûi?Q/2 TmBbbMi2 2i T`iB2HH2K2Mi BM2tTHQ`û2 TQm` +QKT`2M/`2 H2b 2z2ib /2 +QmTH;2 2Mi`2 H2b THKQMb /Mb /2b û+?MiBHHQMb /2 MMQbi`m+im`2b 2M Q` /2Mb2bX .Mb H2 +?TBi`2 d- DǶBMi`Q/mBb H2b +QM+2Tib /2 #b2 /2 H KB+`Qb+QTB2 /2 +?KT T`Q+?2 QTiB[m2 ¨ #Hv;2 UaLPJVX lM +Qm`i `TT2H ?BbiQ`B[m2 T2`K2i /2 /QM@ M2` H2b T`BM+BT2b 2bb2MiB2Hb [mB bQmb@i2M/2Mi H KB+`Qb+QTB2 /2 +?KT T`Q+?2X G2 /BbTQbBiB7 2tTû`BK2MiH 2bi 2tTHB[mû 2M /ûiBHX lM2 pM+û2 BKTQ`iMi2 /m /Bb@ TQbBiB7 7QM+iBQMMMi 2M KQ/2 +QHH2+iBQM  ûiû Q#i2Mm2 T` HǶ/DQM+iBQM /ǶmM KQ/2 /Ƕû+HB`;2 /2 HǶû+?MiBHHQM [mB +QK#BM2 mM bTQi /QMi H iBHH2 2bi [mbB@HBKBiû2 T` H /Bz`+iBQM 2i /QMi QM T2mi +QMi`ƬH2` H TQbBiBQM 2i /ǶmM /BbTQbBiB7 /Ƕ2t+BiiBQM ¨ /2mt +QmH2m`b /QMi H TQH`BbiBQM T2mi āi`2 +QMi`ƬHû2X G2b /2mt BK;2b mt /2mt HQM;m2m`b /Bzû`2Mi2b U`Qm;2 2i p2`i2V bQMi Q#i2Mm2b bBKmHiMûK2Mi /Mb mM #Hv;2 mMB[m2- 2M 2tTHQBiMi H TQbbB#BHBiû /2 +QKKmi2` H2b Hb2`b /2 7ÏQM bvM@ +?`QM2 ¨ H }M /2 +?[m2 HB;M2- H2 Hb2` p2`i ûiMi HHmKû T2M/Mi H2 #Hv;2 HH2` 2i H2 Hb2` `Qm;2 T2M/Mi H2 #Hv;2 `2iQm`X G2 /BbTQbBiB7 T2`K2i û;H2K2Mi /2 `ûHBb2` /2b MHvb2b 2M TQH`BbiBQMX CǶBMi`Q/mBb /Mb +2 +?TBi`2 H Kûi?Q/2 Q`B;BMH2 [mB  ûiû miBHBbû2 /Mb KQM i`pBHX G2b TQbbB#BHBiûb mMB[m2b Qz2`i2b T` +2 KB+`Qb+QT2 TQm` HǶûim/2 /2b THbKQMb BKTHB[m2Mi HǶmiBHBbiBQM /2 /2mt /Bzû`2Mib KQ/2b /2 7QM+iBQMM2K2MiX G2 T`2KB2` 2bi mM2 +QM};m`iBQM /ǶBHHmKBMiBQM +QM@ biMi2 /Mb H[m2HH2 H TQbBiBQM /2 H i+?2 /Ƕû+HB`2K2Mi 2bi }t2 T` `TTQ`i ¨ H bQM/2 /2 +?KT T`Q+?2X G2b K2bm`2b Q#i2Mm2b /Mb +2 +b- `2~ĕi2Mi H /Bbi`B@ #miBQM /2 HǶBMi2MbBiû /m +?KT T`Q+?2 2t+Biû ¨ H bm`7+2 /2 H MMQbi`m+im`2 U¨ `ûbQMM+2 2i ?Q`b `ûbQMM+2 /Mb MQi`2 ûim/2VX *2H T2`K2i /ǶQ#b2`p2` H2b TQBMib +?m/b +`û2b T` H2b THbKQMb i`ĕb HQ+HBbûb 2i +Q``ûHûb m /ûbQ`/`2 KQ`T?QHQ;B[m2 /2b û+?MiBHHQMbX GǶmi`2 KQ/2 /2 7QM+iBQMM2K2Mi- /Bi ¨ BHHmKBMiBQM }t2- T2`K2i /Ƕ2t+Bi2` HǶû+?MiBHHQM ¨ mM2 TQbBiBQM T`û/û}MB2 2i /2 +`iQ;`T?B2` HǶBMi2MbBiû /m +?KT T`Q+?2 +`ûû T` +2ii2 2t+BiiBQM HQ+H2X G2 +?TBi`2 3 /û+`Bi H2b `ûbmHiib /2b 2tTû`B2M+2b /2 +?KT T`Q+?2 QTiB[m2 `ûHBbû2b bm` /2b `ûb2mt /2 MMQ}HbX G KQiBpiBQM TQm` miBHBb2` H2 KQ/2 +QHH2+iBQM 2i H2 +?QBt /2b mi`2b T`Kĕi`2b bQMi 2tTHB[mûb BMbB [m2 H2b HBKBi2b /2 +2ii2 Kûi?@ Q/2X C2 +QKK2M+2 T` KQMi`2` H2b BK;2b Q#i2Mm2b p2+ H2 KQ/2 /ǶBHHmKBMiBQM +QMbiMi2X G `2T`Q/m+iB#BHBiû /2b K2bm`2b 2Mi`2 BK;2b bm++2bbBp2b 2bi BHHmbi`û2 bm` mM 2t2KTH2 ivTB[m2X AH v  mM Hû;2` /û+H;2 bTiBH 2Mi`2 H2b BK;2b [mB 2bi T`Bb 2M +QKTi2 /Mb H2 i`Bi2K2Mi mHiû`B2m`X C2 /Bb+mi2 H2b `ûbmHiib Q#i2Mmb bm` /2mt û+?MiBHHQMb /ûTQbûb bm` /2b bm#bi`ib /2 p2``2 QM/mHûbX G2b BK;2b QTiB[m2b 2i iQTQ;`T?B[m2b bQMi KQMi`û2b p2+ mM TQbi i`Bi2K2Mi KBMBKHX CǶB i`+û H 7QM+iBQM /2 /2MbBiû /2 T`Q##BHBiû US.6 , T`Q##BHBiv /2MbBiv 7mM+iBQMV /2b BK@ ;2b QTiB[m2bX G /Bbi`B#miBQM /2b +`i2b 2M`2;Bbi`û2b p2+ HǶ2t+BiiBQM p2`i2 2i.

