CYTOKINES AND CANCER

CYTOKINES AND CANCER

Cancer Treatment and Research

Steven T. Rosen, M.D.,

Editor

Sugarbaker, P. (ed): Peritoneal Carcinomatosis: Principles of Management. 1995. ISBN 0-7923-3727-1.

Dicbon, R.B., Lippman, M.E. (eds.): Mammary Tumor Cell Cycle, Differentiation and Metastasis.

1995. ISBN 0-7923-3905-3.

Freireich, E.J, Kantarjian, H.(eds):Molecular Genetics and Therapy of leukemia. 1995. ISBN 0-7923-3912-6.

Cabanillas, F., Rodriguez, M.A.(eds): Advances in Lymphoma Research. 1996. ISBN 0-7923-3929-0.

Miller, A.B. (ed.): Advances in Cancer Screening. 1996. ISBN 0-7923-4019-1.

Hait, W.N. (ed.): Drug Resistance. 1996. ISBN 0-7923-4022-1.

Pienta, K.J. (ed.): Diagnosis and Treatment of Genitourinary Malignancies. 1996. ISBN 0-7923-4164-3.

Arnold, A.J. (ed.): Endocrine Neoplasms. 1997. ISBN 0-7923-4354-9.

Pollock, R.E. (ed.): Surgical Oncology. 1997. ISBN 0-7923-9900-5.

Verweij, J., Pinedo, H.M., Suit, H.D. (eds): Soft Tissue Sarcomas: Present Achievements and Future Prospects. 1997. ISBN 0-7923-9913-7.

Walterhouse, D.O., Cohn, S. L. (eds.): Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advances in Pediatric Oncology.

1997. ISBN 0-7923-9978-1.

Mittal, B.B., Purdy, J.A., Ang, K.K. (eds): Radiation Therapy. 1998. ISBN 0-7923-9981-1.

Foon, K.A., Muss, H.B. (eds): Biological and Hormonal Therapies of Cancer. 1998. ISBN 0-7923-9997-8.

Ozols, R.F. (ed.): Gynecologic Oncology. 1998. ISBN 0-7923-8070-3.

Noskin, G. A. (ed.): Management of Infectious Complications in Cancer Patients. 1998. ISBN 0-7923-8150-5.

Bennett, C. L. (ed.): Cancer Policy. 1998. ISBN 0-7923-8203-X.

Benson, A. B. (ed.): Gastrointestinal Oncology. 1998. ISBN 0-7923-8205-6.

Tallman, M.S., Gordon, L.I. (eds): Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advances in Hematologic Malignancies.

1998. ISBN 0-7923-8206-4.

von Gunten, C.F. (ed): Palliative Care and Rehabilitation of Cancer Patients. 1999. ISBN 0-7923-8525-X Burt, R.K., Brush, M.M. (eds): Advances in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. 1999.

ISBN 0-7923-7714-1.

Angelos, P. (ed.): Ethical Issues in Cancer Patient Care 2000. ISBN 0-7923-7726-5.

Gradishar, W.J., Wood, W.C. (eds): Advances in Breast Cancer Management. 2000. ISBN 0-7923-7890-3.

Sparano, Joseph A. (ed.): HIV & HTLV-IAssociated Malignancies. 2001. ISBN 0-7923-7220-4.

Ettinger, David S. (ed.): Thoracic Oncology. 2001. ISBN 0-7923-7248-4.

Bergan, Raymond C. (ed.): Cancer Chemoprevention. 2001. ISBN 0-7923-7259-X.

Raza, A., Mundle, S.D. (eds): Myelodysplastic Syndromes & Secondary Acute Myelogenous leukemia 2001.

ISBN: 0-7923-7396.

Talamonti, Mark S. (ed.): Liver Directed Therapy for Primary and Metastatic Liver Tumors. 2001.

ISBN 0-7923-7523-8.

Stack, M.S., Fishman, D.A. (eds): Ovarian Cancer. 2001. ISBN 0-7923-7530-0.

Bashey, A., Ball, E.D. (eds): Non-Myeloablative Allogeneic Transplantation. 2002. ISBN 0-7923-7646-3.

Leong, Stanley P.L. (ed.): Atlas of Selective Sentinel Lymphadenectomy for Melanoma, Breast Cancer and Colon Cancer. 2002. ISBN 1-4020-7013-6.

