Parasites of introduced goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) in the Massaciuccoli water district (Tuscany, Central Italy)

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Bull. Eur. Ass. Fish Pathol., 35(2) 2015, 35

ȘȱȱȂȱȬǱȱǯȓǯ

ȱȱȱęȱǻCarassius

auratus L.) in the Massaciuccoli water

district (Tuscany, Central Italy)

F. Macchioni

1

_{*, L. Chelucci}

1

_{, B. Torracca}

1

_,

M. Cristina Prati

2

_{and M. Magi}

1

1 _{Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa,}

Italy; 2 _{Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy}

Abstract

ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱŘŖŗŖȱȱŘŖŗŘȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱǻǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱǼǯȱȱȱȱȱęȱǻCarassius auratus L.) is an introduced species. Morphometric characteristics were determined and parasites were isolated and ęȱȱŗŖřȱęǰȱřŘȱȱ ȱ ȱǰȱȱŗŗȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯ

Introduction

ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ-trophic coastal basin, located in Tuscany (central ¢Ǽȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ includes the lake, marsh and reclaimed areas with their drainage channels (Chelucci, 2005). ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱŘǯśȱǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱşŖȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ season and the rainy winter. The average pH ȱȱ ȱȱŞǯŘǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱŝǚȱȱ ȱȱŘŘǚȱȱȱ (Spandre et al., 1997). In the last century the ęȱȱĚȱȱȱȱȱ introduced species, which tend to be very resist-ant (Gozlan et al.ǰȱŘŖŗŖǼǰȱȱȱȱȱ the species that evolutionarily originated in the basin (Alessio et al., 1992).

ȱęȱǻCarassius auratus ȱŗŝśŞǼȱ

ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱęȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ ǰȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ rivers, channels, lakes and ponds and can live ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ -ǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ oxygen and temperature variations. Its diet is omnivorous and includes invertebrates (insects, ǰȱǰȱǰȱ Ǽǰȱȱȱ ȱęǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ĵǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱŘŖǚǯȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ In this species gynaegenesis is possible, i.e. ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ related species such as crucian carp (Carassius

carassius) and carp (Cyprinus carpio). Without

ȱȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ

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ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱęȱ is widespread throughout almost all Europe. It was introduced in Italy in the seventeenth century and today it is present in almost all regions (Chelucci, 2005).

From a previous more extensive study (Mac-chioni et al., 2015), it appears that in the Mas-ȱǰȱȱęȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱǰȱ¢ȱǯȱ Parasites can have a considerable impact on ȱ ȱȱȱȱęȱǻ£ǰȱŗşşşǼȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ burden.

ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱ district, and to estimate their prevalence.

Materials and methods

ȱ¢ȱŘŖŗŖȱȱȱŘŖŗŘǰȱŗŖřȱęȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ The sampling sites were chosen according to ȱěȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱęǯȱȱęȱȱǻę¡ȱ networks, mobile networks and “bertovelli” ǻȱȱǼȱȱȱȱǻęȱ Ǽȱ ȱǯȱȱęȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢£ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱǰȱ¢ȱ ȱǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ęȱ ȱǱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱęȱȱ weight (accuracy: ±1 mm and ±1 g, respectively). ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ-ȱȱȱȂȱȱǻŗşŚŞǼǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱ ȱǱȱ ȱƽȱǻȱȦȱ3_{ǼȱȘȱŗŖŖǰȱȱƽȱΆȱȘȱ}΅ ȱ¡ȱ΅ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱŘȱȱŚǰȱȱȱȱȱřȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱřȱȱ stocky subjects.

Skin, eyes, gills, digestive system, liver, bladder ȱ¢ȱȱȱęȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱȱȬȱȱǯȱȱ procedures were based on external observa-ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱ-ȱǻęȱŞȬřśǼȱȱȱ ȱȱǻŗŖǰȱŚŖǼǯȱȱȱ ȱ ȱęȱȱȱěȱ keys (Moravec, 1994; Yamaguti, 1963).

ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱşśƖȱęȱȱǻǼȱ were calculated. Linear univariate regression was carried out in order to calculate the alpha ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱ using logarithms). In addition, multivariate logistic regression was carried out, taking the ¢ȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱ-ent variable, and length, weight and gender as ǯȱęȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱŖǯŖśǯ

Results

ȱȱȱȱŗŖřȱęǰȱŗśȱ ȱǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱ ŞŞȱ ȱǰȱȱ ȱřŖȱ ȱ£ǯ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ Ǳȱ

