S TATISTICAL F ACTSHEET

S ^TATISTICAL F ^ACTSHEET

Geopolitics and Italian Foreign Policy in the Age of Renewable Energies

Istituto Affari Internazionali – June 2020

A project supported by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Italy and Enel Green Power

This project (including leaflets, websites, publications, posters, etc.) has been realised thanks to a contribution by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Italy under conditions set by Article 23-bis (DPR 18/1967)

Opinions expressed in this report are exclusively those of the authors and do not necessarily coincide with the official position of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Italy.

SECTION 1

G ^LOBAL R ^ES V ^ALUE C ^HAINS

A ^ND C ^RITICAL M ^ATERIALS

71.4%

28.6%

China ROW

3

11.4

7.9 7.6

7.0 6.9 6.8

4.3 3.6 3.5

3.1

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Solar PV Manufacturing (2018)

Top 10 Manufacturers in 2018

Graphs by IAI

Sources: GWEC, IHS Markit

Market share – China vs ROW (2018)

millionsof kilowatt

Solar PV Cell/Module Manufacturing by Country (historical 2005-2018 and estimate for 2019)

5

9.6

8.8 8.3 7.4

5.8 4.5

2.1 2.0 1.7 1.5

0 2 4 6 8 10

37% 12

45%

10%

8%

China EU United States Others/N.A.

Market share (2018 est.)

Top 10 Manufacturers in 2019

Graphs by IAI

Sources: BNEF (2019), GWEC (2018)

Wind Turbine Manufacturing (2018/2019)

gigawatts

European trade balance in key renewable energy technologies (2015)

7

Polysilicon, PV cell and module net trade in selected countries (2016)

Source: Sandor, CEMAC

Key materials for batteries (2017) – production

9 Chile

51%

Australia 16%

Argentina 10%

China 6%

United States 4%

Canada 2%

Zimbabwe 1%

ROW 10%

Lithium reserves by country (2019)

Graph by IAI Data: USGS

DRC 51%

Australia 17%

Cuba 7%

Philippines 4%

Russia 4%

Canada 3%

Madagascar

2% ROW

12%

Cobalt reserves by country (2019)

11

Nickel reserves by country (2019)

Graph by IAI Data: USGS

Indonesia 24%

Australia 23%

Brazil 12%

Russia 8%

Cuba 6%

Philippines 5%

China 3%

ROW 19%

Manganese reserves by country (2018)

South Africa 30%

Ukraine Brazil 18%

15%

Australia 13%

Gabon 9%

China 7%

India 4%

ROW 4%

13

Molybdenum reserves by country (2019)

Graph by IAI Data: USGS

China 49%

United States 16%

Peru 14%

Chile 8%

Russia 6%

Turkey 4%

Mongolia 1%

ROW 2%

Rare earth reserves by country (2019)

China 37%

Brazil 18%

Vietnam 18%

Russia 10%

India 6%

Australia

3% ROW

8%

15

SECTION 2

I ^TALY ’ ^S P ^{OSITION IN} K ^EY

R ^ENEWABLE E ^NERGY I ^NDICATORS

CONTENTS

❑ Employment

❑ Turnover

❑ Solar PV – capacity and production

❑ Wind – capacity and production

❑ Biofuel

❑ Geothermal

❑ Solar thermal

❑ Hydropower – capacity and production

❑ Biomass

❑ Biogas – total energy and heat

❑ Heat pumps

❑ % of RES in

❑ RES components – trade balance & revealed comparative advantage

Employment distribution by RES sector – Italy (2018)

17 Heat pumps 37600

Biomass 24400 Hydro 17300

PV 11400 Biofuels 8500

Biogas 8400

Wind 8100

Waste 2400 Geothermal 2200Solar thermal 1100

✓ Heat pumps and biomass account for 51% of RES employment in Italy

✓ At the moment only 16% of RES jobs in Italy are in the solar PV & wind sectors Italy’s Ranking in the

EU-28 (employment)

Geothermal 1

Hydro 1

Biogas 2

Heat pumps 3

Solar PV 4

Biomass 5

Waste 5

Wind 6

Solar thermal 7

Biofuels 10

Graphs by IAI

Sources: Eurostat, Eurobserver

0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000

Germany Spain France UK Italy

Total RES jobs in the EU-28: 1.512.900

9% 8%

10%

11%

17%

Total employment in all RES sectors – Top 5 EU (2018)