Andersson

,

ISBN 1-4020-7200-7.

Beam, C. (ed.): Biostatistical Applications in Cancer Research. 2002. ISBN 1-4020-7226-0.

Brockstein, B., Masters, G. (eds): Head and Neck Cancer. 2003. ISBN 1-4020-7336-4.

Frank, D.A. (ed.): Signal Transduction in Cancer. 2003. ISBN 1-4020-7340-2.

Figlin, Robert A. (ed.): Kidney Cancer. 2003. ISBN 1-4020-7457-3.

Kirsch, Matthias; Black, Peter McL. (ed.): Angiogenesis in Brain Tumors. 2003. ISBN 1-4020-7704-1.

Keller, E.T., Chung, L.W.K. (eds): The Biology of Skeletal Metastases. 2004. ISBN 1-4020-7749-1.

Kumar, Rakesh (ed.): Molecular Targeting and Signal Transduction. 2004. ISBN 1-4020-7822-6.

Verweij, J., Pinedo, H.M. (eds): Targeting Treatment of Soft Tissue Sarcomas. 2004. ISBN 1-4020-7808-0.

Finn, W.G., Peterson, L.C. (eds.): Hematopathology in Oncology. 2004. ISBN 1-4020-7919-2.

Farid, N., (ed): Molecular Basis of Thyroid Cancer. 2004. ISBN 1-4020-8106-5.

Khleif, S., (ed): Tumor Immunology and Cancer Vaccines. 2004. ISBN 1-4020-81 19-7.

Balducci, L., Extermann, M. (eds.): Biological Basis of Geriatric Oncology. 2004. ISBN 0-387-23961-8.

Abrey, L., Chamberlain, M., Engelhard, H. (eds.): Leptomeningeal Metastases. 2005. ISBN 0-387-24198-1.

Platanias, L.C., (ed.): Cytokines and Cancer. 2005. ISBN 0-387-24360-7.

Leong, Stanley P.L., Kitagawa, Y., Kitajima, M. (eds.): Selective Sentinel Lymphudenectomy for Human Solid Cancer 2005. ISBN 0-387-23603-1

CYTOKINES AND CANCER

edited by

LEONIDAS C. PLATANIAS

Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center Northwestern University Medical School

Chicago, IL

Leonidas C. Platanias, MD, PhD

Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center Northwestern University Medical School 7 10 N. Fairbanks Court

Olson 8256 Chicago, IL 6061 1 USA

I-platanias @northwestern.edu

Cytokines and Cancer

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN 0-387-24360-7 e-ISBN 0-387-24361-5 Printed on acid-free paper.

O 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now know or hereafter developed is forbidden.

The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks and similar terms, even if the are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.

Printed in the United States of America.

SPIN 1 1053859

Dedication

This book is dedicated to the memory of my father Constantine Platanias.

To my mother Efthimia Platanias.

To my wife Julie Platanias

and to my children Martina and Cokey.

Contents

Dedication

Contributing Authors Foreword

Basic Science Research

v ix

X l l l

...

xv

Polypeptide Growth Factors and Their Receptors 1 Anupama Gururaj and Rakesh Kumar

Chemokines and Cancer 15

Thomas T. Murooka, Sarah E. Ward, and Eleanor N. Fish Interferons

Simrit Parmar and Leonidas Platanias Cytokines and Lymphomas

Georgios V. Georgakis and Anas Younes

Pro-apototic and Anti-apoptotic Effects of Tumor Necrosis Factor

in Tumor Cells 105

Bharat B. Agganvul and Yasunari Takada

Transforming Growth Factor Beta and Breast Cancer 131 Virginia Kaklamani and Boris Pasche

Transforming Growth Factor Beta in Prostate Cancer 159 Brian Zhu and Natasha Kyprianou

Angiostatin

Jennifer A. Doll and Gerald A. SofS

Clinical and Translational Research 207

9 Interferons in the Treatment of Solid Tumors 209

Stergios Moschos, Sai Varanasi, and John M. Kirkwood

vlll

... CYTOKINES AND CANCER

10. Targeting Cytokine Receptors and Pathways in the Treatment

of Breast Cancer 243

Ingrid A. Mayer

11. Interleukin-2 in the Treatment of Renal Cell Carcinoma and

Malignant Melanoma 263

John W. Eklund and Timothy M. Kuzel

12. Cytokine Targeted Treatments for Lung Cancer

Jyoti Pate1

13. Cytokines in the Treatment of Acute Leukemias 313 Farhad Ravandi and Partow Kebriaei

14. Cytokines in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation 333 Jayesh Mehta

15. Novel Cytokines in the Treatment of Malignancies 353 Robin Parihar and William E. Carson, 111

Index 375

Contributing Authors

Bharat B. Agganval, Ph.D.

