ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: From Genes to Patients, edited by David Gozal and Dennis L. Molfese, 2005
The Orexin/Hypocretin System: Physiology and Pathophysiology, edited by Seiji Nishino and Takeshi Sakurai, 2005
The G Protein-Coupled Receptors Handbook, edited by Lakshmi A. Devi, 2005 Genetics and Genomics of Neurobehavioral Disorders, edited by Gene S. Fisch, 2003 Sedation and Analgesia for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures, edited by
Shobha Malviya, Norah N. Naughton, and Kevin K. Tremper, 2003
Neural Mechanisms of Anesthesia, edited by Joseph F. Antognini, Earl E. Carstens, and Douglas E. Raines, 2002
Glutamate and Addiction, edited by Barbara Herman, 2002
Molecular Mechanisms of Neurodegenerative Diseases, edited by Marie-Françoise Chesselet, 2000
C ontemporary C linical
N euroscience
Series Editors:
Ralph Lydic and Helen A. Baghdoyan
A
TTENTIOND
EFICITH
YPERACTIVITYD
ISORDERFrom Genes to Patients
Edited by
DAVID GOZAL, MD
Kosair Children's Hospital, Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, University of Louisville,
Louisville, KY
DENNIS L. MOLFESE, PhD
Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
Contemporary Clinical Neuroscience
© 2005 Humana Press Inc.
999 Riverview Drive, Suite 208 Totowa, New Jersey 07512 humanapress.com All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise without written permission from the Publisher.
All authored papers, comments, opinions, conclusions, or recommendations are those of the author(s), and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher.
The content and opinions expressed in this book are the sole work of the authors and editors, who have warranted due diligence in the creation and issuance of their work. The publisher, editors, and authors are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences arising from the information or opinions presented in this book and make no warranty, express or implied, with respect to its contents.
Production Editor: Amy Thau Cover design by Patricia F. Cleary
For additional copies, pricing for bulk purchases, and/or information about other Humana titles, contact Humana at the above address or at any of the following numbers: Tel.: 973-256-1699; Fax: 973-256-8341; E-mail:
orders@humanapr.com or visit our website at www.humanapress.com
The opinions expressed herein are the views of the authors and may not necessarily reflect the official policy of the National Institute on Drug Abuse or any other parts of the US Department of Health and Human Services. The US Government does not endorse or favor any specific commercial product or company. Trade, proprietary, or com- pany names appearing in this publication are used only because they are considered essential in the context of the studies reported herein.
This publication is printed on acid-free paper. h
ANSI Z39.48-1984 (American National Standards Institute) Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials.
Photocopy Authorization Policy:
Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by Humana Press Inc., provided that the base fee of US $30.00 per copy, plus US $00.25 per page, is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center at 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license from the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged and is acceptable to Humana Press Inc. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is: [1-58829-312-2/05 $30.00].
Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 e-ISBN: 1-59259-891-9
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder : from genes to patients / editedby David Gozal and Dennis L. Molfese.
p. cm. -- (Contemporary clinical neuroscience) Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-58829-312-2 (alk. paper)
1. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. I. Gozal, David. II.
Molfese, Dennis L. III. Series.
RJ506.H9A932 2005 618.92'8589--dc22
2005001924
DEDICATION
v
This book is dedicated to all the children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and their parents who look to us to provide a better tomorrow.
vii
PREFACE
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobehavioral disorder affecting 5–10% of children and adolescents and 3% of adults. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: From Genes to Patients aims to provide a compre- hensive, state-of-the-art overview of the critical aspects of ADHD, and hopefully will serve as a quick and up-to-date reference source for professionals with an inter- est in ADHD.
The book is divided into three major areas that follow an historical survey. The first group of chapters deals with current theories on the pathophysiology of ADHD, and focuses on neurotransmitters and the contributions and validity of animal mod- els. The second section emphasizes the evaluation and treatment of patients with ADHD, from the day-to-day approach by the clinical psychologist to the more sophisticated anatomical and functional imaging strategies that have emerged in the last decade. In addition, chapters dealing with specific impairments, such as those pertaining to reading, social interaction, and working memory, are also included for more detailed analysis of these important aspects and their respective contributions to global functioning. The third and final section provides an expanded review on the pharmacotherapy of ADHD and the appropriate methods for selection of specific drugs for individual patients based on drug kinetics and gene expression.