(23) _1alJ1. tpBB. p2+ HǶ2t+BiiBQM `Qm;2 Q#i2Mm2b p2+ mM2 TQH`BbiBQM T`HHĕH2 U+QM};m`iBQM >V 2bi /2 ivT2 ;mbbB2M +QKK2 T`ûpmX *2 `ûbmHii 2bi 2M ++Q`/ p2+ H HBiiû`im`2 [mB T`ûpQBi [m2 H2b ûpûM2K2Mib /2 /BzmbBQM BbQHûb bMb +QMi`B#miBQM /2b THbKQMb +QM/mBi ¨ mM2 /Bbi`B#miBQM ;mbbB2MM2X G2b +`i2b /ǶmiQ@+Q``ûHiBQM bQMi /`2bbû2bX 1HH2b bQMi +Q``ûHû2b p2+ H2b +`i2b iQTQ;`T?B[m2bX GǶ2tHiiBQM /2 +?KT HQ+H 2bi MHvbû2 2M /ûiBH ¨ T`iB` /2b `ûbmHiib Q#i2Mmb 2M +QKT`Mi H2b 2z2ib /2 H TQH`BbiBQM 2i /2 H HQM;m2m` /ǶQM/2 /Ƕ2t+BiiBQMX AHb K2ii2Mi 2M ûpB/2M+2 [m2 HǶ2tHiiBQM /2b TQBMib +?m/b /Mb H2b BK;2b QTiB[m2b 2bi i`ĕb BKTQ`iMi2 TQm` HǶ2t+BiiBQM `Qm;2 2i H TQH`BbiBQM T2`T2M/B+mHB`2 U+QM};m`iBQM oV +2 [mB 2bi ii2M/m TmBb[m2 HǶ2t+BiiBQM 2bi 2M `ûbQMM+2 p2+ H2 THbKQM /2 HǶû+?MiBHHQM ¨ +2ii2 HQM;m2m` /ǶQM/2X G2b i`+ûb /2b +QMiQm`b /2b +`i2b QTiB[m2b bQMi `2TQ`iûb bm` H2b +`i2b iQTQ;`T?B[m2b 2i BH `2bbQ`i +HB`2K2Mi [m2 H2b TQBMib +?m/b bQMi THmiƬi bBimûb /Mb H2b +`2mt 2i [mǶBHb TT`Bbb2Mi T`û7û`2MiB2HH2K2Mi m pQBbBM;2 /2b /û7mib /2b MMQ}Hb- +QKK2 H2b +Qm`#m`2b Qm H2b #B7m`+iBQMb 2i+X G2b K2bm`2b bm` /2b û+?MiBHHQMb /2 `û7û`2M+2 bQMi û;H2K2Mi /û+`Bi2bX m+mM TQBMi +?m/ Qm mi`2 T?ûMQKĕM2 `2HBû mt T`QT`Bûiûb /2 `ûbQMM+2 THbKQMB[m2 M2 bQMi Q#b2`pûbX G +QM+HmbBQM `ûbmK2 H2b `ûbmHiib Q#i2Mmb /Mb KQM i`pBH /2 /Q+iQ`i 2i Qmp`2 /2b T2`bT2+iBp2b bm` /2b ûim/2b [mǶBH b2`Bi BMiû`2bbMi /2 `ûHBb2`X.

(24) tpBBB. _1alJ1.

(25) AMi`Q/m+iBQM ǴT here is plenty of room at the bottom.Ǵ h?Bb 7KQmb H2+im`2 ;Bp2M #v _B+?`/ 62vMKM BM RN8N ;p2 i?2 }`bi ?BMi Q7 i?2 TQbbB#BHBiv Q7 KMBTmHiBM; i?BM;b i i?2 iQKB+ H2p2HX h?Bb Bb ;2M2`HHv +QMbB/2`2/ iQ #2 i?2 7Q`2b22BM; Q7 i?2 MMQi2+?MQHQ;vX h?2 MMQ rQ`H/ Bb MQi 2t+iHv M2r iQ i?2 ?mKM `+2X _B;?i 7`QK i?2 7b+BMiBM; _QKM Gv+m`;mb +mT U};XRV iQ i?2 #2miB7mHHv biBM2/ ;Hbb2b- MMQb+B2M+2 ?b #22M mb2/ i?`Qm;?Qmi ?BbiQ`v- H#2Bi mMBMi2MiBQMHHvX h?2 #`QMx2 +mT HBM2/ rBi? +QHQ`2/ ;Hbb /i2b #+F iQ i?2 9i? +2Mim`v .- b+ii2`b /mHH ;`22M HB;?i M/ i`MbKBib `2/ HB;?iX aim/B2b ?p2 b?QrM i?i i?2v +QMiBM MMQT`iB+H2b Udy MKV Q7 M HHQv Q7 bBHp2` M/ ;QH/X. 6B;m`2 R, h?2 _QKM +mT Q7 9i? +2Mim`v . `2T`2b2MiBM; i?2 Kvi? Q7 EBM; Gv+m`;mbX Ai `2~2+ib  TH2 ;`22M HB;?i UH27iV M/ i`MbKBib  `2/ HB;?i U`B;?iVX aim/B2b i i?2 "`BiBb? Kmb2mK b?Qr i?i i?2v +QMiBM K2iH MMQT`iB+H2b r?B+? `2 `2bTQMbB#H2 7Q` i?2 T?2MQK2MQM U7`QK i?2 #`BiBb? Kmb2mK r2#bBi2VX h?2 }`bi `2+Q;MBx2/ b+B2MiB}+ bim/v Q7 MMQT`iB+H2b bi`i2/ rBi? i?2 rQ`F Q7 JB+?2H 6`/v (R)- BM R38d- QM i?2 ;QH/ +QHHQB/H bQHmiBQMX AM ?Bb b2KBMH `iB+H2 QM }M2Hv T`iB+mHi2/ ;QH/- ?2 /2b+`B#2/ KMv mMmbmH M/ rQM/2`7mH T`QT2`iB2b.

