Functional MRI

Functional MRI

Scott H. Faro, MD

Professor and Vice-Chairman of Radiology, Director of Functional Brain Imaging Center, Director of Radiology Research and Academics, and Clinical MRI, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Feroze B. Mohamed, PhD

Associate Professor of Radiology, Associate Director of Functional Brain Imaging Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Editors

Functional MRI

Basic Principles and Clinical Applications

With 143 Illustrations in 177 Parts, 134 in Full Color

1 3

Library of Congress Control Number: 2005926700 ISBN 10: 0-387-23046-7

ISBN 13: 978-0387-23046-7 Printed on acid-free paper.

© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science + Business Media, Inc., 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden.

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springeronline.com Scott H. Faro, MD

Professor and Vice-Chairman of Radiology

Director of Functional Brain Imaging Center

Director of Radiology Research and Academics, and Clinical MRI Temple University School of

Medicine

Philadelphia, PA 19140 USA

Guest Editor:

Victor Haughton, MD Professor of Radiology University of Wisconsin Madison, WI 53792 USA

Feroze B. Mohamed, PhD Associate Professor of Radiology Associate Director of Functional

Brain Imaging Center Temple University School

of Medicine

Philadelphia, PA 19140 USA

Preface

v Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) represents one of the

most advanced and enlightening functional imaging techniques that has ever been developed. The past ten years (1990–2000) of scientific research has been designated the decade of the brain and has led to numerous technological developments and the establishment of fun- damental clinical protocols to understand brain functions. The next decade, the beginning of the 21^st century, will continue the great momentum of brain research. This is currently one of the most excit- ing and progressive times of scientific advancement in the field of brain function and the development and application of fMRI are the driving forces.

The field of fMRI has two major areas of research interest and appli- cations. The first is within the field of Cognitive Neuroscience, which focuses on understanding all aspects of the mental processes involved in awareness, reasoning, and acquisition of knowledge and behavior.

The second is the use of Functional MRI in the Medical Sciences to localize eloquent regions in the brain for a large variety of clinical appli- cations. This book has focused primarily on describing the basic prin- ciples of Blood Oxygen Level Dependant (BOLD) imaging and the new and developing clinical applications of fMRI.

This book contains twenty chapters and is separated into three main sections. The first section is an introduction to the physics principles of BOLD imaging as well as a review of fMRI scanning methodologies, data analysis, experimental design, and clinical challenges. The second section is a pictorial Neuroanatomical atlas of the basic motor, sensory, and cognitive activation sites within the brain. This section will give a new clinical scientist a familiarity with some of the more clinically rel- evant brain activation sites that are discussed in subsequent chapters.

The third and final section reviews all the current and future clinical applications of functional MRI. These chapters include the clinical fields of Language, Memory, fMRI WADA, Visual Pathway, Auditory Pathways, Epilepsy, Pain, and Psychiatric Disorders. The cutting edge field of Pharmacological applications of fMRI, including new drug development and drug therapy, is also discussed.

vi Preface

The current clinical fMRI applications include all aspects of pediatric and adult brain imaging. There has never previously been a non- invasive technique with high spatial and temporal resolution to define brain activation. One of the current primary indications for clinical fMRI is evaluation of eloquent areas of the brain such as the cortical spinal tract in relation to a focal parenchymal brain lesion (for example, a neoplasm or arterial venous malformation). Additionally, use of fMRI to localize language centers in the frontal lobe and temporal lobes is becoming a commonplace procedure for presurgical evaluation in tem- poral lobe epilepsy and regional masses. The concept of a fMRI WADA test is reviewed in detail. Please note that most of the fMRI images are presented in radiologic coordinates (the left side of the image repre- sents the right side of the subject). Images presented in neurologic coordinates (the left side of the image represents the left side of the subject) will be indicated.

The field of fMRI is in its infancy and although the field is relatively young, there has been a discovery of a tremendous body of knowledge.

Functional MRI has grown to be a vital tool for clinical and cognitive neuroscience research. It is our hope that this book will give a thorough introduction to this exciting new field and will be a reference, to all physicians and cognitive neuroscientists, for the emerging clinical applications of fMRI.

Scott H. Faro, MD Feroze B. Mohamed, PhD

Acknowledgments

vii I am grateful to my dear wife Paula for her remarkable patience and

continued support of all of my projects.

I would like to thank my dear friend and first scientific mentor, Dr.

Anita Pruzan-Hotchkiss who taught me that any question or scientific inquiry, no matter how far fetched it may seem, has merit. I would also like to thank my mentors from my molecular biology graduate program, diagnostic radiology residency, and adult and pediatric neu- roradiology fellowship training programs for their encouragement of my academic pursuits. These individuals lead by example and fostered my great interest in teaching and research. I still pass on some of their sayings to my students, such as “Houston we have a problem, little things mean a lot, symmetry is your friend, and quote the literature first and then your experience”.

I would also like to thank all of the contributors of this book, for their participation is truly a labor of love, and a special thanks to Feroze Mohamed, my long time friend and colleague who has supported me and our work during the many years of trials and tribulations.

Lastly, I would like to thank all our friends at Springer, especially Rob Albano, who share our goal to produce this timely book on an important and fascinating topic of the principles and clinical applica- tions of fMRI.

Scott H. Faro, MD

I am extremely grateful to Shaila for playing the roles of wife, friend, and counselor over the years. She was a great sounding board during the years it took to compile this book. Another person I owe my deepest gratitude is Professor Simon Vinitski, who not only generously guided me in the research project for my doctoral work, but also inspired me to pursue academia with undeterred zeal. I also cannot but mention my parents, Mohamed and Subaidha Ali, without whose encouragement I would not be here writing, and compiling work for, this book.

