A government complex and urban park redevelopment project in the Philippines

(1)

(2)

(3)

T h i s t h e s i s d o c u m e n t i s v i e w e d a s a 2 - p a g e s p r e a d A U T H O R ’ S N O T E :

(4)

(5)

A GOVERNMENT COMPLEX AND

URBAN PARK REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT

in the Philippines

D I O N I S I O C . S A L V A D O R I I I

(6)

(7)

POLITECNICO DI MILANO Scuola di Archittetura Ubranistica Ingegneria delle Costruzioni

Master of Science in Architecture Master Thesis December 2018 Dionisio C. Salvador III Supervisor: Arch. Paolo Debiaggi

(8)

(9)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

first and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Paolo Debiaggi for the continuous assistance, motivation, enthusiasm and knowledge he imparted to me during my tenure under his supervision. I also would like to whole-heartedly thank my family Daddy Jundio, Mommy Rosie, Charmaine, Brian and Kenneth for the never-ending support, for inspiring me everyday and for without them, none of these are even possible. To all my friends, especially my best friends here in Milan, who for without their love and support, I would have pos-sibly gone insane. To my uncle Engr. Francisco Salvador, for his insightful guidance and for sparing his valuable time whenever I needed it. Last but not least, to the Lord God Almighty, for the strength, knowledge, ability and opportunity to undertake this thesis project and for the continuous blessings everyday.

(10)

(11)

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Abstract

2 Introduction

The Republic of the Philippines History of Philippine Architecture Metro Manila

Demographics 3 Project Program

4 Reference Projects & Case Studies 5 Project

Site Introduction and History Site Analysis

Design Strategy Masterplan

New City Hall Design Details Views 6 Bibliography 13 17 18 24 26 30 35 41 67 69 77 101 111 121 149 159 181

(12)

(13)

A b s t r a c t

(14)

The thesis project is an envisioning of the future of Marikina City’s built environment. The aim is to reach a design solution that will in-fluence the direction of future built developments in the city through a site-specific architectural intervention. The project will adhere to actual spatial requirements while introducing new architectural con-cepts and initiatives. The city, which directly lies in a valley, is sus-ceptible to environmental hazards and is infamously known for being frequented by natural calamities, most notably flooding. With this in mind, immediate solutions are indeed a necessity and will directly dic-tate the project’s design considerations. The new government com-plex aims to be a harmonious dichotomy of an authoritative edifice while also being a subconscious construct of servitude to the common people.

The proposals for this thesis project will be bound by limitations set by local building/planning codes and will operate within the spatial requirements in line with the Comprehensive Land Use Plan of the local planning department but will include concepts and suggestions that aims to improve current situations. The aim is to propose a de-sign solution that improves upon the relationship of the citizens with the built environment as well as providing solutions to mitigate and adapt to the area’s susceptibility to natural hazards.

The project will focus on the design of the new city hall and will include proposals for the new government complex site masterplan as well as suggestive allocations of complementary buildings and spaces.

(15)

(16)

(17)

I n t r o d u c t i o n

(18)

A unitary sovereign and archipelagic country, the Republic of the Philip-pines consists of an estimated 7,641 islands and is located in Southeast Asia. These islands are categorized under three main geographical di-visions namely Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. The country is bounded by the Celebes Sea on the southwest, the South China Sea on the west, the Philippine Sea on the east, shares martime borders with Taiwan to the north, Vietnam to the west, Palau to the east and Indonesia and Malaysia to the south. The country’s proximity to the equator and its location to the Pacific Ring of Fire makes it highly susceptible to earth-quakes and typhoons, but also blesses it with an abundance of natural resources and some of the world’s greatest biodiversity.

The Philippines has an estimated area of 300,000 km2 and has a popu-lation of at least 100 million according to the Philippine Statistical Au-thority and World Bank. As of January 2018, it was the eighth-most pop-ulated country in Asia and the 12th most poppop-ulated country in the world. It is a founding member of the United Nations, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), World Trade Organization, the Asia-Pacific Eco-nomic Cooperation forum, and the East Asia Summit.

The Philippines is considered to be an emerging market and a newly industrialized country with an economy transitioning from being based on agriculture to one based more on services and manufacturing. The 36,289 kilometers of coastline makes it the country with the fifth longest coastline in the world. Most of the mountainous islands are covered in tropical rainforest and volcanic in origin. The highest mountain is Mount Apo. It measures up to 2,954 meters above sea level and is located on the island of Mindanao. The Galathea Depth in the Philippine Trench is the deepest point in the country and the third deepest in the world. The trench is located in the Philippine Sea. The longest river is the Cagayan River in northern Luzon.

T H E R E P U B L I C O F T H E P H I L I P P I N E S

The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. Manila Bay, upon the shore of which the city of Manila is situated, is connected to Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the Philippines, by the Pasig River. Subic Bay, the Davao Gulf, and the Moro Gulf are other important bays. The San Juanico Strait separates the islands of Samar and Leyte but it is traversed by the San Juanico Bridge.

Situated on the western fringes of the Pacific Ring of Fire, the Phil-ippines experiences frequent seismic and volcanic activity. The Ben-ham Plateau to the east in the Philippine Sea is an undersea region active in tectonic subduction. Around 20 earthquakes are registered daily, though most are too weak to be felt.

(19)

Figure 2.2 Philippines Geo-location

Area: 300,000[4][5] km2 (120,000 sq mi) (63rd) Water (%): 0.61[6] (inland waters)

Land: 300,000

Population: 100,981,437

GDP 2018 estimate: $960.7 billion Official Languages: Filipino/English

(20)

(21)

(22)

Figure 2.4 Island Divisions of the Philippine Archipelago

Luzon Visayas Mindanao

Figure 2.5 Climate Map

Humid Subtropical Climate Equatorial Climate Monsoon Climate Tropical Savanna Climate

(23)

Figure 2.5 Climate Map

There are two climates in Metro Manila according to the Köppen climate classification. Most of the region has a tropical wet and dry climate while the northeastern part of the region which lies on the foothills of Sierra Madre has a tropical monsoon climate. Along with the rest of the Philippines, Manila lies entirely within the tropics. Its location being close to the equator gives it temperatures that are hot year-round, rarely going below 15°C or above 39°C. Tem-perature extremes have ranged from 14.4°C on January 11, 1914, to 38.5°C on May 7, 1915.