(26) k. ALh_P.l*hAPL. Q7 i?2b2 bQHmiBQMb- #mi i?2 KQbi BKTQ`iMi `2p2HiBQM HB2b BM ?Bb bmTTQbBiBQM i?i`i?2` i?M  bQHmiBQM Q7 /BbbQHp2/ ;QH/ iQKb Q` BMQ`;MB+ +QKTQmM/b- i?2 ;QH/ rb T`2b2Mi BM i?2 7Q`K Q7 Ǵ Tm`2 ;QH/ BM  /BpB/2/ bii2ǴX h?Bb Bb i?2 7mM/K2MiH `QQi Q7 HH MMQb+B2M+2 (k)X. yXR LMQb+B2M+2 AM p2`v bBKTH2 i2`Kb- MMQb+B2M+2 `272`b iQ i?2 b+B2M+2 Q7 BM/BpB/mH iQKb M/ KQH2+mH2bX Ai /2Hb rBi? bi`m+im`2b 7`QK QM2 MMQK2i2` iQ  72r ?mM/`2/b Q7 MMQK2i2`bX h?2 T`QT2`iB2b Q7 i?2 Ki2`BHb i i?2 MMQK2i2` /BK2MbBQMb `2 bB;@ MB}+MiHv /Bz2`2Mi 7`QK i?2B` #mHF +QmMi2`T`ibX h?2 KMBTmHiBQM M/ 2M;BM22`@ BM; Q7 BM/BpB/mH iQKb iQ /2p2HQT M2r 7mM+iBQMHBiv Bb FMQrM b MMQi2+?MQHQ;vX LMQb+B2M+2 ?b ;BM2/ 2MQ`KQmb BKTQ`iM+2 BM i?2 Hbi 72r /2+/2b #2+mb2 Bi Tp2b rv iQ +`2i2 M2r MMQbi`m+im`2b- mM/2`biM/ i?2B` MQp2H T`QT2`iB2b M/ mHiBKi2Hv iQ KF2 /2pB+2b r?B+? +QmH/ `2pQHmiBQMBx2 KMv bB/2b Q7 ?mKM HB72X MQi?2` KDQ` +QMi`B#miBQM iQ i?2 `TB/ ;`Qri? Q7 i?Bb }2H/ Bb i?2 pBH#BHBiv Q7 BMbi`mK2Mib iQ see M/ handle i?2 MMQT`iB+H2bX h?2 }`bi #`2Fi?`Qm;? +K2 r?2M b+MMBM; imMM2HBM; KB+`Qb+QT2 UahJV rb BMp2Mi2/ #v A"J wm`B+? BM RN3yX 62r v2`b /QrM i?2 HM2- iQKB+ 7Q`+2 KB+`Qb+QTv U6JV 7QHHQr2/ M/ iQ/v i?2`2 `2  MmK#2` Q7 ?B;? T`2+BbBQM BMbi`mK2Mib iQ +QKTHBK2Mi i?2 rQ`F QM MMQb+H2X h?2 ?B;?Hv T`QKBbBM; bT2+i Q7 i?2 MMQT`iB+H2b b K2MiBQM2/ 2`HB2`- Bb i?2B` mMB[m2 T?vbB+H M/ +?2KB+H T`QT2`iB2bX AM T`iB+mH`- i?2 KQbi 7b+BMiBM; M/ mb27mH Bb i?2 QTiB+H T`QT2`iv- 2bT2+BHHv i?i Q7 K2iH MMQT`iB+H2bX LMQT?QiQM@ B+b Bb  bm# b2+i Q7 MMQb+B2M+2- /2/B+i2/ iQ mM/2`biM/ i?2 T2+mHB` T`QT2`iB2b Q7 HB;?i M/ HB;?i@Kii2` BMi2`+iBQM BM p`BQmb MMQbi`m+im`2bX. yXk h?2 QTiB+H T`QT2`iB2b Q7 K2iH MMQbi`m+@ im`2b h?2 QTiB+H T`QT2`iB2b `2 QM2 Q7 i?2 KQbi mb27mH M/ QM2 Q7 i?2 rB/2Hv bim/B2/ T`QT2`iv Q7 MMQbi`m+im`2b mbBM;  p`B2iv Q7 bT2+i`Qb+QTB+ iQQHbX h?2 QTiB+H T`QT2`iB2b `2 `2Hi2/ iQ Qi?2` T`QT2`iB2b BM+Hm/BM; i?2 2H2+i`QMB+ T`QT2`iB2b M/ ?2M+2 Bb mb27mH BM  MmK#2` Q7 /Bb+BTHBM2b HBF2 T?vbB+b- +?2KBbi`v- #BQHQ;v- 2H2+i`B+H 2M;BM22`BM; 2i+X h?2 Qi?2` BMi2`2bi Bb i?i Bib T`Q##Hv i?2 QMHv T`QT2`iv r?B+? +?M;2b 7`QK #mHF iQ i?2 MMQb+H2 bvbi2K i?i +M #2 b22M pBbmHHvX 6Q` 2tKTH2i?2 +QHQm` Q7 ;QH/ MMQT`iB+H2b +M `M;2 7`QK pBQH2i iQ `2/ /2T2M/BM; QM i?2 bBx2 Q7 i?2 MMQT`iB+H2 U};m`2 kVX HbQ- i?2v THv M BKTQ`iMi `QH2 BM KMv i2+?MQHQ;B+H TTHB+iBQMb HBF2 QTiQ2H2+i`QMB+b M/ #BQK2/B+BM2X.

(27) yXj h?2 BMi2`2bi BM ;QH/. j. 6B;m`2 k, aQHmiBQM Q7 /Bz2`2Mi bBx2/ ;QH/ MMQT`iB+H2bX h?2 +QHQm` +?M;2b +@ +Q`/BM; iQ i?2 bBx2 Q7 i?2 MMQT`iB+H2X 6`QK(j)X h?2 i2`K QTiB+H T`QT2`iB2b 2M+QKTbb  HQi Q7 T?2MQK2M BM Bib2H7 HBF2 #bQ`T@ iBQM- b+ii2`BM;- `2~2+iM+2- i`MbKBiiM+2- b2+QM/ ?`KQMB+ ;2M2`iBQM M/ Qi?@ 2`bX h?2 MMQT`iB+H2b ?p2 T2+mHB` QTiB+H T`QT2`iB2b +QKT`2/ iQ i?2B` #mHF +QmMi2`T`ibX 6Q` 2tKTH2- i?2 `2bQMMi #bQ`TiBQM Q7 MMQK2i2` bBx2/ T`iB+H2b ;Bp2b `Bb2 iQ bm`7+2 THbKQM TQH`BiQMb r?B+? rBHH #2 /Bb+mbb2/ BM /2iBH BM i?2 Hi2` +?Ti2`bX AM T`iB+mH`- i?2 K2iH MMQT`iB+H2b BMi2`+i rBi? HB;?i bi`QM;2` i?M Mv Qi?2` +?`QKQT?Q`2X >2M+2 i?2v +M #2 mb2/ 7Q`  rB/2 p`B2iv Q7 TTHB+iBQMbX MQi?2` BMi2`2biBM; 7+i Bb i?i i?2 QTiB+H T`QT2`iB2b Q7 MMQKi2`BHb /2T2M/ QM  MmK#2` Q7 7+iQ`b HBF2 i?2 b?T2- bBx2 M/ p`BQmb Qi?2` 7+iQ`b BM+Hm/BM; i?2 bm``QmM/BM; 2MpB`QMK2MiX h?mb- Bi `2/BHv Qz2`b  rB/2 `M;2 Q7 imM#BHBiv 7Q` i?2 /2pB+2b #b2/ QM i?2 QTiB+H T`QT2`iB2bX h?2 i?2bBb /2Hb rBi? i?2 bim/v Q7 QTiB+H T`QT2`iB2b Q7 i?2 K2iH MMQbi`m+im`2b M/ i?i Q7 ;QH/ MMQrB`2b BM T`iB+mH`X. yXj h?2 BMi2`2bi BM ;QH/ AM i?2 M+B2Mi iBK2b i?2 +QHHQB/H ;QH/ rb `2;`/2/ b i?2 Ƕ2HBtB` Q7 HB72ǶX LQi rBi?Qmi  `2bQMX h?2 +QHHQB/H ;QH/ Q` i?2 MMQ;QH/ Bb mMB[m2 BM i2`Kb Q7 Bib QTiB+H M/ 2H2+i`QMB+ T`QT2`iB2bX AM //BiBQM- ;QH/ MMQT`iB+H2b Qz2`  p`B2iv Q7 TTHB+iBQMbX JmHiB7mM+iBQMHBiv Bb i?2 F2vrQ`/ iQ /2MQi2 ;QH/ MMQT`iB+H2bX h?2v `2 mb2/ BM p`BQmb }2H/b HBF2 2H2+i`QMB+b- K2/B+BM2 M/ Ki2`BH b+B2M+2bX h?2 p`BQmb T`QT2`iB2b M/ mb2b Q7 ;QH/ MMQT`iB+H2b `2 b?QrM BM };m`2 jX AM i?2 }2H/ Q7 2H2+i`QMB+b- r?i Bb /QM2 rBi? i?2 ;QH/ MMQT`iB+H2b Bb MQi?BM; b?Q`i Q7 `2pQHmiBQMX h?2 +QM+2Ti Q7 T`BMi2/ 2H2+i`QMB+b ?b #22M +?B2p2/ rBi? i?2 MMQT`iB+H2 BMFb K/2 Q7 ;QH/X LmK#2` Q7 rQ`Fb `2 +``B2/ Qmi BM i?Bb HBM2 bBM+2 Bi +mib /QrM i?2 +Qbi b r2HH b i?2 +QKTH2tBiv Q7 i?2 7#`B+iBQM T`Q+2bb2bX h?2v.