19 7.33

6.08 5.97

4.68

3.91

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Spain Germany France Italy UK

Relative employment in all RES sectors – Top 5 EU (2018)

‰ of total workforce

EU-28 average: 6.09 ‰

employedin RES as‰ of totalworkforce

Graphs by IAI

Sources: OECD, Eurostat, Eurobserver

Italy’s ranking in the EU-28 RES labour productivity 3

21 Heat pumps

4950

Hydro 2250 Biomass 1750

PV 1480 Wind 1190

Biogas 880 Biofuels 740

Waste 310 Geothermal 300 Solar thermal 130

Turnover by RES sector – Italy (2018) in million EUR

Italy’s Ranking in the EU-28 (turnover)

Geothermal 1

Hydro 2

Biogas 2

Heat pumps 3

Solar PV 4

Waste 5

Biomass 6

Wind 6

Solar thermal 6

Biofuels 7

Graphs by IAI

Sources: Eurostat, Eurobserver

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000

Germany France Spain Italy UK

Total RES turnover in the EU-28: 158.86 billion €

Million Euros

22%

12%

9% 9% 8%

Turnover in all RES sectors – Top 5 EU (2018)

23

45179

20108

13118 9617

4764 45223987

2652 2075143813861033 998 726 667 562 1850 0

5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000

Germany 39%

Italy 18%

UK 11%

France 8%

Spain 4%

Netherlands 4%

Belgium 3%

Greece 2%

Czechia 2%

Austria 1%

Romania 1%

Bulgaria 1%

Denmark 1% Hungary 1%

Portugal 1%

Others 2%

Installed solar PV capacity in the EU-28 (2018) in MW

Italy’s ranking in the EU-28 Solar PV capacity 2

Graphs by IAI

Sources: Eurostat, Eurobserver

Germany 38%

Italy 19%

UK 11%

France 9%

Spain 7%

Belgium 3%

Greece 3%

Netherlands 3%

Czechia 2%

Romania 2% Austria 1%

Bulgaria 1% Portugal 1%

Others ~0%

45784

22654

12857 10569

7877

3902 3791 3693 2359 1771143813431006 393

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000

Electricity production from solar PV in the EU-28 (2018) in TWh

Italy’s ranking in the EU-28 Solar PV power prod. 2

58843

23405 21770

14900 10230

7300 6120 5766 5172 4393 3676 3261 3133 3032 8059

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000

25 Germany 33%

Spain 13%

UK 12%

France 8%

Italy 6%

Sweden 4%

Denmark 3%

Poland 3%

Portugal 3%

Netherlands 2%

Ireland 2%

Belgium 2%

Austria 2% Romania 2% Others 5%

Installed wind capacity in the EU-28 (2018) in MW

Italy’s ranking in the EU-28 Wind capacity 5

Graphs by IAI Sources: Eurostat, Eurobserver

Germany 29%

UK 15%

France 8%

Italy 5%

Sweden 4%

Denmark 4%

Poland 3%

Portugal 3%

Netherlands 3%

Ireland 2%

Belgium 2%

Romania 2%Greece 2% Austria 2% Finland 2% Others 2%

109951 56904 50896 28599 17716 16623 13899 12799 12617 10564 8640 7465 6322 6300 6030 5839 6259