Humidity levels are usually very high all year round. Manila has a distinct dry season from December through May, and a relatively lengthy wet season that covers the remaining period with slightly cooler temperatures. In the wet season, it rarely rains all day, but rainfall is very heavy during short periods. Typhoons usually occur from June to September.

Figure 2.6 Annual Climate Chart

There are four recognized climate types in the Philippines, and they are based on the distribution of rainfall.

Type I. Two pronounced season: dry from November to April and wet during the rest of the year.

Type II. No dry season with a pronounced rainfall from November to Jan-uary.

Type III. Seasons are not very pronounced, relatively dry from November to April, and wet during the rest of the year.

Type IV. Rainfall is more or less evenly distributed throughout the year. There are three recognized seasons: Tag-init or Tag-araw (the hot season or summer from March to May), Tag-ulan (the rainy season from June to

(24)

The turn of the 16th century saw the first hospital being built in the Philippines. Through the royal ordinance of King Philip II, which was known as the Laws of the In-dies, stated that every town was to have a gridiron design (cuadricula) with a central square (plaza). When the fa-mous fortified area of Intramuros was destroyed by fire, all new buildings then were required to be constructed of stone and tile. The hybrid type of construction, also known as arquitectura mestiza, was implemented with main features being wood in the upper floor and stone in the lower floor.

From the 17th to the 19th centuries, the Bahay na Bato (House of Stone) which was built with stone or brick walls and hardwood, was a prevalent residential dwell-ing common among middle-class Filipinos to the elite. The last quarter of the 19th century witnessed erection of universities as technology at that time was applied to build bridges, ports, lighthouses, etc.

Pre-Hispanic Era

Early Filipinos used rock shelters and caves served as dwellings. With the invention of tools allowed the pro-duction of tent-like shelters and tree houses. Rectan-gular structures known as Bahay Kubo (Cube House) which was elevated on stilt foundations and covered with thatched roofs characterized early pre-historic dwell-ings. Examples include the Ifugao house, Cube House, and the Torogan. Mosques were established in the 14th and 15th centuries in Mindanao.

American architects Parsons and Bourne helped steer Philippine architecture to the proto-modernist route. Daniel Burnham, known as the Father of the City Beau-tiful Movement, was then commissioned for the comple-tion of masterplans for Manila and Baguio. Along with Parsons, their contributions to local architecture include the Kahn system, use of termite-resistive hardwood and the concept of mass fabrication.

The first quarter of the 20th century also witnessed the birth of first generation Filipino architects who were then sponsored by colonial officials to study architecture and engineering in the United States. Together with maestros such as Arellano and Arguelles, they combined Beaux Arts elements with Modernism. Second Generation ar-chitects such as Luna, Ocampo, Antonio and Nakpil jointly introduced the Art Deco style which is character-ized by exoticism and ornamentation. The 3-year Japa-nese occupation brought all architectural production to a standstill.

Spanish Colonial Era American-Japanese Era

(25)

Filipino architects in the 1960’s incorporated modernist principles by employing local materials and reflecting vernacular traditions, some examples of which include Arellano’s Philippine Pavilion for the 1964 New York World’s Fair and The Manosa Brothers’ Sulu Hotel. The 70’s saw former First Lady Imelda Marcos pursue a sin-gular “national architectural style” to define the official maxim at that period of “One Nation, One Soul”.

The oil crisis of 1973 called for a movement of energy-ef-ficient designs referred to as Tropical Regionalism which include: San Miguel HQ by the Manosa Brothers, Felipe Mendoza’s Development Academy of the Philippines, Jorge Ramos’ GSIS Building and Leandro Locsin’s Ben-guet Corporation Building.

Post-World War II Era

The 1950’s saw Filipinos express architectural identity by the implementation of modernism through utilizing reinforced concrete, steel, glass, Cartesian grids, cubic forms, geometric shapes and the absence of applied decoration. The 50’s and 60’s staple architectural ele-ments were sunbreakers, also known as brise-soleils, glass walls, thin concrete shells and pierced screens. Third generation architects such as Concio, Nakpil, Luz and Formoso professed the post-war doctrine of “form follows function”. Space Age and Soft Modernism also made its way to local architecture advocating usage of or-ganic forms through thin shell technology. In the 1950’s, building height regulations dictated that the maximum height of newly erected structures are to be limited to 30 meters. It was then amended through an ordinance and thus high-rise construction redefined Manila’s skyline. Angel Nakpil’s 12 storey Picache building was consid-ered the first skyscraper in the Philippines.

The new millennium brought in a direction towards neo-eclecticism which saw the mixing of different styles of architecture. It saw the rise of planned micro-cities such as Eastwood, Fort Bonifacio and Rockwell Center and retail environments such as Gateway, Trinoma and SM Mall of Asia. Internationally renowned architectur-al firms bestowed designer labelling to megastructures erected in the Philippines such as IM Pei’s Essensa Tow-ers, SOM’s Yuchengco Tower and Michael Graves’ World Trade Exchange Center. Modernists began adopting the art of deconstruction stemming from the works of Alex-ius Medalls, Eduardo Calma and Joey Yupangco. Green Architecture also made it’s way to local architects’ de-sign and building considerations.

(26)

Metropolitan Manila is the seat of government and one of the three defined metropolitan areas of the Philippines. It is officially known as the National Capital Region (NCR), and is commonly known as Metro Manila or simply Manila. It is made up of 16 cities namely: the City of Manila (the Philippine capital), Quezon City (the country’s most populous city and former capital), Caloocan, Las Piñas, Makati, Malabon, Mandaluyong, Marikina, Muntinlupa, Navotas, Parañaque, Pasay, Pasig, San Juan, Taguig, and Valenzuela, as well as the municipality of Pateros.

The region encompasses an area of 619.57 km2 and has a population of 12,877,253 as of 2015. It is the second most populous and the most densely populated region of the Philippines. It is also the 9th most populous metropolitan area in Asia and the 5th most populous urban area in the world.

The region is the center of culture, economy, education and government of the Philippines. Des-ignated as a global power city, NCR exerts a significant impact on commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment, both locally and internationally. It is the home to all the consulates and embassies in the Philippines, thereby making it an import-ant center for international diplomacy in the country. Its economic power makes the region the country’s premier center for finance and commerce. The region accounts for 37.2% of the gross domestic product of the Philippines.