(28) 9. ALh_P.l*hAPL. b?Qr ?m;2 TQi2MiBH 7Q` mb2 BM /pM+2/ /i biQ`;2 i2+?MQHQ;B2bX AM i?2 `2+2Mi v2`b- ;QH/ MMQT`iB+H2b `2 HbQ 2ti2MbBp2Hv `2b2`+?2/ 7Q` i?2B` TTHB+iBQMb BM #BQHQ;vX AM //BiBQM iQ i?2 ?B;? 2H2+i`QM /2MbBiv- r?B+? Qz2`b ;QQ/ +QMi`bi - 7+BH2 bvMi?2bBb- i?2v HbQ ?p2 ;QQ/ #BQ+QKTiB#BiHBiv- i?MFb iQ i?2 BM2`iM2bb Q7 ;QH/(9)X h?2B` mb2 b +QMi`bi ;2Mib BM +2HHmH` M/ #BQHQ;B+H BK;BM; Bb i`2K2M/Qmb bBM+2 i?2v `2 7QmM/ iQ #2 2bBHv +QMDm;i2/ iQ i?2 +QKKQMHv mb2/ #BQKQH2+mH2bX h?2v `2 MQM@+viQiQtB+ M/ MQM bmb+2TiB#H2 iQ +?2KB+H Q` i?2`KH /2;`/iBQMX >2M+2 i?2v THv  KDQ` `QH2 BM i?2 +M+2` /B;QMQbBb M/ HbQ BM i?2 /`m; /2HBp2`v (8)X AM i?2 }2H/ Q7 Ki2`BHb b+B2M+2- `2b2`+? ?b #22M +``B2/ HQM; p`BQmb `Qmi2bX Ai ?b #22M `2TQ`i2/ i?i i?2 mb2 Q7 ;QH/ MMQT`iB+H2b BM i?2 TQHvK2` bQH` +2HHb BM+`2b2b i?2 TQr2` +QMp2`bBQM 2{+B2M+v mT iQ kyW (e)X :QH/ i i?2 MMQb+H2 Bb HbQ +iHviB+HHv +iBp2 M/ 2{+B2MiX qQ`F Bb #2BM; +``B2/ Qmi iQ iT i?Bb M2r 7mM+iBQMHBiv (d)X Material Sciences Polymer solar cells, Catalysis.. Good Bio compatibility. High electron density. Biotechnology Contrast agents, Bio imaging.. Electronics Nanoinks , Printed electronics.. Non cytotoxic. Facile synthesis. Medicine Cancer diagonosis, Drug delivery. 1. 6B;m`2 j, 6B;m`2 `2T`2b2MiBM; i?2 p`BQmb T`QT2`iB2b M/ mb2b Q7 ;QH/ MMQT`iB+H2b BM /Bz2`2Mi }2H/bX 1bBHv 2tTHBMb Qm` T`272`2M+2 7Q` ;QH/ MMQT`iB+H2bX. yX9 SHbKQMB+b JQQ`2Ƕb Hr r?B+? T`2/B+ib i?2 2p2` b?`BMFBM; bBx2 Q7 i?2 i`MbBbiQ`b +MMQi #2 bmbiBM2/ BM/2}MBi2HvX 1p2M B7 i?2`2 Bb  bi`QM; rBHH M/ +QKT2iBiBQM iQ KF2.

(29) yX9 SHbKQMB+b. 8. bKHH2` M/ bKHH2` /2pB+2b- i?2`2 `2 HbQ  72r HBKBiiBQMbX AM Q`/2` iQ ?p2 7bi2` M/ #2ii2` /2pB+2 T2`7Q`KM+2b- i?2 2H2+i`QMB+b r2`2 i?Qm;?i iQ #2 `2TH+2/ rBi? T?QiQMB+bX S?QiQMB+ /2pB+2b- r?BH2 ?pBM; #2ii2` +T#BHBiB2b- `2 HbQ H`;2` BM bBx2X 6Q` 2tKTH2- QTiB+H BMi2`+QMM2+ib bm+? b }#2` QTiB+ +#H2b +M +``v /B;BiH /i rBi?  +T+Biv Ryyy iBK2b i?i Q7 i?2B` 2H2+i`QMB+ +QmMi2`T`ib #mi i?2v `2 HbQ Ryyy iBK2b H`;2` i?M i?i Q7 i?2 2H2+i`QMB+ +QKTQM2MibX h?2 B/2H bQHmiBQM iQ Qp2`+QK2 i?Bb HBKBiiBQM rQmH/ ?p2 iQ #2  +B`+mBi rBi? MMQb+H2 72im`2b i?i +QmH/ +``v i i?2 bK2 iBK2 QTiB+H bB;MHb M/ 2H2+i`B+ +m``2MiX h?2 BMi2;`iBQM Q7 QTiB+H M/ 2H2+i`QMB+ +B`+mBib Bb HBKBi2/ #v i?2B` H`;2Hv p`v@ BM; bBx2bX h?2 2H2+i`QMB+ +B`+mBib +M #2 K/2 BM 72r i2Mb Q7 MMQK2i`2b r?BH2 i?2 /BK2MbBQMb Q7 i?2 QTiB+H +QKTQM2Mib `2 HBKBi2/ #v i?2 /Bz`+iBQM Q7 HB;?iX h?2 bm`7+2 THbKQM #b2/ T?QiQMB+b Q` SGaJPLA*a Qz2`b  bQHmiBQM iQ i?Bb T`Q#H2K b Bi ?b i?2 +T+Biv Q7 i?2 T?QiQMB+b M/ HbQ i?2 bKHH2` /BK2MbBQMb T`QpB/2/ #v i?2 2H2+i`QMB+bX Ai 2tTHQBib i?2 mMB[m2 QTiB+H T`QT2`iB2b Q7 i?2 K2iHHB+ MMQT`iB+H2b iQ `Qmi2 M/ KMBTmHi2 HB;?i i MMQK2i2` H2M;i? b+H2b (3)X am`7+2 THbKQMb `2 i?2 [mMi Q7 bm`7+2@+?`;2@/2MbBiv Qb+BHHiBQMb Q7  K2iHX h?2 BM+`2b2/ BMi2`2bi BM i?2 bm`7+2 THbKQMb BM i?2 `2+2Mi iBK2b +M #2 ii`B#mi2/ iQ i?2 7+i i?i i?2 /pM+2b BM MMQi2+?MQHQ;v HHQrb mb iQ bvMi?2bBx2- /2bB;M M/ +?`+i2`Bx2 i?2 K2iHb QM i?2 MMQK2i`2 b+H2X h?2 /B`2+i +QMb2[m2M+2 Q7 i?Bb #BHBiv Bb i?i i?2 T`QT2`iB2b Q7 i?2 bm`7+2 THbKQMb +M #2 +QMi`QHH2/ M/ +M #2 iBHQ`2/ iQ K22i bT2+B}+ TTHB+iBQMbX h?2v T`QT;i2 HQM; i?2 bm`7+2 Q7  +QM/m+iQ`X h?2 bm`7+2 THbKQMb `2  `2bmHi Q7 i?2 BMi2`+iBQM Q7 i?2 HB;?i rp2b rBi? i?2 7`22 2H2+i`QMb Q7  +QM/m+iQ`X h?2 BMi2`+iBQM `2bmHib BM i?2 +QHH2+iBp2 Qb+BHHiBQMb Q7 i?2 2H2+i`QM /2MbBiv i i?2 bm`7+2 Q7 i?2 K2iH r?B+? `2 BMiBKi2Hv +QmTH2/ iQ 2H2+i`QK;M2iB+ }2H/bX AM i?2 Tbi- bm`7+2 THbKQMb ?p2 ii`+i2/ +QMbB/2`#H2 ii2MiBQM /m2 iQ i?2B` mMB[m2 T`QT2`iB2b M/ i?2B` TTHB+iBQMb BM QTiB+H b2MbQ` /2pB+2bXh?2v rBHH #2 /Bb+mbb2/ BM /2iBH BM i?2 7QHHQrBM; +?Ti2`bX am`7+2 THbKQMb HHQr iQ +QM+2Mi`i2 M/ iQ +?MM2H i?2 HB;?i BM bm# rp2H2M;i? bi`m+im`2b (N)X h?2 +QM+2Mi`iBQM Q7 i?2 HB;?i BM bm# rp2H2M;i? bi`m+im`2b Bb /pMi;2Qmb- bBM+2 i?2 2t+BiiBQM Q7 bm`7+2 THbKQMb BM K2iH MMQbi`m+im`2b +M ;2M2`i2 bBx#H2 2H2+i`QK;M2iB+ }2H/ 2M?M+2K2Mib /m2 iQ i?2 H`;2 i`MbB2Mi bm`7+2 /BTQH2b BM@ /m+2/ #v i?2 THbKQMbX am+? }2H/ 2M?M+2K2Mib `2 i?2 T?vbB+H #bBb 7Q` am`7+2 1M?M+2/ _KM a+ii2`BM; Ua1_aV- M MHviB+H b2MbBM; i2+?MB[m2 ;`QrBM; BM BKTQ`iM+2 bBM+2 Bi rb `2TQ`i2/ i?`22 /2+/2b ;QX .m2 iQ Bib HQr BMpbBp2M2bb M/ 2ti`2K2Hv ?B;? b2MbBiBpBiv M/ b  +QMb2[m2M+2 Q7 i?2 ?m;2 BM+`2b2 BM i?2 _KM +`Qbb b2+iBQMb T`QpB/2/ #v i?2 bm`7+2 THbKQMb- a1_a ?b #2+QK2  pHm#H2 iQQH BM i?2 BMp2biB;iBQM Q7 HBpBM; bT2+BK2MbX Ai Bb QM2 Q7 i?2 irQ i2+?MB[m2b i?i ?b #22M mb2/ BM i?Bb i?2bBb iQ bim/v i?2 QTiB+H T`QT2`iB2b Q7 i?2 ;QH/ MMQbi`m+im`2bX am# rp2H2M;i? QTiB+H BK;BM; Bb `2HBx2/ mbBM; i?2 a+MMBM; L2` }2H/ PTiB@.

