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The case study 47 Manila 31 Territories 23 Introduction iSlums 5 Contents

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Introduction i

Slums 5

Is a general definition possible? ... 5

Socio-economic inequality ... 9

Demographic changes ... 9

Poverty and slums ... 11

The right to the city ... 13

Filipino informal patterns ... 16

Territories 23

Geography ... 23 Population... 23 Climate ... 23 History ... 25 Economy ... 26 Religion ... 27

Manila 31

16th century: the origins of urban Manila ... 31

Trade in the 19th century ... 31

Urbanization in the American colonial period ... 32

Formal patterns and informal responses ... 32

The Commonwealth years ... 34

Post-war urbanization ... 34

The Marcos era ... 36

From the 1980s on ... 38

Metro Manila: the world’s most densely populated city ... 38

The case study

47

Solid waste management in Metro Manila ... 47

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Contents

A fishermen village becomes a dump-site ... 47

Paradise Heights ... 48

Smokey Mountain 2 ... 53

Paradise Heights now ... 53

Paradise Heights, an overall evaluation ... 58

The surrounding urban fabrics ... 66

The project

69

Mapping... 70

Many pieces, only one goal ... 70

Water supply and sanitation provision ... 73

Covered public spaces ... 74

Overcrowding ... 82

Incremental social housing ... 82

Reuse of former NHA offices: family planning and vaccinations centre ... 121

Junk shop ... 123

Conclusions 133

Ringraziamenti

139

Bibliography 141

Sitography 145

Appendix A 149

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