The region was established in 1975 through Presidential Decree No. 824 in response to the needs to sustain the growing population and for the creation for the center of political power and the seat of the Government of the Philippines. The Province of Manila, the predecessor entity of the region, is one of the first eight provinces that revolted against the Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines at the end of the 19th century. Manila’s role in the Revolution is honored in the Flag of the Philippines, where the sun’s eight rays symbolize the eight revolutionary provinces.

(27)

Figure 2.7 Figure 2.8 The Municipalities of Metro Manila Metro Manila quezon marikina san juan pasig pateros taguig makati mandaluyong manila malabon valenzuela caloocan caloocan navotas pasay paranaque las pinas muntinlupa

Managing entity: Metropolitan Manila Development Authority Established: November 7, 1975

Compostion:16 cities and 1 municipality Area: 619.57 km2

Population:

Metropolis & Region 12,877,253 Density 21,000/km2

(28)

(29)

Manila included encompassed territories once held by var-ious pre-Hispanic polities. This included the well-known Pasig River settlements of Maynila and Tondo, but smaller settlements such as those at Tambobong, Taguig, Pateros, and the fortified polity of Cainta. It became the capital during the colonial-era with Intramuros serving as the center of co-lonial power. In 1898, it included the City of Manila and 23 other municipalities. Marikina (then Mariquina) also served as the capital from 1898–1899, right when the sovereignty of the Philippines was transferred to the United States.

The province was dissolved and most of it was incorporated to the newly created province of Rizal in 1901. Manila was considered as one of the original global cities since the dawn of the Spanish colonial period. The galleon of Manila was one of the first known commercially traveled trade routes that sailed the Pacific for roughly 250 years. During the American period, at the time of the Philippine Commonwealth, Ameri-can architect and urban designer Daniel Burnham was com-missioned to create the grand Plan of Manila to be approved by the Philippine Government. The creation of Manila in 1901 is composed of the places and parishes of Binondo, Ermi-ta, Intramuros, Malate, Manila, Pandacan, Quiapo, Navotas, Sampaloc, San Andrés Bukid, San Fernando de Dilao, Las Piñas, San Miguel, San Nicolas, Pasig, Parañaque, Santa Ana de Sapa, Santa Cruz, Santa Mesa and Tondo.

The region lies along the flat alluvial lands extending from the mouth of the Pasig River in the west to the higher rugged lands of Marikina Valley in the east. The region is geographi-cally divided into 4 zones: the Coastal Margin, Guadalupe Pla-teau, Laguna Lowlands, and the Marikina Valley. The Coastal Margin that faces the Manila Bay holds resources for offshore fisheries and fishpond development. The numerous reclama-tion projects in the area are intended for mixed-use urban development. The Marikina Valley has fertile land suitable for crop cultivation while the Marikina River provides water for industrial uses and discharge. The Guadalupe Plateau is the most adaptable to urban development activities not only be-cause of its solid geographical foundations but also bebe-cause of its existing infrastructure links with the rest of Luzon. The Laguna Lowlands is not only suitable for agriculture and aquaculture but also for industrial activity.

It is exposed to multiple natural hazards such as earthquakes, floods, and typhoons. It is surrounded by active faults includ-ing the Marikina Valley Fault System. Other distant faults such as the Philippine Faults, Lubang Faults, Manila Trench and Casiguran Faults, are a threat as well. Flooding is recurrent every year especially in low-lying areas. Around five to seven typhoons hit Manila yearly.

(30)

(31)

(32)

Figure 2.12 No. of People per sq. km.

Ethnic Groups

Majority of the people in the Philippines are of Malay descent. The indigenous peoples of the Philippines form a minority of the population. Of these groups, the largest are the Visayans, Pangasinenses, Tagalogs, Ilocanos, Kapampangans, Bicolan-os, MorBicolan-os, and the Zamboangueños. Other large ethnic groups include Filipinos of Spanish, Japanese, Latino, American, Indi-an, Chinese, and Arab descent. There are more than 175 eth-no-linguistic groups in the Philippines, each with its own moth-er tongue or sariling wika, its own culture, identity, litmoth-erature, tradition, music, dances, foods, beliefs, and history, which are all part of Filipino culture.

Language

Filipino and English are the official languages for purposes of communication and instruction in the country. Consequently, English is widely spoken and understood, although fluency has decreased as the prevalence of Tagalog in primary and second-ary educational institutions has increased.

There are 135 ethnic languages in the Philippine archipelago spoken by the respective Filipino ethno-linguistic group, except for the national Filipino language which is spoken by all 134 ethno-linguistic groups in the country. Most of the languages have several varieties (dialects), totaling over 300 across the ar-chipelago Visayan languages are widely spoken throughout the Visayas and in most parts of Mindanao. Zamboangueño Chava-cano is the official language of Zamboanga City and lingua fran-ca of Basilan. Ilokano is the lingua franfran-ca of Northern Luzon

(33)

Religion

In October 2015, the Philippine Statistics Authority reported that 80.58% of the total Filipino population were Roman Cath-olics, 10.8% were Protestant and 5.57% were Islamic. The 2012 International Religious Freedom reports that an estimate by the National Commission on Muslim Filipinos (NCMF) in 2011 stated that there were then 10.3 million Muslims, or about 10 percent of the total population however this is yet to be proven officially. In 2000, according to the World Values Survey, 1.8% were Protestant Christians and 10.9% were then irreligious. Other Christian denominations include the Iglesia ni Cristo (one of several separate Churches of Christ generally not affiliated with one another), Philippine Independent Church (more com-monly called the Aglipayan Church), Members Church of God International, and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Minority religions include Buddhism, Ju-daism and Hinduism. Roman Catholics and Protestants were converted during the four centuries of Western influence by Spain, and the United States. Under Spanish rule, much of the population was converted to Christianity.Orthodox Christians also live in Philippines. Protestant Christianity arrived in the Philippines during the 20th century, introduced by American missionaries.

Other religions include Mahayana Buddhism, Judaism, often mixed with Taoist beliefs, Hinduism, and Sikhism. Animism and Paganism are also followed.