(30) e. ALh_P.l*hAPL. +H JB+`Qb+QTv UaLPJVX h?2 rQ`FBM; T`BM+BTH2 Q7 i?Bb /2pB+2 Bb i?2 mb2 Q7 bm# rp2H2M;i? T2`im`2b BM K2iH +Qi2/ QTiB+H T`Q#2bX AM i?2b2 bvbi2Kb i?2 bTiBH `2bQHmiBQM Bb mHiBKi2Hv /2i2`KBM2/ #v i?2 T2`im`2 bBx2 `i?2` i?M i?2 rp2@ H2M;i? Q7 HB;?iX h?Bb Qz2`b i?2 mMB[m2 +T#BHBiv iQ BMp2biB;i2 i?2 #2?pBQ` M/ i?2 K2+?MBbKb BMpQHp2/ BM i?2 THbKQM `2bQMM+2 rBi?  bTiBH `2bQHmiBQM #2vQM/ i?2 /Bz`+iBQM HBKBi- +QKT`#H2- Q` 2p2M #2ii2` i?M i?2 MMQbi`m+im`2 bBx2X 6Q` i?2b2 `2bQMb- i?2 irQ T`HH2H i2+?MB[m2b ?p2 #22M mb2/ BM Kv bim/v iQ mM/2`biM/ KQ`2 T`2+Bb2Hv i?2 THbKQM `2bTQMb2 Q7 i?2 ;QH/ MMQrB`2bX AM Kv rQ`F- aLPJ Bb mb2/ iQ KT i?2 M2`@}2H/ /Bbi`B#miBQM Qp2` i?2 bm`7+2 Q7 MMQbi`m+im`2/ ;QH/ bKTH2b- BK2/ i TQBMiBM; Qmi i?2 Q++m``2M+2 Q7 THbKQM HQ@ +HBxiBQM b  7mM+iBQM Q7 i?2 BHHmKBMiBQM T`K2i2`b Urp2H2M;i?- TQH`BxiBQMVX a1_a QM i?2 bK2 bKTH2b b r2HH b QM /Bz2`2Mi MMQbi`m+im`2b- //`2bb2b i?2 2z2+ib Q7 }2H/ 2M?M+2K2Mi bbQ+Bi2/ rBi? THbKQM 2t+BiiBQMX  b2MbBiBp2 T`Q#2 Q7 i?2 2M?M+2K2Mi Bb i?2 /2i2+iBQM Q7 _KM bB;Mim`2b Q7 bmBi#H2 /v2 KQH2+mH2b /bQ`#2/ i i?2 bm`7+2X h?2 7mHH `M;2 Q7 K2bm`2K2Mib- +QKTH2K2Mi2/ #v i?2 mb2 Q7 +QKK2`+BH ;QH/ MMQbi`m+im`2b- Bb T`BK`BHv BMi2M/2/ iQ mM/2`biM/ i?2 K2+?MBbKb BMpQHp2/ BM i?2 2M?M+2K2Mi T`Q+2bb M/ iQ bb2bb i?2B` TQi2MiBH 7Q` ?B;?Hv@b2MbBiBp2 /2i2+iBQM M/ MHvbBbX h?2 7QHHQrBM; Bb i?2 #`B27 QmiHBM2 Q7 i?2 bi`m+im`2 Q7 i?2 i?2bBbX *?Ti2` k /2b+`B#2b #Qmi i?2 p`BQmb bKTH2b i?i ?p2 #22M mb2/ BM Qm` bim/B2b M/ i?2B` T`QT2`iB2bX *?Ti2` j #2;BMb #v 2tTHBMBM; BM HvKM i2`Kb r?i Bb  bm`7+2 THbKQM 7QH@ HQr2/ #v i?2 /2b+`BTiBQM Q7 i?2 /2T2M/2M+2 Q7 i?2 THbKQM rp2H2M;i? rBi? p`BQmb T`K2i2`b HBF2 i?2 2MpB`QMK2Mi- bBx2 M/ b?T2 Q7 i?2 MMQT`iB+H2bX b M 2tK@ TH2- i?2 THbKQM +H+mHiBQM 7Q`  bBKTH2 b?T2 bm+? b bT?2`2 ?b #22M BHHmbi`i2/X h?2 +QM+2Tib 2tTHBM2/ BM i?Bb +?Ti2` 7Q`K i?2 #+F;`QmM/ 7Q` i?2 i?2bBb b i?2v `2 BM2pBi#H2 iQ 2tTHBM i?2 `2bmHib Q7 i?2 K2bm`2K2MibX *?Ti2` 9 bi`ib rBi? i?2 2pQHmiBQM Q7 a1_a M/ ;Q2b QM iQ 2tTHBM i?2 KBM 72im`2b Q7 i?2 a1_a HBF2 i?2 p`BQmb 2M?M+2K2Mi 7+iQ`bX Ai ;Bp2b M BMbB;?i iQ i?2 p`BQmb /v2b i?i ?p2 #22M mb2/ 7Q` i?2 2tT2`BK2MiX Ai HbQ ;Bp2b i?2 bF2i+? Q7 i?2 2tT2`BK2MiH b2i mT mb2/ 7Q` i?2 K2bm`2K2Mib BM i?Bb i?2bBb HQM; rBi? i?2 bKTH2 T`2T`iBQMX *?Ti2` 8 /Bb+mbb2b i?2 `2bmHib Q7 i?2 a1_a K2bm`2K2Mib QM i?2 BbQHi2/ MMQrB`2bX *?Ti2` e 2H#Q`i2b QM i?2 p`BQmb `2bmHib Q#iBM2/ rBi? i?2 a1_a K2bm`2@ K2Mib QM i?2 MMQrB`2 ``vbX h?Bb HQM; rBi? i?2 +?Ti2` 8 /Bb+mbb2b i?2 p`BQmb T?2MQK2M +QMi`B#miBM; iQ a1_a BM Qm` +b2X *?Ti2` d QmiHBM2b i?2 i?2Q`v M2+2bb`v iQ mM/2`biM/ i?2 aLPJ HQM; rBi? bQK2 ?BbiQ`v Q7 i?2 i2+?MB[m2X h?Bb +?Ti2` HbQ ;Bp2b i?2 2tT2`BK2MiH /2iBHb Q7 i?2 M2` }2H/ b2i mT mb2/ BM Qm` bim/B2b HQM; rBi? i?2 bvMi?2iB+ /2iBHbX *?Ti2` 3 `2pB2rb i?2 `2bmHib Q7 Qm` aLPJ K2bm`2K2MibX h?2 aLPJ BK;2b.

