Introduction i
Slums 5
Is a general definition possible? ... 5
Socio-economic inequality ... 9
Demographic changes ... 9
Poverty and slums ... 11
The right to the city ... 13
Filipino informal patterns ... 16
Territories 23
Geography ... 23 Population... 23 Climate ... 23 History ... 25 Economy ... 26 Religion ... 27Manila 31
16th century: the origins of urban Manila ... 31Trade in the 19th century ... 31
Urbanization in the American colonial period ... 32
Formal patterns and informal responses ... 32
The Commonwealth years ... 34
Post-war urbanization ... 34
The Marcos era ... 36
From the 1980s on ... 38
Metro Manila: the world’s most densely populated city ... 38
The case study
47
Solid waste management in Metro Manila ... 47Contents
A fishermen village becomes a dump-site ... 47
Paradise Heights ... 48
Smokey Mountain 2 ... 53
Paradise Heights now ... 53
Paradise Heights, an overall evaluation ... 58
The surrounding urban fabrics ... 66
The project
69
Mapping... 70Many pieces, only one goal ... 70
Water supply and sanitation provision ... 73
Covered public spaces ... 74
Overcrowding ... 82
Incremental social housing ... 82
Reuse of former NHA offices: family planning and vaccinations centre ... 121
Junk shop ... 123