Figure 2.14 Male/Female Breakdown

(34)

(35)

P r o j e c t P r o g r a m

3

This thesis project is an envisioning of the future of Marikina City’s built environment. The aim is to reach a design solution that will in-fluence the direction of future built developments in the city through a site-specific architectural intervention. The project will adhere to actu-al spatiactu-al requirements while introducing new architecturactu-al concepts and initiatives. The city, which directly lies in a valley, is susceptible to environmental hazards and is infamously known for being frequented by natural calamities, most notably flooding. With this in mind, im-mediate solutions are indeed a necessity and will directly dictate the project’s design considerations. The new government complex aims to be a harmonious dichotomy of an authoritative edifice whilst also being a subconscious construct of servitude to the common people. The proposals for this thesis project will be bound by limitations beset by local building/planning codes and will operate within the spatial requirements of the local planning department but will include con-cepts and suggestions that aims to improve upon current situations. The aim is to propose a design solution that improves upon the rela-tionship of the citizens with the built environment as well as providing solutions to mitigate and adapt to the area’s susceptibility to natural hazards.

The project will focus on the design of the new city hall and will include proposals for the new government complex site masterplan as well as suggestive allocations of complementary buildings and spaces.

(36)

Figure 3.2 One of the New City Hall Building Design Proposals Figure 3.1 Outline of Marikina City

The Case for a New City Hall Building

In a recently publicized article, the city mayor lobbied for a construction of a new city hall in line with the completion of the new legislative and justice halls. The decision to con-struct a new city hall facility was reached after an assess-ment conducted by the city engineering office that found that the current structure, now about 70 years old may collapse in the event of a strong quake. Adding to that is the fact that flooding is one of the major problems of the city of Marikina which is directly located in a valley. Merely retrofitting the old structure, which was built before the government estab-lished a building code, would have the same cost as con-structing a new one.

The newly constructed justice hall and legislative building are transforming the ground floor areas to parking spaces as one of the solutions to protect office spaces which are now elevated. The same will be applied to the new city hall and will use traditional Filipino building technology as inspiration for its conception.

As stated, the will be bound by limitations set by local build-ing/planning codes and will operate within the spatial re-quirements of the local planning department but will include concepts and suggestions that aims to improve upon current situations, the main theme being adaptability in all facets such as structure and contextual relationships. The aim is to propose a design solution that improves upon the rela-tionship of the citizens with the built environment as well as providing solutions to mitigate and adapt to the area’s sus-ceptibility to natural hazards.

(37)

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Figure 3.3 Existing City Hall

Figure 3.4 Existing City Hall Isometric Figure 3.5 Existing City Hall Floor Plans

(38)

Figure 3.6 25-year Marikina Flood Hazard Map Low Hazard: 0.1m - 0.5m

Med. Hazard: 0.5m - 1.5m High Hazard: beydon 1.5m

Flooding Problem

Among the cities in Metro Manila, Marikina usually expe-riences the worst damage during typhoons and weather disturbances mainly of its proximity to the river and the fact that the city is situated in a valley. Twenty years ago, the quarrying and dredging were held responsible for the changing course of the river during the rains and the foul odor during the dry season. Without undermin-ing the quarryundermin-ing and dredgundermin-ing needs, these affect the channel pattern and add to the erosion of the banks at particular points. It doesn’t help that the rise of indi-vidual developments not following building codes that sprouted along the riverbank is not being monitored and acted upon. In the event of heavy rain and both river and lake are suddenly filled up, most areas in the city, especially dense residential areas are subject to heavy flooding.

Looking into the city plan, the problem lies mainly be-cause of poor urban planning and no strict implemen-tation of regulations on land use and development. The only solution available for professionals of the built en-vironment is to adapt to these conditions and optimize new construction in order to resist hazardous situations and prevent future disasters.

(39)

(40)

(41)

D e s i g n R e f e r e n c e s

(42)

(43)

Designers: COWI and OAN v. Ellen O’Gara Location: Vesterbro, Copenhagen

Client: Copenhagen municipality, HOFOR, Area renewal Central Vesterbro Consultant: Architecture historian ph. d. Martin Søberg

Site: 35.000 m²

Cloudburst capacity: 24.000 m³ Project period: 2014

Responsibility: Landscape and master plan Type: Prequalified competition.

Status: Under construction. Estimated finished in 2019.

E N G H A V E P A R K E N

L A N D S C A P I N G C O N S I D E R A T I O N :

(44)

(45)

(46)

Figure 4.4 Figure 4.3

For the past 85 years, Enghaveparken has been an important green space in the neighborhood. It was a green space for the working class on the stone bridge, a part of the social experiment that is Vesterbro, where the socially challenged clash with the hipster generation and families that want to be urban farmers. Enghave-parken was established in 1928 in the ‘dark and poor’ Vesterbro as a strict neoclassical park with a reflect-ing pool, geometrical axes, a playground and a stage. Older residents of Vesterbro remember the ‘nicest girl of the summer’ competitions. In the 1990’s, the park lost its central role in the neighborhood because of the municipal neighborhood renewal project and their concentration on the greening of closed courtyards.

(47)

This proposal is a convincing example of how the existing structure can be shown in a simple way and be developed to a framework which lends itself to many experiential and recreational possibilities. With its pragmatic approach the park is both recognizable and has been given an aesthetic and functional up-grade, while managing the 26.000 cubic meters of stormwater required by the stormwater management plan. The stormwater management plan opens for new uses for rainwater as a recreational element.

(48)

(49)

Designer: Arch. Darmuid Nash Location: Windsor, Ontario, Canada

Area: 120,000 sqft.

W I N D S O R C I T Y H A L L

P L A N N I N G C O N S I D E R A T I O N :

(50)

Figure 4.6

(51)

The Windsor City Hall is currently home to the Windsor City Council and office of the mayor in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. The Windsor City Hall consists of 2 buildings both situated in the Windsor’s City Hall Square. The main city hall building is located on 350 City Hall Square West, where it was formerly Central Public School prior to construction in 1955.