(31) yX9 SHbKQMB+b. d. b?Qr BMi2`2biBM; 72im`2b r?B+? `2 /Bb+mbb2/ BM /2iBHX h?2 QTiB+H M/ iQTQ@ ;`T?B+H KTb `2 +QKT`2/ M/ Qp2`HTT2/ iQ `2Hi2 i?2 THbKQM 2z2+ib iQ i?i Q7 i?2 iQTQ;`T?vX h?2 }MH +?Ti2`- +QM+HmbBQM- Bb  +mHKBMiBQM Q7 HH i?2 rQ`F i?i T`2+2/2b i?Bb +?Ti2` M/ 2tTHQ`2b i?2 TQbbB#BHBiB2b M/ 7mim`2 /B`2+iBQMb Q7 i?2 rQ`FX h?2 `2bmHib Q7 i?2 i?2bBb M/ Bib BKT+i BM i?2 }2H/ `2 HbQ T`2b2Mi2/ BM i?Bb +?Ti2`X.

(32) 3. ALh_P.l*hAPL.

(33) 1tT2`BK2MiH +QM}`KiBQM Q7  T`2/B+iBQM Bb K2`2Hv  K2bm`2@ K2MiX M 2tT2`BK2Mi /BbT`QpBM;  T`2/B+iBQM Bb  /Bb+Qp2`vX 1M`B+Q 62`KB. 1. aKTH2b RXR :QH/ MMQrB`2b ``vb h?2 }`bi bKTH2 Q7 BMi2`2bi Bb ;QH/ MMQrB`2 ``vb 7#`B+i2/ #v i?2 ;`QmT Q7 6`M+2b+Q "miB2` /2 JQM;2Qi 7`QK lMBp2`bBiv Q7 :2MQpX h?MFb iQ i?2B` mM+QM@ p2MiBQMH M/ Q`B;BMH K2i?Q/ Q7 bvMi?2bBb- b2H7 Q`;MBx2/ ``vb Q7 ;QH/ MMQrB`2b rBi? imM#H2 QTiB+H T`QT2`iB2b +QmH/ #2 Q#iBM2/X h?Bb K2i?Q/ +QK#BM2b i?2 b2H7 Q`;MBx2/ 7Q`KiBQM Q7  `BTTH2 Tii2`M QM i?2 /B2H2+i`B+ bm#bi`i2 #v /27Q+mb2/ BQM #2K bTmii2`BM; M/ i?2 /2TQbBiBQM Q7 ;QH/ i ;`xBM; M;H2 iQ 7Q`K i?2 ;QH/ MMQrB`2b (Ry)X h?2 bKTH2b `2 K/2 rBi?  irQ bi2T T`Q+2bb, Ç h?2 ;Hbb bm#bi`i2b r2`2 Tii2`M2/ #v 2tTHQBiBM; i?2 b2H7@ Q`;MBxiBQM K2+?@ MBbK BM/m+2/ #v bm`7+2 2`QbBQM i?`Qm;? BQM #QK#`/K2Mi i Qz MQ`KH BM+B/2M+2 (RR)X h?2 KQ`T?Qmb ;Hbb bm#bi`i2b r2`2 B``/Bi2/ rBi?  /27Q@ +mb2/ `+ BQM #2K BM  +mbiQK /2bB;M2/ l>o +?K#2`X h?2 `BTTH2 Tii2`M rb  `2bmHi Q7 bTmii2`BM; i M M;H2 θ = 35ê UrBi? `2bT2+i iQ i?2 bm`7+2 MQ`KHV- M BQM 2M2`;v Q7 143yy 2o M/ M BQM ~mt Q7 5 × 1015 BQMb/+K2 bX h?Bb H2/b iQ r2HH KQ/mHi2/ `BTTH2b /2}M2/ #v  T2`BQ/B+Biv BM i?2 ivTB+H `M;2 Ryy@kyy MK U/2T2M/BM; QM i?2 T`Q+2bb T`K2i2`bV (Rk)X Ç 7i2` i?2 7Q`KiBQM Q7 `BTTH2b QM i?2 ;Hbb bm#bi`i2- i?2 ;QH/ rb /2TQbBi2/ BM bBim #v i?2`KH 2pTQ`iBQM i  `i2 Q7 k MKfKBM i  ;`xBM; M;H2 Q7 BM+B/2M+2 Uφ = 80êV 7`QK i?2 bm#bi`i2 MQ`KHX lM/2` i?2b2 +QM/BiBQMb- i?2 bm#bi`i2- /m2 iQ b?/QrBM; 2z2+ib- KQ/mHi2b i?2 bTiBH /Bbi`B#miBQM Q7 i?2.