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000

2018 Electricity production from wind power in the EU (TWh)

Electricity production from wind power in the EU-28 (2018) in TWh

Italy’s ranking in the EU-28 Wind power prod. 5

27

3142 2720

1738 1500

1324 1250 912

510 472 456 2409

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 France 19%

Germany 16%

Spain 11%

Sweden 9%

UK 8%

Italy 8%

Poland 5%

Netherlands 3%

Austria 3%

Belgium 3%

Others 15%

Biofuel consumption in the EU-28 (2018) in toe

toe

Italy’s ranking in the EU-28 Biofuel consumption 6

Graphs by IAI

Sources: Eurostat, Eurobserver

Italy 767 Germany 36

Portugal 29

France 16 Croatia 10 Others 4

Net usable geothermal capacity in the EU-28 (2018) in MWe

Italy’s ranking in the EU-28 Geothermal capacity 1

29

13488

3586 3284 2942 2937

2253 17031281 1026 902 4037

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000

MWth

Germany 36%

Austria 10%

Greece 9%

Spain 8%

Italy 8%

France 6%

Poland 4%

Denmark 3%

UK 3%

Portugal 2% Others 11%

Thermal solar collectors – cumulated capacity in the EU-28 (2018) in MWth

Italy’s ranking in the EU-28 Solar thermal (cap.) 5

Graphs by IAI

Sources: Eurostat, Eurobserver

25793 22499

20080 16431

14516 10940

72366701

4778340933793287 14355

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 France 17%

Italy 15%

Spain 13%

Sweden 11%

Austria 10%

Germany 7%

Portugal 5%

Romania 4%

UK 3%

Greece 2%

Bulgaria 2%

Finland 2%

Others 9%

Total net capacity of hydropower in the EU-28 (2018) in MW

Italy’s ranking in the EU-28 Hydropower capacity 2

MW

31

France 19%

Sweden 18%

Italy 14%

Austria 11%

Spain 10%

Germany 5%

Romania 5%

Finland 4%

Portugal 3%

Croatia 2%

Greece 2%

UK 1%

Bulgaria 1%

Others 5%

65285 62210 48786 37638 34334 17974 17664 13301 12393 7701 5743 5490 5147 16181

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000

TWh

Hydropower production in the EU-28 (2018) in TWh (without pumping)

Italy’s ranking in the EU-28 Hydropower prod. 3

Graphs by IAI

Sources: Eurostat, Eurobserver

Germany 55%

Italy 14%

UK 9%

Czechia 4%

France 4%

Poland 2%

Belgium 2%

Spain 1%

Others 9%

33416

83005701

2607 2365 1128 945 923 5642 0

5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000

Electricity production from biomass in the EU-28 (2018) in GWh

Italy’s ranking in the EU-28 Biomass power prod. 2

GWh

33

Germany 45%

UK 17%

Italy 11%

France 5%

Czechia 4%

Denmark 3%

Netherlands 2%

Poland 2%

Spain 2%

Austria 1% Belgium 1%

Others 7%

7631

2809 1892

877 604 489 326 288 265 234 228 1195 0

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000

Total energy production from biogas in the EU-28 (2018) in ktoe

Italy’s ranking in the EU-28 Biogas energy prod. 3

ktoe

Graphs by IAI

Sources: Eurostat, Eurobserver

Germany 43%

Italy 25%

France 8%

Denmark 6%

Poland 2%

Latvia 2%

Finland 2%

Czechia 2%

Slovakia 2% Croatia 1%

Others 7%

367

214

69 48

22 21 19 18 14 12

57 0

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Gross heat production from biogas in the EU-28 (2018) in the transformation sector – in ktoe

Italy’s ranking in the EU-28 Biogas heat prod. 2

ktoe

35

Italy 53%

France 17%

Spain 11%

Sweden 5%

Germany 3%

Finland 2%

Portugal 2% Netherlands 1%

Others 6%

19583

6336

4145

1742 1061 870 686 570 2206 0

5000 10000 15000 20000 25000

Heat pumps in operation in the EU-28 (2018) - thousands

thousands

Italy’s ranking in the EU-28 Heat pumps no. 1

Graphs by IAI

Sources: Eurostat, Eurobserver

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

EU-27 EU-28 Sweden Finland Latvia Denmark Austria Portugal Estonia Croatia Lithuania Romania Slovenia Bulgaria Greece (¹) Italy Spain France Germany Czechia Cyprus Hungary Slovakia Poland Ireland Belgium Luxembourg Malta Netherlands United Kingdom Norway Montenegro Albania Serbia North Macedonia Turkey Kosovo*

Share of energy from renewable sources, 2018

(% of gross final energy consumption)

2020 target

* This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSCR 1244/1999 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence.

(¹) Estimate.

37

Share of RES in Italy’s TFC and specific sectors (evolution 2004-2018)

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

TFC H&C Transport Electricity

Graph by IAI based on Eurostat data

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Share of RES in the EU’s TFC and specific sectors (evolution 2004-2018) - in %

Italy’s trade balance and comparative advantage in wind and solar technologies (2015)

Source: Energy Union Factsheet 2017 39

Net trade of EU-28 countries in key renewable energy technologies