Council chambers in the new building will feature a retract-able door if more space is needed for overflow crowds or large gatherings

Figure 4.8 Figure 4.6

(52)

DN A A1 B C D E UP E1 25758a 2400 1b 2300 G 2600 1a 600 ₁₂₀₀ ₂₄₀₀ ₂₄₀₀ 1 2 2a 3 3a 9600 9840 5760 7025 3250 8400 3280 8400 9600 3600 9600 1 A 2 F E D C B 8 7 3 4 5 6 9 6430 3170 6880 7a 7b 7c 2750 2175 225 5120 5a 240 UP UP DN AD AD AD DN AD E1 25758a 2400 1b 2300 G 2600 1a 600 ₁₂₀₀ ₂₄₀₀ ₂₄₀₀ 1 2 2a 3 3a 9600 9840 5760 7025 3250 8400 3280 8400 9600 3600 9600 1 A 2 F E D C B 8 7 3 4 5 6 9 6430 3170 6880 7a 7b 7c 2750 2175 225 5120 5a 240 COUNCIL CHAMBER MAIN ATRIUM WC. IN-CAMERA ROOM CITY COUNCIL MEETING ROOM CITY CLERK SHIPPING & RECEIVING COMMON SPACE IT CITY CLERK FINANCE

MEETING ROOM MEETING_ROOM MEETING _ROOM CAFE

INFORMATION KIOSK ELECT.

ELEV. ELEV.

ELEV.

SHORT TERM COUNTERS

COMMON SPACES

SERVICE SPACE CLERKS FUTURE GROWTH

FINANCE COUNCILLOR OFFICE SPACE

ENGINEERING BUILDING & PLANNING

MAYOR’S OFFICE CHIEF ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE LEGEND

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

SCHEDULE A - FINAL FLOOR PLANS AND CUSTOMER SERVICE COUNTERS LAYOUTSCHEDULE A - FINAL FLOOR PLANS AND CUSTOMER SERVICE COUNTERS LAYOUT DATED FEBRUARY 2015

(53)

(54)

(55)

Architect: Oscar Niemeyer Year: 1968-1975

Location: Milan, Lombardy, Italy

M O N D A D O R I H E A D Q U A R T E R S

F O R M & S T R U C T U R E C O N S I D E R A T I O N :

(56)

Beside a lake of 20,000 square meters highlights the main building of the editorial office, a prismatic body hanging from the framed structure with arches of different lights that create an irregular rhythm on the facade.

Within two vertical circulation connecting the four levels of open plan which divides the surface of the building, plus piles and cover. The use of colors in the office gives identi-ty to each area.

At the lowest level at one end, is the dining room, bar and shops and on the other writing, with a more free and divid-ed into two levels that suggest the emptiness of a piazza in Italy.

Figure 4.11 Niemeyer’s Sketches Figure 4.12 Elevations

(57)

(58)

(59)

While the principle of construction is the same as in the palace in Brasilia, a glass volume content greater colonnade structure of concrete, a re-flecting pool to complement the architectural and space distribution in two volumes, are Mondadory Itamaraty different.

First volume

Instead of the square and the four facades of the building equal to Brazil in Milan, Niemeyer created a rectangular flag 200×30 meters oriented north-south. The volume glass, protected by concrete casing is also different in Brazil is an independent, isolated from the archery, while in Milan the glass case is hung with straps to the porch, formed by two lines of the facades major structural which have an irregular rhythm suggestive, light apertures ranging from three to fifteen meters.

In the words of the architect: “keeping the lights unequal arches, the different rate, which characterizes almost musical.” The second volume

This volume is lower and cross is crossed by a sinuous shape. In front, with a more circular, the volume is enveloped by the pond and seems to float “like a willow leaf rolling”

(60)

(61)

Location: Philippines

T R A D I T I O N A L F I L I P I N O D W E L L I N G S

A N A T O M I C A L C O N S I D E R A T I O N :

(62)

The Bahay Kubo, is a type of traditional dwelling on stitlts indigenous to the cultures of the Philippines. It often serves as an icon of Philippine culture or, more specificaly, rural cultures. Its architectural principles gave way to many of Filipino traditional houses and buildings that rose after the pre-colonial era. These include the Colonial era “Bahay na Bato” contemporary translations such as the Coconut Palace, Sto. Niño Shrine, Cultural Center of the Philippines and National Arts Center which are modern edifices that used the architecture of Bahay Kubo as a major influence.

(63)

B A H A Y K U B O ( C U B E H O U S E )

Three-layered structure

Most Bahay Kubo are on stilts with the living area is accessed by ladder. This natural-ly divides the house into three areas: the living area in the middle, the area beneath it (silong), and the roof space (bubungan).

Roof

A tall roof creates space above the living area through which warm air could rise, giv-ing the Bahay Kubo a natural coolgiv-ing effect even durgiv-ing the hot summer season. The steep pitch allows water to flow down quickly at the height of the monsoon season while the long eaves give people a limited space to move about around the house’s exterior when it rains.

Silong

This is the area under the living space that creates a buffer area for rising waters during floods and to prevent pests such as rats from getting up to the living area. Living space

The main living area is designed to let in as much fresh air and natural light as pos-sible. Smaller Bahay Kubo will often have bamboo slat floors which allow cool air to flow into the living space from the silong below.

Walls

The walls are always of light material such as wood, bamboo rods, or bamboo mats called “sawali.” As such, they tend to let some coolness flow naturally through them

Windows

Bahay kubo are typically built with large windows, to let in more air and natural light. The most traditional are large awning windows, held open by a wooden rod.Sliding windows are also common, made either with plain wood or with wooden Capiz shell frames which allow some light to enter the living area even with the windows closed. In more recent decades inexpensive jalousie windows became common.

Batalan

Some Bahay Kubo, especially those built for long-term residences, feature a batalan (“wet area”) distinct from other sections of the house — usually jutting out somewhat from one of the walls. Sometimes at the same level as the living area and sometimes at ground level, the batalan can contain any combination of cooking and dishwashing area, bathing area and, in some cases, a lavatory.

Construction materials

The walls of the living area are made of light materials. Posts, walls, and floors are typi-cally made of wood or bamboo and other light materials. The thatched roof is often made of nipa, anahaw or some other locally plentiful plant. Thus, making it easier for the nipa huts to be moved if needed.

(64)

Bahay na Bato or House of Stone is a type of building originating during the Philippines’ Spanish Colonial Period. It is an updated version of the traditional bahay kubo. Its design has evolved throughout the ages, but still maintains the bahay kubo’s architectural basis which corresponds to the tropical climate, stormy season, and earth-quake-prone environment of the whole archipelago of the Philippines and fuses it with the influence of Spanish colonizers and Chinese traders. Thus created was a hybrid of Austronesian, Spanish, and Chinese architecture.