(34) Ry. aKTH2b. 6B;m`2 RXR, 1tT2`BK2MiH ;2QK2i`v /QTi2/ 7Q` i?2 b?/Qr /2TQbBiBQM Q7 m Lqb, i?2 Mm+H2iBQM iF2b TH+2 T`272`2MiBHHv M2` i?2 iQT Q7 i?2 BHHmKBMi2/ `2;BQMbX U6`QK _27X (Ry) V m ~mt BM/m+BM; i?2 Mm+H2iBQM Q7 K2iH +Hmbi2`b T`272`2MiBHHv M2` i?2 iQT Q7 BHHmKBMi2/ `B/;2b r?2`2 i?2 ~mt Bb ?B;?2` (Ry)X .m`BM; i?2 /2TQbBiBQMi?2 bm#bi`i2 Bb KBMiBM2/ i  i2KT2`im`2 Q7 k9y E- 2bb2MiBHHv iQ `2/m+2 i?2`KHHv +iBpi2/ /BzmbBQM Q7 i?2 K2iHX *QMiBMmQmb /2TQbBiBQM `2bmHib BM i?2 7Q`KiBQM Q7 TQHv+`vbiHHBM2 MMQrB`2b QM i?2 iQT Q7 i?2 BHHmKBMi2/ `B/;2b U};X RXRVX h?2 KQ`T?QHQ;B+H M/ QTiB+H +?`+i2`BbiB+b Q7 i?2 bKTH2 `2 /2i2`KBM2/ #v i?2 /2TQbBiBQM T`K2i2`bX h?2 bT2+i `iBQ rf? Q7 i?2 MMQrB`2 U};X RXkV 2b@ i#HBb?2b i?2 /2;`22 Q7 BMi2`+QMM2+iBQM #2ir22M i?2 MMQrB`2b i?i- HQM; rBi? i?2 `BTTH2 T2`BQ/B+Biv- /2i2`KBM2b i?2 7`2[m2M+v Q7 i?2 HQ+HBx2/ bm`7+2 THbKQM `2bQMM+2 UGaS_VX h?2 rB/i? r Bb }t2/ bBM+2 Bi Bb BKTQb2/ #v i?2 `BTTH2b QM i?2 ;Hbb bm#bi`i2 M/ bQ i?2 rf? `iBQ +M #2 KMBTmHi2/ mbBM; i?2 i?B+FM2bb Q7 i?2 /2TQbBiBQM Hv2`X  ivTB+H i?B+FM2bb pHm2 Bb ky MKX h?2 };m`2 RXj b?Qrb i?2 6J KQ`T?QHQ;v Q7 QM2 Q7 i?2 bKTH2b bim/B2/ rBi? a1_a HQM; rBi? i?2 +Q``2@ bTQM/BM; QTiB+H i`MbKBbbBQM bT2+i` iF2M BM :2MQpX h?2 6J BK;2b b?Qr . 6B;m`2 RXk, AHHmbi`iBQM Q7 i?2 rB/i? M/ ?2B;?i Q7 i?2 Lq r?Qb2 `iBQ /2i2`KBM2b i?2 GaS_ Q7 i?2 bKTH2 U6`QK _27X (Ry)VX.

(35) RXR :QH/ MMQrB`2b ``vb. RR. 6B;m`2 RXj, 6J BK;2 M/ i`MbKBbbBQM bT2+i` Q7 bKTH2 iF2M BM :2MQpX h?Bb Bb QM2 Q7 i?2 bKTH2b MHvx2/ rBi? _KM bT2+i`Qb+QTvX `i?2` B``2;mH` MMQrB`2 bi`m+im`2X h?2 p2`;2 /BbiM+2 #2ir22M irQ MMQrB`2b Bb `QmM/ RRy MKX h?2 QTiB+H i`MbKBiiM+2 bT2+i` `2 Q#iBM2/ #v K2Mb Q7 +QMp2MiBQMH UK+`Qb+QTB+V K2bm`2K2MibX h?2 bKTH2 Bb AHHmKBMi2/ #v K2Mb  +QKT2Mbi2/ /2mi2`BmK@?HQ;2M HKT U.>@kyyy@"G- JBF`QTFV +QmTH2/ i?Qm;? M QTiB+H }#2` bvbi2K U+Q`2 eyy µKV iQ  bi;2 7Q` i?2 i`MbKBbbBQM K2bm`2@ K2MibX AM+B/2M+2 TQH`BxiBQM rb p`B2/ 7`QK h1 U2H2+i`B+ }2H/ T`HH2H iQ LqbV iQ hJ UT2`T2M/B+mH`V #v K2Mb  :HM@ivHQ` TQH`Bx2` +m#2X *QHH2+iBQM Q7 i?2 HB;?i Bb T2`7Q`K2/ #v QTiB+H }#2` M/ T`Q+2bb2/ #v  S* +QMi`QHH2/ ?B;? `2bQHmiBQM bQHB/ bii2 bT2+i`QK2i2` U>_9yyy- P+2M PTiB+bV X h?2 };m`2 /BbTHvb i?2 bKTH2 i`MbKBiiM+2 Q7 irQ KmimHHv Q`i?Q;QMH TQH`BxiBQMb b  7mM+iBQM Q7 i?2 rp2@ H2M;i? Q7 i?2 BM+B/2Mi `/BiBQMX h?2 bKTH2b b?Qr  #`Q/ #bQ`TiBQM 72im`2 BM +b2 Q7 TQH`BxiBQM p2`iB+H iQ i?2 MMQrB`2 tBb- T2FBM; `QmM/ e9y MKX am+?  72im`2 +M #2 b+`B#2/ iQ i?2 Q++m``2M+2 Q7 GaS_- +Q``2bTQM/BM; iQ 2t+Bi@ iBQM Q7 i?2 bm`7+2 2H2+i`QM /2MbBiv BM i?2 i`Mbp2`b2 /B`2+iBQM Q7 i?2 MMQrB`2bX h`MbKBbbBQM Q7 HB;?i ?Q`BxQMiH iQ i?2 bKTH2 /Q2b MQi 2t?B#Bi Mv T`QMQmM+2/ 72im`2X .m2 iQ i?2 /Bz2`2Mi 7#`B+iBQM T`K2i2`b mb2/ 7Q` /Bz2`2Mi bKTH2bi?2 BMi2`rB`2 bT+BM; M/ i?2 bT2+i `iBQ `2 bT2+B}+ 7Q` 2+? bKTH2X h?Bb H2/b iQ `2K`F#H2 /Bz2`2M+2 BM i?2 QTiB+H i`MbKBbbBQM bT2+i`- r?2`2 i?2 #bQ`TiBQM 72im`2 T2`iBMBM; iQ i?2 GaS_ Bb Hrvb T`2b2Mi mTQM Q`i?Q;QMH TQH`BxiBQM#mi i?2 rB/i? M/ T2F TQbBiBQM +?B2p2 bT2+B}+ pHm2b 7Q` 2+? /BbiBM+i bKTH2X h?Bb +QM}`Kb i?2 #BHBiv Q7 i?2 i2+?MB[m2 BM iBHQ`BM; i?2 QTiB+H T`QT2`iB2bX h?2 Qp2`HH ?QKQ;2M2Biv M/ `2;mH`Biv Q7 i?2 KQ`T?QHQ;v im`M iQ #2 z2+i2/ #v i?2 7#`B+iBQM T`K2i2`b, BM T`iB+mH`- BM bKTH2b T`Q/m+2/ rBi? i?BMM2` ;QH/ /2TQ@ bBiBQM U2X;X- b?Q`i2` /2TQbBiBQM iBK2V  ;`MmH` bi`m+im`2 Bb Q#b2`p2/- T`Q##Hv b  +QMb2[m2M+2 Q7  MQM +QKTH2i2 +QH2b+2M+2 /m`BM; i?2 ;`Qri? Q7 i?2 ;QH/ Hv2`X.

