AAST. See American Association for the Surgery of Trauma

Index

A

AAST. See American Association for the Surgery of Trauma

Abdominal aortic aneurysms, 399–400 Abdominal complications, 325–327 Abdominal injuries, 327

Abdominal rectopexy, 666, 669–671 Abdominal transsacral resection, 432 Abdominal wall closure, 327

Abdominoperineal resection (APR), 146, 413, 432

ligation/resection during, 419–422 mobilization during, 419

position during, 419 techniques of, 419–422 Abscess, 274, 279. See also Acute

suppuration; Anorectal abscess enteroparietal, 592–593

interloop, 593

intraabdominal, 151–152 intramesenteric, 593 pilonidal disease, 229 psoas/retroperitoneal, 593 Absolute risk reduction (ARR), 772 ACC. See American College of Cardiology Accrediting Council for Graduate Medical

Evaluation (ACGME), 782–783 Aclovate®. See Alclometasone dipropionate Acromegaly, 344

Actinomycosis, 607, 610

Activities of daily living (ADL), 119 Acupressure, 132

Acupuncture, 132

Acute colonic obstruction, 399 Acute suppuration (abscess), 210 Acute thrombosis, 165

Adenine, 525

Adenocarcinomas, 356–357, 491–492 Adenoma(s), 533

-carcinoma sequence, 364 clinical presentation of, 362 depressed/flat, 367–368

duodenal, 537

epidemiology of, 363–364 pathology of, 362–363 rectal, 365

serrated, 368

surveillance of, 365–366 Adenomatous polyps, 356–357 Adenosquamous carcinoma, 521 Adjuvant therapy, 428, 433, 437–443 ADL. See Activities of daily living Adrenergic antagonists, 185 Advance directives, 745–747

Advancement flaps, 182, 204, 217–219 Aeromonas, 607, 609–610

Age, 271, 386

Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR), 353, 354, 358 AHA. See American Heart Association AHCPR. See Agency for Health Care

Policy and Research AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency

syndrome) diarrhea, 614–615 HIV, 265–266

AIN. See Anal intraepithelial neoplasia AJCC. See American Joint Committee on

Cancer

Alclometasone dipropionate (Aclovate®), 252

Alcohol, 271, 340 Aldosterone, 24–25 Amebiasis, 612

American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST), 323, 327, 328, 329, 331

American Board of Colon and Rectal Surgery, 783

American Cancer Society, 353, 355, 390, 532

American College of Cardiology (ACC), 120

American College of Surgeons, 782

American Heart Association (AHA), 120 American Joint Committee on Cancer

(AJCC), 386, 462

American Medical Association, 729 American Society of Anesthesiologists

(ASA), 117, 171

American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS), 120, 281, 353, 390, 654, 703, 707, 767

Amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD), 515 Amines, 516

Aminosalicylates, 555 Amitriptyline (Elavil), 684 Ammonium derivatives, 685 Amoxicillin, 124

Ampicillin, 331, 416 Amsterdam criteria, 529, 530 Anal agenesis, 17

Anal canal anus and

anatomic v. surgical, 1, 2

conjoined longitudinal muscle and, 3–4

epithelium of, 2, 4

external anal sphincter and, 2–3 innervation of, 7–8, 9

internal anal sphincter and, 2 muscles of, 2, 3

structure/anal verge, 1 length of, 49

neoplasms, EAUS and, 111–112 physiology of

bulbocavernosus reflexes in, 35 cough reflexes in, 35

cutaneous-anal reflexes in, 34 mechanical factors in, 36–37 pathologic conditions in, 37–38 RAER in, 35–36