(65)

B A H A Y N A B A T O ( H O U S E O F S T O N E )

Its most common appearance is that of an elevated, overhanging wooden up-per-story nipa hut (with balustrades, ventanillas, and capiz shell sliding win-dows) that stands on Spanish-style solid stone blocks or bricks and posts as foundation instead of just wood, bamboo stilts, or timber posts. Roofing is either Chinese tiled roof or thatch (nipa, sago palm, or cogon), of which many today are being replaced by galvanized or other modern roofing. It followed the bahay kubo’s arrangements such as open ventilation and elevated apartments used as living space with the ground floor used for storerooms, cellars, and other business purposes. Like bahay kubo, much of this ground level was reserved for storage; in business districts, some spaces were rented to shops. Horses for carriages were housed in stables called caballerizas. Bahay na bato had a rect-angular plan that reflected vernacular Austronesian Filipino traditional houses integrated with Spanish style.

Different styles depend on each house’s individual appearance. For example, some Bahay na bato do not have ventanillas, some do not have Capiz windows, and some lack both. Some have galvanized roofs, some have tiled roofs, and some have nipa or cogon roofs. First-level walls may be made of bricks, adobe stones, or coral stones; more modern structures uses concrete or wood.

Houses like the Vega Ancestral House that have almost fully wooden materials even to the first level walls are still considered Bahay na bato; the name Bahay na bato was applied to this architecture as generations passed by, as most of these houses use stone materials, contrary to the precolonial era that used no stones at all. The same principle applies to the nipa hut - use nipa materials;

not all nipa huts use nipa materials; some use cogon. Its local name, bahay kubo, means “cube house”, though not all are of a cubic shape.

These houses have an unprecedented mixing and matching of architectural styles, such that a Bahay na bato can have Neogothic and Neo-Mudejar (Neo-Moorish) details in the same corners — that is, on top of the Baroque (which may be of a particular style, e.g. the spare-by-comparison Viennese Secessionist style). These quaint mixes give the Bahay na bato an architectural style that evolved from both East and West, and thus makes it truly Filipino, as it corresponds to Philippine history of being a melting pot.

Style may also vary by area. Each region evolved its own building style, which were in many cases dependent on the materials available. As construction tech-niques were developed, quarries opened, and kilns constructed, various parts of the country began to show a preference for specific building materials. As a re-sult, Bahay na bato has several variations along ethnic lines. The Bahay na bato in Cebu, for example, differs from the one in Samar.

(66)

(67)

P R O J E C T

(68)

(69)

S i t e I n t r o d u c t i o n & H i s t o r y

(70)

Marikina, known as the Shoe Capital of the Philippines, was a former capital of the province of Manila during the declaration of Philippine Independence and one of the sixteen cities within the Manila Metropolitan Area. Marikina is part of East-ern Manila District of Metro Manila’s four districts. It is one of the 17 cities that comprise Metro Manila. Located along the eastern border of Metro Manila, Marik-ina is the main gateway of Metro Manila to Rizal and Quezon provinces through Marikina–Infanta Highway. It is bordered on the west by Quezon City, to the south by Pasig and Cainta, to the north by San Mateo and to the east by Antipolo, the capital of Rizal province.

At present, the shoe industry has become a pride of the Philippines and a boost to the growth of its economy. The city also now boasts of hosting other big com-panies, multinationals, local and foreign, as well as leading exporting firms. Nu-merous banks, land development firms, residential realties, business centers, industrial centers, commercial centers, information and communication technol-ogy centers, hotels and condominiums is also boasts the city that Marikina rapid-ly into a highrapid-ly urbanized city in a short time.The native people in Marikina refer to themselves as “Marikeño” (or Marikenyo, in Filipino). The population of Marikina is near half a million, making it one of the most densely populated areas in the Philippines. Like other places in Metro Manila, the original settlers are Tagalog. There has been a constant migration of other ethnic groups in the Philippines. Ta-galog is widely spoken and the main language in Marikina, while English is used in education and business.

(71)

Figure 5.1 Metro Manila Figure 5.2 Marikina City

Marikina City

SITE Region: National Capital Region

Districts: 1st and 2nd Districts of Marikina Settled: April 16, 1630

Area: 22.64 km2 Elevation: 14.7 m

Population (2015 census): 450,741 Density: 20,000/km2

(72)

(73)

The financial resources of Marikina is scattered all over the city, but the southern part is primarily concentrated which includes business establishments and com-mercial facilities, while the northern part is factories and warehouses. Riverbanks Center is the city’s commercial center situated southwest of the city where shopping malls and recreation areas are located. Real estate, commercial developments and numerous commercial establishment along Marcos Highway and Sumulong Highway are developing. Restaurants, cafés, diners and entertainment bars are concentrated in Gil Fernando Avenue, J. P. Rizal Street, Bayanbayanan Avenue and Lilac Street. Fortune Avenue is home to some of major companies such as Fortune Tobacco, Phil-ip Morris, Armscor and Noritake. Sumulong Highway is the center of business and trade, and it has mixed establishments such as banking, small shops, retail shops, electronics, and appliances. Almost all of major international and local commercial and government banks in the Philippines operate branches in the city.

Dubbed as Marikina Market Mall, Marikina Public Market is a centralized modern market and an attraction for shoppers with a mall-like ambiance. The market is divided into two sections: the dry goods and the wet goods. Commerce in this market is active mostly during early mornings and late afternoons. There are also food stalls and eateries located inside the market. Some of Marikina’s local products are hand-icrafts, sweet delicacies, leathers, clothing, food processing, bags, accessories, and footwears. SM City Marikina is currently the largest shopping mall in the city, while Riverbanks Center, a community shopping complex situated near Marikina River is a popular outlet store in the eastern Metro Manila region. Other shopping malls locat-ed in the city are Blue Wave Marquinton Mall, Graceland Plaza, C&Ps Circle Mall and Ayala Malls Marikina. Other shopping centers located along Marikina-Infanta High-way are Sta. Lucia East Grandmall, Robinsons Metro East, Ayala Malls Feliz and SM City Masinag which are more closely to Marikina than to their respective city proper.