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ȱ ȱ ŘŞǯŝȱ ȱ ǻȱ ŘŝǯşȬŘşǯśȱ Ǽǰȱ average weight 479.6 g (CI 437.6-521.1 g) and ȱȱ ȱŗǯşŘȱǻȱŗǯŞŗȬŘǯŖřǼǯȱȱ ȱ ȱęȱěȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱĜȱ΅ȱȱΆȱ ȱȂȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ regression techniques, were 3.00 (CI 2.65-3.34) ȱȬřǯşŞȱǻǻȬśǯŗŚǼȬǻȬŘǯŞŘǼǼǰȱ¢ǯ

ȱŗȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ęǯȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱ ȱ 31.1% (CI 22.2-40.0%); 29 specimens had only ectoparasites, 2 had only endoparasites

Diplos-tomum spathaceum (Digenea: Diplostomatidae)

in one lens and Botriocephalus spp (Eucestoda: Bothriocephalidae) in the intestine and 1 had ¡ȱȱGyrodactylus elegans (Monoge-nea: Gyrodactylidae) on the gills and nematodes ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱ

ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ę¢ȱěȱȱȱȱǯ

Logistic regression analysis supports that pos-¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱęȱǻȱƽŖǯŖŗŚǼǱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱęǰȱǯǯȱǰȱȱ ȱȱęǯ

Discussion

No gross pathology was observed in 103 gold-ęȱ ¡ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱęȱ ȱ ȱǯȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ in this species was lower (31.1%, CI 22.2-40.0%) compared to other species in the district, in par-ȱȱǻŜŜǯŖƖǰȱȱśŞǯřȬŝřǯŜƖǼȱǻȱȱ ǯǰȱŘŖŗśǼǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ-cal conditions such as the Massaciuccoli district,

which can result in an increased susceptibil-¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱ ŗşşŝǲȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŖǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ (2010-2013) the Massaciuccoli waters are dark, cloudy and eutrophic, with high concentrations ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱęȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ (Umbria, Italy) (Pedicello et al., 2010).

ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǻƽŞŞǼȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ-duction, as reported in Pedicello et al. (2010).

The parasitological investigation revealed high ȱȱȱȱǻȱřŗȱęǼǰȱ ¢ȱěȱ¢ȱęȱ ȱǰȱ like slow circulation, higher water temperature ȱȱȱȱȱĴȱǻ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŖǲȱ ĴȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŚǼǯȱǰȱȱȱ-ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ŗȬŘȱȱȱȱȱę¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱǻǰȱŘŖŖśǼǯȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ-sitized than smaller ones potentially due to ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱęȱȱȱȱ immunocompetence (Poulin, 2000). Trichodina spp. and Trichodinella spp. (Ciliophora: Trichodi-nidae) had the highest prevalence in this study, 9.7% and 13.6%, respectively. Their widespread occurrence and comparatively high prevalence might be explained by their capability to tem-¢ȱȱȱȱȱȬęȱȱ (Lom, 1995) and high organic load in Massaciuc-ȱȂȱ ǯ

ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ

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Dactylogy-Ta b le 1 .ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŖ řȱ ę ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ę ǰȱ ȱ ȱƖ ȱ ȱ ȱ şś Ɩȱ ę ȱ ȱ ǻ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ řŘȱ £ ȱ ę ǯȱ P

arasite species (localization)

Infection order Quadruple T riple D ouble S ingle . ę sh % C Protozoa Trichodina spp. (skin, gills) x x x x x x x x 10 9.71 3.99-15.43 Trichodinella spp. (skin, gills) x x x x x x 14 13.59 6.97-20.21 Apiosoma cy lindriformis (gills) x x 2 1.94 0-4.60 P latyhelminthes Dacty logirus v astator (gills) x x 6 śǯŞŘ 1.30-10.34 Gyrodacty lus elegans (skin, gills) x x x x x 9 ŞǯŝŚ řǯŘŞȬŗŚǯŗş Diplostomum spathaceum (ey e) x 1 0.97 ŖȬŘǯŞŜ Botriocephalus spp. (intestine) x 1 0.97 ŖȬŘǯŞŜ

Nemathelminthes Capillaridae (intestine)

x

1

0.97

ŖȬŘǯŞŜ

Crustacea Lernaea cyprinacea

(skin) x x x 3 2.91 0-6.16 Argulus foliaceus (skin) x 1 0.97 ŖȬŘǯŞŜ ȱȱǯȱę 1 1 1 1 3111 1 7 5 5 1 1 1 1

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ǼȱǻȱśǯŞƖǼȱȱGyrodactylus elegans ǻȱŞǯŜƖǼǰȱȱ£ȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ parasites could be explained by their high re-ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ǯ

Argulus foliaceus (Crustacea: Branchiura) was

ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ et al. (2010). ¢ǰȱęȱęȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱęȱ¡ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖřǼǯȱȱ ęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱęǰȱȱȱȱ parasites may have been introduced into other water districts. Despite being prohibited, some- ȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱ-ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ£ȱǯ

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