(a) 0.5 1 1.5 Spectral Radius ( ) 10 5 1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 (b) 1 0.5 0.1
Leaking Rate (a) 10 5 1 -0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 (c) 1 0.5 0.1
Input Scaling (scalein) 10 5 1 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 (d) 1 0.5 0.1
Inter-layer Scaling (scaleil) 10 5 1 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.5
Spectral Radius ( )
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
20 layers deepESN
10 layers deepESN
5 layers deepESN
shallow ESN
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Number of Recurrent Units
-0.3
-0.25
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
deepESN
groupedESN
shallow ESN
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
max
0
10
20
30
40
(a)
0.5
1
1.5
Spectral Radius ( )
100
50
10
10 15 20 25 30(b)
0.5
1
1.5
Spectral Radius ( )
100
50
10
10 15 20 25 30(a) 0.5 1 1.5 Spectral Radius ( ) 10 5 1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 (b) 1 0.5 0.1
Leaking Rate (a)
10 5 1 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 (c) 1 0.5 0.1
Input Scaling (scalein)
10 5 1 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 (d) 1 0.5 0.1
Inter-layer Scaling (scaleil)
10 5 1 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0
(a) 0.5 1 1.5 Spectral Radius ( ) 10 5 1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 (b) 1 0.5 0.1
Leaking Rate (a)
10 5 1 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 (c) 1 0.5 0.1
Input Scaling (scalein)
10 5 1 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 (d) 1 0.5 0.1
Inter-layer Scaling (scaleil)
10 5 1 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0