(74)

Marikina was founded three hundred and eighty-three years ago when the Jesuits arrived in 1630. They called the area Jesus dela Peña (Jesus of the rocks). It was later called Mariquina and there a parish was established in 1687. Fishing and agriculture were the main source of livelihood. In 1901 the city was officially named Marikina of the first Philippine commissioner, Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, who replaced the Hispan-idad “q” with the local “k”. Later in 1977, the city officially became part of the newly constructed Metro Manila area.

The important year for Marikina was in 1887. It was in this year that shoe making began to flourish through the efforts of Don Laureano “Kapitan Moy” Guevarra. From this year onwards, the growth of the site becomes economically dynamic through shoe-making. Today, Marikina is one of sixteen (16) cities and a municipality of Metro Manila. It was declared city through the Republic Act 8223 on December 8, 1996. It is a multi-award winning metropolis, often cited because of its vibrant economy, highly skilled and literate labor force, committed and enlightened business community and responsive local government that sets a premium on governance, sustainable urban development and public services. It is also one of the healthiest cities in the Asia-Pa-cific region and has won at least seventy-eight awards and recognitions, both locally and internationally, over a twelve-year period.

Today, Marikina is known as the shoe capital of the Philippines because of the pro-gressive footwear industry. It is also home to the world’s largest pair of shoes certi-fied by the Guinness Book of World Records. The shoe museum also kept most of the famous shoes of the former First Lady Imelda Marcos. The city is also proud of the cultural and heritage site, Kapitan Moy, the ancestral home of the father of the shoe industry in the Philippines, Don Laureano Guevara and other numerous tourist sites.

(75)

(76)

(77)

S i t e A n a l y s i s

(78)

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION 78 2.0 km 1.0 km Gen. Elevation from 30 ~ 132m Gen. Elevation from 8 ~ 20m Gen. Elevation from 44 ~ 72m A’ A

Topography

0 100 500 1000 0 100 500 1000 0 100 500 1000 2000

(79)

79

Site Section

±8.0

±130.0 ±50.0

Marikina lies on the so-called Marikina Valley, which extends to the south toward Pasig City and Cainta, Rizal. Sierra Madre mountains lie to the east and Quezon City hills to the west. Marikina River runs through the mid-west portion of the city, with its tributary including Nangka River. Nang-ka River runs through the north slicing between Marikina and San Mateo, while the small waterway called Sapang Baho Creek slicing the southeast between Marikina and Cainta and Antipolo City.

river park residential mixed-use project site

(80)

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION A B D E F C G H I J 80

Landmarks/ Important Areas

Marikina City is home to a number of landmarks with the river park being the main attraction. The city’s shoe industry plays a major role in festivi-ties that take place as it has become a symbol for Marikina itself.

0 100 500 1000

0 100 500 1000 2000

(81)

A

SM Marikina AmphitheatreB Riverbanks CenterC

F Riverpark

E Sports Center D

Loyola Memorial Park

G

(82)

82

Road Mapping

2.0 km 1.0 km main roads arterial roads city boundary 0 100 500 1000 0 100 500 1000 0 100 500 1000 2000

(83)

83 2.0 km 1.0 km

Morphology

buildings river

(84)

84

Land Use

Marikina is located on a valley and not supposed to be used as a residential zone albeit the existing zoning map. This would greatly affect future urban initiatives as well as a recalculation of planning and de-velopment of the area.

residential commercial industrial institutional green spaces river cemetery 0 100 500 1000 0 100 500 1000 0 100 500 1000 2000

(85)

Green/ Open Areas

An evident lack of green / open spaces prompts an immediate need of reclama-tion of possible convertible areas to green spaces. The absence of green areas heav-ily contribute to the flooding problem the city is suffering from and should be at-tended to.

(86)

86 86

Site Area: 38,604 sqm. Land-use: Institutional Distance from river: 585 m

0 50 100 500

(87)

(88)

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION 88 88 main road arterial road

Road Network

Narra (Genus Pterocarpus) Acacia (Genus Pterocarpus) 0 50 100 500

(89)

Existing Vegetation Map

Existing Vegetation Catalogue Narra (Genus Pterocarpus) Acacia (Genus Pterocarpus)

(90)

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION 90 90

Surrounding Spaces

1 2 3 4 0 50 100 500

(91)

2. Sports Center

The main stadium of the Marikina Sports Center consists of an athletics track, a 64 meters wide natural grass pitch, and two grandstands; the West and East Stands. The grandstands has a total seating capacity of 15,000 people.

3. HAVI Factory

Situated beside Mcdonald’s and the Sports Center, HAVI Food Services erected one of its main factories in Marikina.

4. Marikina Polytechnic College

he Marikina Polytechnic College is a state technical college in the city of Marikina, Philippines. To date, the College of-fers both graduate and undergraduate courses. The graduate programs include doctorate and master’s degree major in Educational Management as well as Math, Science, Physics, English and Technology courses.

1. Marikina Public Market

The Marikina Public Market is located at the heart of Brgy Sta Elena between the Marikina Bridge and the Marikina Sports Complex. Also known as the Marikina Market Mall, it is con-sidered as one of the biggest and well-maintained markets in Metro Manila. The entire area is not just housed by the city-managed Public Market but by different subgroups of private markets divided into Dry and Wet sections.

(92)

92 92

On-Site Existing Buildings Analysis

0 50 100 500

(93)

Justice Hall

Gross Floor Area: 7200 sqm Floors: 5 Retain Demolish Demolish Retain STATUS Post Office Area: 1056 sqm. Floors: 2

Old City Hall Area: 4043 sqm Floors: 2 Legislative Building Area: 3270 sqm Floors: 3 IMPORTANT BUILDINGS

(94)

94 94

Site Panoramic Views

1

2 3 4

0 50 100 500

(95)

1

2

3

(96)

96 96

Sun Path Diagram

Season:

Type I (Dry from Nov. to April. Wet during the rest of the year.)

Average Temperature: 26.6 deg. Celsius (79.9 deg. Fahrenheit)

0 50 100 500

(97)

Wind Patterns

The humid southwest mon-soon (May-October) is known as “Habagat”. The cool and dry winds of the northeast monsoon (November April) are called “Amihan”.

