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Conclusions

The Homeland Security concept is mainly based on a new model of cooperation and interconnection between different infrastructures. This approach forces to create interdependencies between different systems, hence an holistic view of the vulnerabilities of the modern society is required. For example, information infrastructures depend on electrical infrastructures and vice-versa, and the same relationship holds between communication and transport systems. A general scheme of a Homeland Security System is based on an heterogeneous architecture able to share information between different nodes consisting of people, devices, information and services. A set of nodes, interacts using a communication network to optimise the use of resources. This should guarantee a detailed assessment of the situations, capability to prevent attacks and also ability to recover from adverse conditions. This concept can be applied to various domains, such as commerce, education and military operations.

Hence a Homeland Security (HLS) System deals with a network of cooperative subsystems. In a surveillance context, we analyzed examples of system in order to identify features and requirements of an HLS system. A modern surveillance system should respect the requirements of scalability, modularity and interoperability.

In detail, the single radar sensor is the building block of an HLS system. This thesis

focuses on a radar that meets the requirements of modularity and scalability. This

implies characteristics such as flexibility and reconfigurability. A recent technology

able to satisfy the requirements of reconfigurability and flexibility has been identified as

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adaption of a SDR development platform called GNU Radio, and a device called the USRP, from their original telecommunication function performing passive radar functions. The adapted versions were tested by implementing a passive radar exploiting digital waveforms as UMTS and DVB-T signals. Firstly, an analysis of USRP functionality has been done then a overview of passive radar system has been presented.

In order to understand the suitability of these waveforms for radar purposes, a careful study of the expected performances in terms of range resolution, Doppler resolution, Side Lobe Levels (SLL) has been carried out.

As first step we generated these waveforms through simulators compliant to the communication standards. Then we identified a USRP daughterboard able to acquire both the DVB-T and the UMTS signals to perform preliminary measurements.

Preliminary measurements have shown that USRP is able to receive both signals by

using the same hardware configured via software. Ambiguity functions have been

calculated and compared with the simulated ones. A good match between the two was

verified. Experimental results obtained with low-cost equipment have proven the

feasibility of a DVB-TUMTS based passive radar system by using a software defined

architecture. The radar functionality has been tested on different scenario as urban,

costal and aerial. This system has proven to be flexible, easy to reconfigure and low-

cost.

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References

[1] Office of Homeland Security, The White House, “National Strategy for Homeland Security”, July 2002

[2] Mikael Asplund, Simin Nadjm-Tehrani and Johan Sigholm, “Emerging Information Infrastructures: Cooperation in Disasters”, Critical Information Infrastructure Security , vol 5508, pp: 258-270, year 2009

[3] Kate Foster, Adam Iannos, Geoff Lawrie, Peter Temple and Brad Tobin,

“Exploring a Net Centric Architecture using the Net Warrior Airborne Early Warning and Control Node”, Technical Report DSTO Defence Science and Technology Oranization (2007).

[4] John Yen, Robert Popp,”Homeland Security”, IEEE Intelligent Systems Volume 20, Issue 5, Sept.-Oct. 2005

[5] Hoogeboorn, P.; Hommel, H.; Canafoglia, G.; Hausle, J.; Hubeek, J.; Lopez, L.;

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OCEANS, 2005. Proceedings of MTS/IEEE 17-23 Sept. 2005 Page(s):1358 -

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[10] Lee K. Patton, “A GBU Radio Based Software-Defined Radar”, Master Thesis 2007, Department of Electrical Engineering Wright State University

[11]Lance Patrick Williams,” Low Cost Radar and Sonar using Open Source Hardware and Software”, Master Thesis 2008, Department of Electrical Engineering University of Cape Towm (Radar and Remote Sensing Group) [12]P. Howland, D. Maksimiuk, and G. Reitsma, “FM radio based bistatic radar,

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Proposed analogue signal suppression techniques for PCL radar,” pp. 296–298, Sept.2006.

[15]H. D. Griffiths and C. J. Baker, “Passive Coherent Location radar systems. Part 1: Performance prediction.” Radar, Sonar and Navigation, IEE Proceedings, vol.

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[16] http://rrsl.ee.washington.edu/Projects/Manastash/

[17]Griffiths H.D., Long B.A., Television based Bistatic Radar, IEE. Proceedings, Vol. 133,Part F, No.7, December 1986 Page(s) 649-657

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[19]M. Jackson, “The geometry of bistatic radar systems,” Communications, Radar and Signal Processing, IEE Proceedings F, vol. 133, pp. 604–612, December 1986.

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[21]D. Langellotti, F. Colone, C. Bongioanni, P. Lombardo, “Comparative study of ambiguity function evaluation algorithms for passive radar”, International Radar Symposium 2009 – IRS 2009, Sept 9-11, 2009, Hamburg, Germany.

[22]E. B. Hogenauer. “An economical class of digital filters for decimation and interpolation.” IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ASSP-29(2):155–162, 1981.

[23]Howland, P.E., Maksimiuk, D. and Reitsma, G., ‘FM radio based bistatic radar’, Special Issue of IEE Proc. Radar, Sonar and Navigation on Passive Radar Systems, Vol.152, No.3, pp107–115, June 2005.

[24] S. Haykin,”Adaptive Filter Theory”, Pretince Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Fourth edition, 2002

[25]F. Colone, R. Cardinali, P. Lombardo, "Cancellation of clutter and multipath in passive radar using a sequential approach”,24-27, 2006, 2006 Radar Conference IEEE

[26]R . Cardinali , F. Colone, C. Ferretti, P. Lombardo, “Comparison of Clutter and Multipath Cancellation Techniques for Passive Radar”, Proc. IEEE Radar Conference 2007, pp. 469-474

[27]Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); DVB Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB);

Framing structure, channel coding and modulation for digital terrestrial television, ETSI EN 300 744 V1.6.1 (2009-01),

[28] 3GPP TS 25.213 V10.0.0 (2010-09),Spreading and modulation (FDD)

[29]3GPP TS 25.211 V10.0.0 (2010-09), Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels (FDD)

[30]D. Petri, A. Capria, M. Martorella, F. Berizzi, ”Ambiguity function study for

UMTS Passive Radar” , European Radar Conference 2009, EuRAD 2009,

Rome, Italy, pp 41-44

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[33]http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/12954

[34]Kathrein, Broadcast antenna Systems for FM,TV, MMDS, DAB, and DVB, Broadcast catalogue, July 2007

[35]Capria, M. Conti, D. Petri, M. Martorella, F. Berizzi, E. Dalle Mese,R. Soleti, V. Carulli, “Ship Detection with DVB-T Software Defined Passive Radar”, Proceedings of 2010 IEEE GOLD Remote Sensing Conference, April 29-30, 2010, Italian Naval Academy, Livorno,Italy;

[36]Capria, D. Petri, F. Berizzi, M. Martorella, E. Dalle Mese, “A Software Defined UMTS Passive Radar Demonstrator”, Proceedings of the International Radar Symposium (IRS) 2010, June 16-18, 2010, Vilnius, Lithuania;

[37]A. Capria, M. Conti, D. Petri, M. Martorella, F. Berizzi, E. Dalle Mese,R.

Soleti, V. Carulli, “Costal Ship Detection by DVB-T Software Defined Passive Radar: Experimental Results”, Proceedings of GTTI 2010, June 21-23, 2010, Brescia, Italy;

[38]Capria, D. Petri, M. Martorella, M. Conti, E. Dalle Mese, F. Berizzi, "DVB-T

Passive Radar for Vehicles Detection in Urban Environment", Proceedings of

the IEEE IGARSS 2010 Conference,July 2010, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA

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