Cytokine Research Section, Department of Bioimmunotherapy, The University of Texas M.

D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX

William E. Carson, 111, M.D.

Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics and Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH

Jennifer

Doll, Ph.D.

Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago,

John W. Eklund, M.D.

Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL

Eleanor N. Fish, Ph.D.

University of Toronto, Department of Immunology & Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON

Georgios V. Georgakis, M.D.

Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX

Anupama Gururaj

The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Houston, TX

Virginia Kaklamani, M.D.

Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL

Partow Kebriaei, M.D.

Department of Blood and Marrow transplantation, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX

John M. Kirkwood, M.D.

University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Melanoma and Skin Cancer Program, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA

Rakesh Kumar, Ph.D.

The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Houston, TX

Timothy M. Kuzel, M.D.

Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL

Natasha Ky rianou, M.D., Ph.D.

Division of Uro

?

Molecular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY

Ingrid A. Mayer, M.D.

Assistant Professor, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Nashville, TN

x CYTOKLNES AND CANCER Ja esh Mehta, M.D.

l

Ro ert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL

Stergios Moschos, M.D.

University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Melanoma and Skin Cancer Program, and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA

Thomas T. Murooka, B.Sc.

University of Toronto, Department of Immunology & Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON

Robin Parihar, Ph.D.

Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics and Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA

Simrit Parmar, M.D.

Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL

Jyoti Patel, M.D.

Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago,

Boris Pasche, M.D., Ph.D.

Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL

Leonidas C. Platanias, M.D., Ph.D.

Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL

Farhad Ravandi, M.D., Ph.D.

Department of Leukemia

The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas

Gerald A. Soff, M.D.

Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL

Yasunari Takada, Ph.D.

Cytokine Research Section, Department of Bioimmunotherapy, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX

Sai Varanasi, M.D.

Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA

Sarah E. Ward, B.Sc.

University of Toronto, Department of Immunology & Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON

Anas Younes, M.D.

Department of Lyrnphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX

Brian Zhu, M.D.

Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, and Departments of Pathology and Cellular &

Molecular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank my administrative assistant, Melissa Negroiz, for her

expert assistance in the preparation of this book.

Foreword

Dramatic advances have occurred over the last few years in the research field of cancer biology. There has been a constant accumulation of important new information, resulting in a gradual transformation on the perceptions that exist among scientists regarding mechanisms by which the malignant phenotype develops. The recent developments in cancer research have also had a substantial impact in efforts towards the development of new cancer therapies. One of the most explosive and rapidly advancing research areas has been the area of cytokines and cancer. Many perceptions have changed from the original discovery, decades ago, of the interferon, to the current state of the art cytokine research. It is now well recognized that many cytokines play important roles in normal cellular functions, while some of them have prominent roles in the pathophysiology of cancer. It is also now firmly established that several cytokines promote the growth of cancer cells, while others act as suppressors of malignant cell proliferation.

The importance of the cytokine signaling field in cancer is reflected by

the development of multiple treatments that have been introduced in clinical

oncology over the last few years. Understanding the physiological functions

of cytokines, as well as their precise roles in the pathogenesis of certain

malignancies, is extremely important in the current clinical era. The

paradigm of the development of imatinib mesylate for the treatment of

chronic myelogenous leukemia has shown that translational approaches can

occur rapidly, and new effective therapies for the treatment of cancer can be

developed in a relatively short-time period. This volume includes an up to

date comprehensive review on the knowledge on cytokines and cancer. The

book is divided into two sections, with the first being focused on basic

science research relating to cytokines in oncology, and the second on clinical

and translational research. It is hoped that this review of various

components of cytokine cancer research by prominent authors in basic and

clinical science will prove useful to anyone with interest in this area.

BASIC SCIENCE RESEARCH