More specifically, I would like to thank the authors of the various chapters of this book. They should know that this book is essentially a reflection of their work, which, in many instances, is the result of years of research.

I would be remiss if I did not mention Scott Faro, whose friendship and assistance have influenced a good deal of my academic work.

Finally, I wish to express my appreciation to Rob Albano of Springer for his coordination of the efforts of the various people that made this book possible, and to Barbara Chernow for her meticulous editorial work.

Feroze B. Mohamed, PhD viii Acknowledgments

Contents

ix Preface . . . . v

Acknowledgments . . . . vii Contributors . . . . xi

Part I BOLD Functional MRI

1 Principles of Functional MRI . . . . 3 Seong-Gi Kim and Peter A. Bandettini

2 fMRI Scanning Methodologies . . . . 24 Alexander B. Pinus and Feroze B. Mohamed

3 Experimental Design and Data Analysis for fMRI . . . . 58 Geoffrey K. Aguirre

4 Challenges in fMRI and Its Limitations . . . . 75 R. Todd Constable

5 Clinical Challenges of fMRI . . . . 99 Nader Pouratian and Susan Y. Bookheimer

Part II Neuroanatomical Atlas

6 Neuroanatomical Atlas . . . . 127 Feroze B. Mohamed and Scott H. Faro

Part III fMRI Clinical Applications

7 Brain Mapping for Neurosurgery and Cognitive

Neuroscience . . . . 139 Joy Hirsch

8 Applications of fMRI to Psychiatry . . . . 183 Deborah A. Yurgelun-Todd, Perry F. Renshaw,

and Lisa A. Femia

x Contents

9 fMRI of Memory in Aging and Dementia . . . . 221 Andrew J. Saykin and Heather A. Wishart

10 fMRI of Language Systems: Methods and Applications . . . 245 Jeffrey R. Binder

11 fMRI Wada Test: Prospects for Presurgical Mapping of

Language and Memory . . . . 278 Brenna C. McDonald, Andrew J. Saykin, J. Michael Williams,

and Bassam A. Assaf

12 fMRI of Epilepsy . . . . 315 Karsten Krakow

13 fMRI of the Visual Pathways . . . . 342 Atsushi Miki, Grant T. Liu, and Scott H. Faro

14 fMRI of the Auditory Cortex . . . . 364 Deborah A. Hall

15 Pediatric Applications of fMRI . . . . 394 Nolan R. Altman and Byron Bernal

16 fMRI of Clinical Pain . . . . 429 Karen D. Davis

17 Pharmacological Applications of fMRI . . . . 444 Betty Jo Salmeron and Elliot A. Stein

18 Cognitive Neuroscience Applications . . . . 468 Mark D’Esposito

19 Clinical Overview and Future fMRI Applications . . . . 496 Scott H. Faro and Feroze B. Mohamed

Appendix

Independent Component Analysis and fMRI Imaging . . . . 503 Christopher G. Green, Victor Haughton, and Dietmar Cordes

Index . . . . 517

xi

Contributors

Geoffrey K. Aguirre, MD, PhD

Department of Neurology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA

Nolan R. Altman, MD

Department of Radiology, Miami Children’s Hospital, Miami, FL 33155, USA

Bassam A. Assaf, MD

Department of Neurology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61637, USA

Peter A. Bandettini, PhD

Unit on Functional Imaging Methods, Functional MRI Facility, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA Byron Bernal, MD

Department of Radiology, Miami Children’s Hospital, Miami, FL 33155, USA

Jeffrey R. Binder, MD

Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA

Susan Y. Bookheimer, PhD

Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Neuropsychi- atric Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA R. Todd Constable, PhD

Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Biomedical Engineering Neuro- surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA

Dietmar Cordes, PhD

Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA

Karen D. Davis, PhD

Department of Surgery, University of Toronto; Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8

Mark D’Esposito, MD

Henry H. Wheeler, Jr. Brain Imaging Center, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

Scott H. Faro, MD

Department of Radiology, Functional Brain Imaging Center and Clini- cal MRI, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA

Lisa A. Femia, MA

Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA

Christopher G. Green, MS

Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA

Deborah A. Hall, PhD

MRC Institute of Hearing Research, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom NG7 2RD

Victor Haughton, MD

Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA

Joy Hirsch, PhD

Departments of Radiology and Psychology, Functional MRI Research Center, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Neurological Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA

Seong-Gi Kim, PhD

Departments of Neurobiology and Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA

Karsten Krakow, MD, PhD

Department of Neurology, JW Goethe-University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany

Grant T. Liu, MD

Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Division of Neuro- ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA

Brenna C. McDonald, PsyD, MBA

Department of Psychiatry, Brain Imaging Laboratory, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA

xii Contributors

Atsushi Miki, MD, PhD

Division of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata City 951-8510, Japan

Feroze B. Mohamed, PhD

Department of Radiology, Functional Brain Imaging Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA

Alexander B. Pinus, PhD

Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA

Nader Pouratian, MD, PhD

Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA

Perry F. Renshaw, MD, PhD

Department of Psychiatry, Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA

Betty Jo Salmeron, MD

Neuroimaging Research Branch, NIDA-IRP, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA

Andrew J. Saykin, PsyD

Brain Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA

Elliot A. Stein, PhD

Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA

J. Michael Williams, PhD

Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA

Heather A. Wishart, PhD

Brain Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Medical School , Lebanon, NH 03756, USA

Deborah A. Yurgelun-Todd, PhD

Department of Psychiatry, Cognitive Neuroimaging and Neuropsy- chology Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA

Contributors xiii