HABAGAT

(Southwest Monsoon)

Amihan

(98)

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION A B B 98 98

Public Transportation

Modes of Transportation 1. Jeepney Stop 2. Tricycle 3. Pedicab 0 50 100 500

(99)

Hazards

January to end of April can be considered as storm/ty-phoon free months. May and June and later in the year November and December are moderate with an average of 2 storms/typhoons making landfall in the Philippines. From July to end of October there are up to 6 tropical storms or typhoons making landfall in the Philippines. Most typhoons hit northern Luzon with a yearly average of 3.7 storms. The Philippines lies along the Pacific Ring of Fire, which causes the country to have frequent seismic and volcanic activity. Many earth-quakes of smaller magnitude occur very regularly due to the meeting of major tectonic plates in the region.

Overflow from River

Dense Neighborhood Site Hazards

1. Earthquake-prone 2. Flooding

(100)

(101)

D e s i g n S t r a t e g y

(102)

Network Access

Layers

Composition Levels

Micro-climate Activity Network

Layers

Composition

Ecosystem Users

Connectivity

Urban Attractor

Context Open Spaces

Climate Activation

C O N S I D E R A T I O N S

(103)

Heritage Vernacular

Rerouting Consolidation Elevation

Vegetation

Walkability Sun and Wind

Proximity Surrounding Morphology Adaptability Disaster-proofing Material Renewable Energy Orientation

(104)

Existing

Proposed

Consolidation of roads within the complex allow for a larger pedestri-an area pedestri-and provides pedestri-an uninterrupted open space for lpedestri-andscaping.

Existing road conditions within the complex is vehicle-centric

(105)

Pedestrian Paths

Green

New/Existing Buildings

Retention Ponds

(106)

High pitched roof for shed-ding rainwater and helping with interior temperature.

a) Elevated quarters b) Cross Ventilation through large window openings c) Floor made of split bam-boo for food scraps to fall through to pigs and poultry living underneath.

Ground level used to protect against flooding and wild animals

a) Elevated quarters b) Cross Ventilation through ventanillas and sliding windows made from capiz shells

c) Potruding balconies with balustrades provide direct sunlight protection

The Zaguan or ground level is used as storage or to accommodate horse carriages

Tiled hip roofs also known as Quatro Aguas helps with wind resistance and provides ample sun-shading and rainwater protection.

BAHAY KUBO

BAHAY NA BATO

DESIGN DNA

(107)

A

B’

B

The ground floor serves as parking space thus elevat-ing habitated spaces to the 1st floor providing protection against flooding.

The external second skin provides shading to the inner spaces and allows for a covered walkway Office spaces are situated from the 1st floor to the roofdeck. Natural ventilation is achieved through floor openings and louvered cutrain windows allowing for prevailing winds to per-meate the interior areas and produce stack effect.

Modifying the traditional use of roof spaces, the new City Hall’’s roof deck has a walkable garden that doubles as an exhibition area. Solar panels and rainwater collectors are optimally placed to gather the maximum amount of renewable energy.

Provision of arcaded corridor for sun shading

BAHAY NA BATO

NEW CITY HALL BUILDING

GROUND 1ST 2ND ROOFDECK SECTION A’A SECTION B’B

(108)

Base

Division

Core

C I T Y H A L L E V O L U T I O N O F F O R M S

(109)

(110)

(111)

M A S T E R P L A N

(112)

J.CHANYUNGCO ST. SHOE A VENUE JACAMAR ST. FLAMINGO ST .

(113)

0 20 50

113

Masterplan

1 Proposed 1. City Hall 2. Post Office 3. Multi-storey Carpark Park Features

a. Water Retention Ponds b. Assembly Area c. Recessed Plaza Existing 4. Legislative Building 5. Justice Hall 6. Government Center 2 3 4 5 6 a a a b Service Entrance Service Entrance c

(114)

(115)

Landscape Feature 2

The 16 square patches of vegetation rep-resent the 16 baranggays (districts) of

Marikina. Landscape Feature 1

A larger water retention pond is situated along the northwest side of the park. The

tree at the center symbolizes Marikina’s resilience.

(116)

(117)

Landscape Feature 4

This area mimics the city hall’s distinct geometry and features a retention pond crossed with pedestrian paths that lead to an exhibit area at its core. The converging

paths represents the city’s openness to Landscape Feature 3

An assembly area is provided near the Legislative Building and City Hall. The tree-lined path replaces the old Freedom

(118)

(119)

Landscape Feature 6

The old paved parking area is replaced by a new garden space which helps to reduce

the existing urban heat island effect. Landscape Feature 5

A small recessed area is situated near the sports center which doubles as a

(120)

(121)

N e w C i t y H a l l D e s i g n

(122)

Existing Spaces GFA (m²) New Spaces GFA (m²)

Finance Dept. 898.4 Finance Dept. 1634

Planning & Building 780.4 Planning & Building 1104.5

Mayor's Office 155.9 Mayor's Office 478.2

Clerks 870.7 Clerks 376

Central Atrium/Exhibit Hall 728.5 Central Atrium 522

Storage 316.4 Storage 420.1

Utilities 154 Utilities 128

Radio Room 28.5 Radio Room 41

Toilet 110.4 Toilet 240

TOTAL AREA 4043.2 TOTAL AREA 4943.8

Additional Spaces

Public Library 1520.8

Vice Mayor's Office 400.44

Exhibit Area 3008.8 Council Chamber 582.3 Councilor's Offices 85.7 Engineering 1104.5 Café 155.8 Parking Area 3927.7

GROSS TOTAL AREA 10786.04

(123)

Theatre/ Council Chamber

LIBRARY

PLANNING/ BUILDING IT

Mayor's Office Vice Mayor's Office AHU ELEC IT ELEC Main Elec. Rm. Short-term Counters/ Clerk's Offices Multi-purpose Room Long-term Counters Staff IT ELEC AHU SERVER ROOM Future Expansion

Main Power Room AVR 1 AVR 2 Main Mech.

Rm.

Radio Room

Dead File Storage Fireproof Vault CLERKS

AHU AHU

PUMP ROOM Legal Chief's Office

Legal

Exhibition Area

AHU

Sto. Theatre/ Council Chamber

ROOF

LIBRARY

Rm.

Radio Room

AHU AHU

Legal

Exhibition Area

AHU

ROOF

LIBRARY

Rm.

Radio Room

AHU AHU

Legal

Exhibition Area

AHU

ROOF

LIBRARY

Rm.

Radio Room

AHU AHU

Legal

Exhibition Area

AHU

ROOF

123