RAIR in, 35, 36 reflexes in, 34 sensory in, 34

795

Anal cancer, 263–265

anatomic considerations for, 482–483 epidemiology of, 485

etiology/pathogenesis of, 483–485 HIV-related, 495

lymphatic drainage and, 483

squarmous cell cancer of the anal canal clinical characteristics and, 488 evaluation of, 488–489 staging and, 489 treatments for, 489–491 terminology for, 483 Anal dilatation

anal fissure and, 180 stretch, 165 Anal diseases, 244 Anal dysplasia, 483–485

Anal encirclement procedures, 659 Anal fissure, 725

conclusions on, 188 Crohn’s disease and, 187 diagnosis of, 179 epidemiology of, 178 etiology of, 178–179 HIV and, 187–188 low pressure, 187 management of

advancement flaps in, 182 anal dilatation in, 180 conservative, 179 LIS in, 180–182

operative treatment in, 179 medical management of

adrenergic antagonists in, 185 BT in, 182, 185–187

calcium channel blockers in, 184–185 cholinergic agonists in, 185

phosphodiesterase inhibitors in, 182, 185

sphincter relaxants in, 182 topical nitrates, 182–184 symptoms of, 179 Anal infections, 198

Anal intraepithelial dysplasia, 263–265 Anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN), 483 Anal manometry, 656–657

Anal margin

perianal neoplasms/uncommon, 493–495 SCC of

clinical characteristics of, 486 staging of, 487

treatment options for, 487–488 Anal sphincter, 33, 34, 52

Anal stenosis, 17 Anal tattooing, 253

ANCA. See Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody

Anesthesia, 132. See also Patient-controlled anesthesia

Angiodysplasia, 301

Angiography, 92–94, 304–305 Anisakiasis, 614

Anismus, 50

Anoperineum, 591–592 Anorectal abscess

anatomy of, 192, 193

evaluation/treatments for, 192–198 pathophysiology of, 192, 193 Anorectal agenesis, 17–18 Anorectal angle

defecography and, 49 flap valve and, 36 ring, 13

Anorectal defects, 17–18 Anorectal immunology, 256–257 Anorectal infections, 197

Anorectal malformations (imperforate anus), 16, 17, 716

specific defects associated with females, 718–719, 721–722 males, 717–718, 719, 720–721 treatment results for, 722–723 Anorectal sepsis, 198

Anorectal spaces, 9–10 Anorectal surgery, 171 Anoscopy

complications associated with, 58 contraindications for, 57

indications for, 57, 58 positioning in, 57 preparations for, 57 techniques for, 57–58

Anterior sacral meningoceles, 502–503 Anterior sphincteroplasty, 659–660 Anthracene, 681

Antibiotic(s), 196, 222, 555–556, 561, 587, 617–618. See also specific drugs

for colon/rectal injuries, 330–331 oral, 124

parenteral, 124 prophylaxis, 416 topical, 252

usage of, 122, 124, 126 Antibodies, monoclonal, 470 Anticholinergics, 561, 684 Anticoagulants, 416 Anticoagulation, 135, 136 Antigens, 439

Antihistamines, 132, 240, 243, 251 Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody

(ANCA), 551 Antispasmodics, 29

APACHE (Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation), 118

Appendicitis, 276

APR. See Abdominoperineal resection APUD. See Amine precursor uptake and

decarboxylation Arc of Riolan, 15

Aristocort®. See Triamcinolone acetonide 0.5%

Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 520 ARR. See Absolute risk reduction Arteries, inferior/superior hemorrhoidal, 6 Artificial bowel sphincter, 661

ASA. See American Society of Anesthesiologists Ascariasis, 613

ASCA testing, 551

ASCRS. See American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons

ASCUS. See Atypical squamous cells of indeterminate significance Aspirin, 340–341

Association of Surgeons (Netherlands), 782 Astler Coller Modification, 386

Atropine, 605, 684

Atypical squamous cells of indeterminate significance (ASCUS), 263 Azathioprine (AZA), 557, 562 Azulfidine®. See Sulfasalazine

B

Babies, 19, 719 Bacitracin, 617–618 Bacterial infections, 242–243 Balantidiasis, 612

Balloon

expulsion test, 51 training, 659 Balneol®, 250

Balsalazide (Colazal®), 556 BAM. See Bile acid malabsorption Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome, 381 Barium

enemas, 75–76, 293, 355 follow-through, 83 in physiologic testing, 47 studies, 75