David Gozal, MD
Dennis L. Molfese, PhD
ix
CONTENTS
Dedication ... v
Preface ... vii
Contributors ... xi
1 Historical Aspects of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ... 1
Roscoe A. Dykman 2 Scanning the Genome for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ... 41
Aiveen Kirley 3 Dopamine Knockouts and Behavior ... 55
Davide Viggiano, Daniela Vallone, Lucia A. Ruocco, and Adolfo G. Sadile 4 The SHR as a Model of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ... 79
Vivienne Ann Russell 5 The Roles of Norepinephrine and Serotonin in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ... 97
Robert D. Oades 6 Intermittent Hypoxia During Sleep as a Model of Environmental (Nongenetic) Contributions to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ... 131
Barry W. Row and David Gozal 7 The Psychological Evaluation of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in School-Aged Children: A Clinical Approach Based on Recent Practice Guidelines ... 143
Dean W. Beebe 8 Executive Function ... 165
Martha Bridge Denckla 9 The Neuropsychology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Validity of the Executive Function Hypothesis ... 185
Erik G. Willcutt, Kimberly Brodsky, Nomita Chhabildas, Michelle Shanahan, Benjamin Yerys, Ashley Scott, and Bruce F. Pennington 10 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Learning Disabilities ... 215
Stephen R. Hooper and Emily A. Williams
x Contents
11 Selective Attention Deficits in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Review of Behavioral and Electrophysiological Studies ... 255 Lisa M. Jonkman
12 Working Memory in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ... 277 Jack Stevens
13 Developmental Underpinnings of the Association of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Its Subtypes to Neuropsychological
and Academic Weaknesses ... 293 Tuija Aro, Margaret Semrud-Clikeman, Anne-Mari Lapveteläinen,
and Heikki Lyytinen
14 Social Functioning of Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder .... 317 Hana Tur-Kaspa
15 Reading Disabilities in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ... 337 Juliana S. Bloom, Carlin J. Miller, Mauricio A. Garcia, and George W. Hynd
16 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and the Brain: Evidence From
Electrophysiological Studies ... 359 Alexandra P. Fonaryova-Key, Melissa Ferguson and Dennis L. Molfese
17 Anatomical and Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Children and Adolescents With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder... 393 Jonathan C. Pfeifer, Melissa DelBello, and Scott Holland
18 State Regulation and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ... 413 Jaap van der Meere
19 Sleep and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ... 435 Louise M. O’Brien and David Gozal
20 Neuropsychological Performance in Adults With Attention Deficit
Hyperactivity Disorder ... 457 Lisa Lee Weyandt
21 Psychostimulants in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Theoretical
and Practical Issues for the Community Practitioner ... 487 Daniel F. Connor
22 Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Drug Interactions: Methylphenidate,
Amphetamine or Atomoxetine in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ... 529 John S. Markowitz and Kennerly S. Patrick
Index ... 551
CONTRIBUTORS
xi
TUIJA ARO,PhD • Niilo Maki Institute, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
DEAN W. BEEBE,PhD • Psychology Division, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
JULIANA S. BLOOM,MEd• Center for Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA
KIMBERLY BRODSKY,BA• Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO NOMITA CHHABILDAS,PhD • Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Children’s Hospital,
Denver, CO
DANIEL F. CONNOR,MD • Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
MELISSA DELBELLO,MD • Bipolar and Psychotic Disorders Research Program,
Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH MARTHA BRIDGE DENCKLA,MD• Developmental Cognitive Neurology, Kennedy Krieger
Institute, Professor, Neurology, Pediatrics, Psychiatry, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
ROSCOE A. DYKMAN,PhD• Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Arkansas Children’s Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas Medical Center, Little Rock, AR
MELISSA FERGUSON,BA • Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
ALEXANDRA P. FONARYOVA-KEY,PhD • Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
MAURICIO A. GARCIA,BS • Center for Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA
DAVID GOZAL,MD• Kosair Children’s Hospital, Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
SCOTT HOLLAND,PhD • Imaging Research Center, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
STEPHEN R. HOOPER,PhD• Department of Psychiatry and The Clinical Center for the Study of Development and Learning, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
GEORGE W. HYND,EDd • School of Education, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN LISA M. JONKMAN,PhD• Universiteit Maastricht, Faculty of Psychology, Department
of Neurocognition, Maastricht, The Netherlands
AIVEEN KIRLEY,MD,MRCPsych • Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland ANNE-MARI LAPVETELÄINEN,MA• Department of Special Education, Department
of Psychology and Child Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland HEIKKI LYYTINEN,PhD • Department of Psychology and Child Research Center,
University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
xii Contributors
JOHN S. MARKOWITZ,PharmD • Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
CARLIN J. MILLER,PhD • Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY
DENNIS L. MOLFESE,PhD • Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
ROBERT D. OADES,PhD • BioPsychology Research, The University of Duisburg-Essen Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Essen, Germany
LOUISE M. O’BRIEN,PhD • Kosair Children’s Hospital Sleep Medicine and Apnea Center, Division of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University
of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
KENNERLY S. PATRICK,PhD • Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
BRUCE F. PENNINGTON,PhD• Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO JONATHAN C. PFEIFER,MD • Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College
of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
BARRY W. ROW,PhD • Kosair Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
LUCIA A. RUOCCO,DR • Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
VIVIENNE ANN RUSSELL,PhD• Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
ADOLFO G. SADILE,MD • Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
ASHLEY SCOTT,BA • Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO MARGARET SEMRUD-CLIKEMAN,PhD• Department of Educational Psychology, University
of Texas-Austin, Austin TX
MICHELLE SHANAHAN,BA• Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO JACK STEVENS,PhD• Columbus Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State
University, Columbus, OH
HANA TUR-KASPA,PhD • Constantiner School of Education, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
DANIELA VALLONE,MD • Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
JAAP VAN DER MEERE,PhD • Laboratory of Developmental and Experimental Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
DAVIDE VIGGIANO,MD,PhD • Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
LISA LEE WEYANDT,PhD • Department of Psychology, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA
ERIK G. WILLCUTT,PhD • Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO EMILY A. WILLIAMS,BA • School of Education, The University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
BENJAMIN YERYS,MA • Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO
