MOLECULAR BASIS OF THYROID CANCER

MOLECULAR BASIS OF THYROID CANCER

Cancer Treatment and Research Steven T. Rosen, M.D., Series Editor

Klastersky, J. (ed): Infectious Complications of Cancer. 1995. ISBN 0-7923-3598-8.

Kurzrock, R., Talpaz, M. (eds): Cytokines: Interleukins and Their Receptors. 1995. ISBN 0-7923-3636-4.

Sugarbaker, P. (ed): Peritoneal Carcinomatosis: Drugs and Diseases. 1995. ISBN 0-7923-3726-3.

Sugarbaker, P. (ed): Peritoneal Carcinomatosis: Principles of Management. 1995. ISBN 0-7923-3727-1.

Dickson, R.B., Lippman, M.E. (eds.): Mammary Tumor Cell Cycle, Differentiation and Metastasis. 1995.

ISBN 0-7923-3905-3.

Freireich, E.J, Kantarjian, H. (eds): Molecular Genetics and Therapy of Leukemia. 1995.

ISBN 0-7923-3912-6.

Cabanillas, F., Rodriguez, M.A. (eds): Advances in Lymphoma Research. 1996. ISBN 0-7923-3929-0.

Miller, A.B. (ed.): Advances in Cancer Screening. 1996. ISBN 0-7923-4019-1.

Hait , W.N. (ed.): Drug Resistance. 1996. ISBN 0-7923-4022-1.

Pienta, K.J. (ed.): Diagnosis and Treatment of Genitourinary Malignancies. 1996. ISBN 0-7923-4164-3.

Arnold, A.J. (ed.): Endocrine Neoplasms. 1997. ISBN 0-7923-4354-9.

Pollock, R.E. (ed.): Surgical Oncology. 1997. ISBN 0-7923-9900-5.

Verweij, J., Pinedo, H.M., Suit, H.D. (eds): Soft Tissue Sarcomas: Present Achievements and Future

Walterhouse, D.O., Cohn, S. L. (eds.): Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advances in Pediatric Oncology. 1997.

ISBN 0-7923-9978-1.

Mittal, B.B., Purdy, J.A., Ang, K.K. (eds): Radiation Therapy. 1998. ISBN 0-7923-9981-1.

Foon, K.A., Muss, H.B. (eds): Biological and Hormonal Therapies of Cancer. 1998. ISBN 0-7923-9997-8.

Ozols, R.F. (ed.): Gynecologic Oncology. 1998. ISBN 0-7923-8070-3.

Noskin, G. A. (ed.): Management of Infectious Complications in Cancer Patients. 1998. ISBN 0-7923-8150-5.

Bennett, C. L. (ed.): Cancer Policy. 1998. ISBN 0-7923-8203-X.

Benson, A. B. (ed.): Gastrointestinal Oncology. 1998. ISBN 0-7923-8205-6.

Tallman, M.S., Gordon, L.I. (eds): Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advances in Hematologic Malignancies.

1998. ISBN 0-7923-8206-4.

von Gunten, C.F. (ed): Palliative Care and Rehabilitation of Cancer Patients. 1999. ISBN 0-7923-8525-X Burt, R.K., Brush, M.M. (eds): Advances in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. 1999.

ISBN 0-7923-7714-1.

Angelos, P. (ed.): Ethical Issues in Cancer Patient Care 2000. ISBN 0-7923-7726-5.

Gradishar, W.J., Wood, W.C. (eds): Advances in Breast Cancer Management. 2000. ISBN 0-7923-7890-3.

Sparano, Joseph A. (ed.): HIV & HTLV-I Associated Malignancies. 2001. ISBN 0-7923-7220-4.

Ettinger, David S. (ed.): Thoracic Oncology. 2001. ISBN 0-7923-7248-4.

Bergan, Raymond C. (ed.): Cancer Chemoprevention. 2001. ISBN 0-7923-7259-X.

Raza, A., Mundle, S.D. (eds): Myelodysplastic Syndromes & Secondary Acute Myelogenous Leukemia 2001.

ISBN: 0-7923-7396.

Talamonti, Mark S. (ed.):Liver Directed Therapy for Primary and Metastatic Liver Tumors. 2001.

ISBN 0-7923-7523-8.

Stack, M.S., Fishman, D.A. (eds): Ovarian Cancer. 2001. ISBN 0-7923-7530-0.

Bashey, A., Ball, E.D. (eds): Non-Myeloablative Allogeneic Transplantation. 2002. ISBN 0-7923-7646-3.

Leong, Stanley P.L. (ed.): Atlas of Selective Sentinel Lymphadenectomy for Melanoma, Breast Cancer and

Andersson, B., Murray D. (eds): Clinically Relevant Resistance in Cancer Chemotherapy. 2002.

ISBN 1-4020-7200-7.

Beam, C. (ed.): Biostatistical Applications in Cancer Research. 2002. ISBN 1-4020-7226-0.

Brockstein, B., Masters, G. (eds): Head and Neck Cancer. 2003. ISBN 1-4020-7336-4.

Frank, D.A. (ed.): Signal Transduction in Cancer. 2003. ISBN 1-4020-7340-2.

Figlin, Robert A. (ed.): Kidney Cancer. 2003. ISBN 1-4020-7457-3.

Kirsch, Matthias; Black, Peter McL. (ed.): Angiogenesis in Brain Tumors. 2003. ISBN 1-4020-7704-1.

Keller, E.T., Chung, L.W.K. (eds): The Biology of Skeletal Metastases. 2004. ISBN 1-4020-7749-1.

Kumar, Rakesh (ed.): Molecular Targeting and Signal Transduction. 2004. ISBN 1-4020-7822-6.

Verweij, J., Pinedo, H.M. (eds): Targeting Treatment of Soft Tissue Sarcomas. 2004. ISBN 1-4020-7808-0.

Finn, W.G., Peterson, L.C. (eds.): Hematopathology in Oncology. 2004. ISBN 1-4020-7919-2.

Farid, N., (ed): Molecular Basis of Thyroid Cancer. 2004. ISBN 1-4020-8106-5.

MOLECULAR BASIS OF THYROID CANCER

Edite d by

NADI R R. FARID

Osancor Biotech, Inc., Watford WD17 3BY Herts United Kingdom

KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS

NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW

eBook ISBN: 1-4020-8107-3 Print ISBN: 1-4020-8106-5

Print ©2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers All rights reserved

No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher

Created in the United States of America Boston

©2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.

Visit Springer's eBookstore at: http://ebooks.springerlink.com

and the Springer Global Website Online at: http://www.springeronline.com

CONTENTS

Preface vii 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

The origin of cancer 1

EVAN Y. YU AND WILLIAM C. HAHN

The pathology of thyroid cancer 23

SYLVIA L. ASA

Thyroid lymphomas 69

RUNJAN CHETTY

Molecular events in follicular thyroid tumors 85

TODD G. KROLL

Molecular epidemiology of thyroid cancer 107

MARTIN SCHLUMBERGER

Growth factors and their receptors in the genesis and treatment of thyroid cancer 121

SHEREEN EZZAT

Biology of Ras in thyroid cells 131

JUDY L. MEINKOTH

P53 and other cell cycle regulators 149

NADIR R. FARID

Abnormalities of nuclear receptors in thyroid cancer 165

SHEUE-YANN CHENG

Matrix metalloproteinases in thyroid cancer 179

YUFEI SHI AND MINJING ZOU

The molecular pathways induced by radiation and leading to thyroid carcinogenesis 191

YURI E. NIKIFOROV

TRK oncogenes in papillary thyroid carcinoma 207

ANGELA GRECO, EMANUELA ROCCATO AND MARCO A. PIEROTTI

Thyroidal iodide transport and thyroid cancer 221

ORSOLYA DOHÁN AND NANCY CARRASCO

Molecular signaling in thyroid cancer 237

NICHOLAS J. SARLIS AND SALVATORE BENVENGA

vi Contents

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

Gene expression in thyroid tumors 265

LASZLO PUSKAS AND NADIR R. FARID

Animal models of thyroid carcinogenesis 273

CARSTEN BOLTZE

Diagnostic molecular markers in thyroid cancer 295

MATTHEW D. RINGEL

Thyroid cancer imaging 317

T.T.H PHAN, P.L. JAGER, K.M. VAN TOL, T. P. LINKS

Past, presence and future of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) superactive analogs 345

MARIUSZ W. SZKUDLINSKI

Pathobiology of antineoplastic therapy in undifferentiated thyroid cancer 357

KENNETH B. AIN

Gene therapy for thyroid cancer 369

YUJI NAGAYAMA

Familial papillary thyroid carcinoma 381

CARL D. MALCHOFF AND DIANA M. MALCHOFF

RET activation in medullary carcinomas 389

MARCO A. PIEROTTI, ELENA ARIGHI, DEBORA DEGL’INNOCENTI AND MARIA GRAZIA BORRELLO

From genes to decisions 417

LOIS M. MULLIGAN

PREFACE

Thyroid cancer is the fastest growing cancer in the U.S., especially among women.

Given the relative success we have had in its treatment, there is a need to capitalize on it by better understanding the factors that underpin this malignancy, and exploring better strategies for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up. To do so, we must take full advantage of the revolution in modern biology.

This comprehensive volume addresses the needs of a broad readership. Against a backdrop of the complexity of the origins of cancer, pathology of thyroid tumors, including lymphomas, is discussed, as are molecular genetic lesions associated with spontaneous and radiation-related thyroid tumors, diagnostic tests available to surmise tumor subtypes (including a review of the potential of DNA micro arrays), advances in therapeutics (including recombinant hTSH superagonists, allowing for better treatment of well differentiated thyroid carcinoma and its imaging), and combinations of drugs that might influence the course of poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancer.

In this book, we glimpse into the promise of gene therapy in the future management of otherwise lethal anaplastic and poorly differentiated thyroid tumors. The molecular genetics of medullary thyroid cancer is considered in depth, and malignancy is used as a showcase for genetic prediction and counseling.

The Molecular Basis of Thyroid Cancer is an indispensable companion for endocrinol- ogists (particularly those with an interest in thyroid cancer), thyroid surgeons, nuclear medicine physicians, molecular oncologists, clinical biochemists, and those in biotech- nology intent on the innovation of better diagnosis and therapy of cancer.

I am fortunate and privileged to be the editor of The Molecular Basis of Thyroid Cancer.

I compiled a list of top scientists based on their areas of expertise in thyroid cancer whom I hoped would contribute, and received enthusiastic and positive responses.

Their chapters are superb.

Throughout this project I have been supported and advised by two wonderful indi- viduals from Kluwer: the untiring Maureen Tobin, editorial assistant and Laura Walsh, editor. They have made the task of putting this book together a pleasure.

Nadir R. Farid