(36) Rk. aKTH2b. RXk :QH/ MMQ#2/b aT?2`B+H ;QH/ MMQT`iB+H2b r2`2 mb2/ BM i?2 a1_a 2tT2`BK2Mib QM BbQHi2/ MMQrB`2bX :QH/ MMQ#2/b Q7 /Bz2`2Mi bBx2b U 8y M/ 3y MKV r2`2 Tm`+?b2/ 7`QK "" BM@ i2`MiBQMH U*`/Bz- lMBi2/ EBM;/QKV M/ mb2/ rBi?Qmi Mv 7m`i?2` T`Q+2bbBM;X h?2b2 #2/b `2 /BbT2`b2/ BM /2BQMBx2/ U.AV ri2` M/ `2 +TT2/ rBi? +Bi`i2 iQ pQB/ i?2 ;;HQK2`iBQMX. RXj :QH/ MMQrB`2b h?2b2 `2 +QKK2`+BH MMQrB`2b Tm`+?b2/ 7`QK LMQT`ixX h?2b2 MMQrB`2b `2 jy MK BM tBH /BK2i2` M/ e µK BM H2M;i?X AM i?2 #`2 7Q`K- i?2b2 MMQrB`2b `2 BKK2`b2/ BM .A ri2` rBi? 2t+2bb *h" +TTBM; ;2Mi iQ KBMBKBx2 ;;`2;iBQMX h?2 +QM+2Mi`iBQM ++Q`/BM; iQ i?2 T`Q/m+2` /i Bb 6 × 108 MMQT`iB+H2bfKHX LMQrB`2b rBi? bBHM2 +QiBM; ?p2 HbQ #22M mb2/X h?2b2 `2 #`Qm;?i 7`QK LMQT`ix M/ ?p2 i?2 bK2 /BK2MbBQMb Q7 i?2 T`2pBQmb QM2b U jy MK BM t@ BH /BK2i2` M/ e µK BM H2M;i?VX h?2 };m`2 RX9 b?Qrb i?2 i`MbKBbbBQM 2H2+i`QM KB+`Qb+QT2 BK;2 Q7  MMQrB`2 UiF2M 7`QK i?2 LMQT`ix r2#bBi2VX. 6B;m`2 RX9, LMQT`ixVX. h`MbKBbbBQM 2H2+i`QM KB+`Qb+QT2 BK;2 Q7  ;QH/ MMQrB`2 U6`QK.

(37) A7 r2 FM2r r?i Bi rb r2 r2`2 /QBM;- Bi rQmH/ MQi #2 +HH2/ `2b2`+?- rQmH/ Bi\ H#2`i 1BMbi2BM. 2. SHbKQMb kXR AMi`Q/m+iBQM h?2 BMi2`+iBQM Q7 K2iHb rBi? 2H2+i`QK;M2iB+ rp2b Bb H`;2Hv +?`+i2`Bx2/ #v Bib 7`22 2H2+i`QMbX SHbKQMb `2 ;2M2`HHv /2b+`B#2/ b  +QHH2+iBp2 Qb+BHHiBQM Q7 i?2 7`22 2H2+i`QMbX Ai +M HbQ #2 +HH2/ b i?2 [mMi Q7 bm`7+2 +?`;2 /2MbBiv Qb+BHHiBQMbX AM +HbbB+H T?vbB+b- Bi +M #2 pBbmHBx2/ b i?2 Qb+BHHiBQMb Q7 i?2 2H2+i`QM ;b Q7  K2iH rBi? `2bT2+i iQ i?2 }t2/ BQMB+ +Q`2bX am`7+2 THbKQMb q?2M i?2 bm`7+2 Q7  K2iH Bb 2t+Bi2/ #v i?2 2H2+i`QK;M2iB+ `/BiBQM- i?2 HB;?i +M #2 +QmTH2/ iQ biM/BM; Q` T`QT;iBM; THbKQM KQ/2b (Rj)X AM i?2 `2+2Mi v2`b- i?2 /pM+2K2Mi BM i?2 i2+?MQHQ;v ?b #`Qm;?i ;`2i BMi2`2bi BM i?2 bm`7+2 THbKQMb 7Q` i?2 TQbbB#BHBiB2b i?i Bi Qz2`b BM i?2 T?QiQMB+b }2H/X AM T`iB+mH`i?2 MMQ7#`B+iBQM i2+?MB[m2b /2p2HQT2/ BM i?2 `2+2Mi iBK2b KF2b Bi TQbbB#H2 iQ bi`m+im`2 K2iH bm`7+2b r?B+? +M #2 mb2/ iQ +QMi`QH i?2 bm`7+2 THbKQMb M/ i?2B` T`QT;iBQMX GQ+HBx2/ bm`7+2 THbKQMb q?2M  bm`7+2 THbKQM Bb +QM}M2/ iQ  MMQT`iB+H2- i?2`2 Bb  +QMi`B#miBQM iQ i?2 +QHH2+iBp2 Qb+BHHiBQM 7`QK i?2 7`22 2H2+i`QMb Q7 i?2 T`iB+H2X h?2b2 `2 FMQrM b HQ+HBx2/ bm`7+2 THbKQMb UGaSVX h?2 GaSb `2 Q7 ;`2i BMi2`2bi #2+mb2 i?2.

Riferimenti

Scarica adesso ( PDF - 209 pagine - 15.95 MB )

Documenti correlati

Modello Applicativo

Valori di indicatori configurati il cui valore dipende dalle fasi schedulate, dalla capacità delle Risorse e/o della Disponibilità Giacenze Richiama le funzioni:. -Confronti Dati

fulltext

Figure 1a) shows the variation of the first-harmonic amplitude of precipitation. Strong annual variations are observed in south-western and south-eastern Anatolia. The 2500 mm

L'ALBA DI UNA NUOVA EUROPA PER LE POLITICHE SOCIALI

La perdita di credibilità istituzionale e di efficacia politica dell’Unione Europea si è riversata anche nella negoziazione di trattati commerciali di libero scambio di

Chapter 3. Future Projects of Gas Industry

This work analyses the possibilities of natural gas production as one of the most commonly used source of energy, reviews the changes in the structure of world energy, and

Questa ricerca ha avuto per oggetto l‟analisi comparata della simbologia alchemica nella produzione di due celebri poeti metafisici inglesi: John Donne e Henry Vaughan.

Donne e Vaughan sono due poeti esemplari per lo studio dell‟utilizzo della materia alchemica in letteratura: gran parte della semiosi di alcune fra le loro opere

Multiscale Interactive Communication: inside and outside Thun Castle

The destination of the castle to “historical habitation museum” offers the public the opportunity to benefit from a unique museum heritage both for the quality of

Technology and Process Design for Phenols Recovery from Industrial Chicory (Chicorium intybus) Leftovers

Extraction yields expressed as a w/w percentage over dried matrix (DM); total phenolic content, expressed as GAE mg/g DE, GAE mg/g DM and GAE g/kg FM, obtained using