Barnet continent ileostomy reservoir (BCIR), 571

Basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), 493 Bascom cleft lift (Bascom II), 233–234 Bascom I. See Midline pit excision Bascom II. See Bascom cleft lift Bascom’s chronic abscess curettage,

230–231

BCCs. See Basal cell carcinomas BCIR. See Barnet continent ileostomy

reservoir

Behçet’s syndrome, 602, 603 Benadryl®. See Diphenhydramine Bentyl. See Dicyclomine hydrochloride Benzathine penicillin, 260

Betadine, 634

Betamethasone dipropionate (Diprolene®), 252

Betamethasone valerate cream (Valisone®),

252

Bethanechol, 182 Bicarbonates, 25

Bile acid malabsorption (BAM), 605 Bioethics, 737–739

Bipolar diathermy, 163–164 Bisacodyl, 681

Bisacodyl suppositories, 658 Bismuth subsalicylate, 605 Bladder injuries, 146 Bleeding, 273, 300

as anastomotic postoperative complication, 142–143 pelvic

intraabdominal abscess/wound infection and, 151–152 perineal wound infection and,

152–153

prophylaxis colonoscopy and, 63 Blood

supply, 15

transfusions, 326, 386 vessel invasion, 387 Bone metastasis, 475

Botulinum toxin (BT), 182, 185–187 Bowel. See also Mechanical bowel

preparation

activity/diet resumption, 694–695 continence, 33

injury, radiation-induced, 615–617 motility, 33

obstruction, 645

early postoperative, 150 preparation, 122–123

for surgery, 415

tissue interposition, 221, 222 Bowen’s disease, 485–486 Brain metastasis, 475

Britain Journal of Surgery, 768 Brooke ileostomy, 569 Brucellosis, 607, 610 BT. See Botulinum toxin Budesonide, 556, 560 Bulbocavernosus reflexes, 35 Bupivacaine

with epinephrine, 253 hydrochloride, 202 Burow’s solution, 250, 252

C

Calamine, 252 Calcium

channel blockers, 184–185 effect of, 339–340

polycarbophil, 159–160, 161

Calcium dobesilate (calcium 2,5-dihydrox- ybenzenesulfonate), 161

Calcium polycarbophil (FiberCon), 680 CALGB. See Cancer and Leukemia Group B Calibration, 41

California Cancer Registry, 485

Calmoseptine®, 252 Camphor, 252

Campylobacter, 607, 608

Canadian Multicentre Colorectal Deep Vein Thrombosis Prophylaxis, 135 Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health

Examination, 767

Cancer(s). See also specific cancers contrast studies of polyps/, 75–77 hereditary, 447

management/risks associated with, 381 MSI-H, 369

plain films and, 70, 71 synchronous, 389, 431 uterine, 539

Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB), 470, 491

Cancer Genetics Studies Consortium, 358 Cancer Prevention Study II, 340

Capsaicin (Dolorac; Zostrix), 241, 252 Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA),

387–388, 446–447, 468 Carcinoid syndrome, 516–517 Cascara, 681

Case presentations, 780–781 Catheters

balloon, 634 drainage of, 194–195 flexible, 25

Foley, 146

CCP. See Colitis cystica profunda CD. See Crohn’s disease

CDC. See Centers for Disease Control CEA. See Carcinoembryonic antigen Cecal volvulus

clinical presentation of, 287–288 diagnosis of, 288

epidemiology/incidence of, 287 etiology/pathogenesis of, 287 outcomes/treatments for, 288–289 Cecum

colon and, 13

incomplete attachment of, 19 Cefixime, 258

Ceftriaxone, 258

Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 258 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid

Services (CMS), 355–356, 727 Cephalosporin, 124, 331

Cetuximab, 470 Chancroid, 260 Chemokines, 552

Chemoprevention, 377, 534, 536–537 Chemoradiation/Chemoradiotherapy

preop, 440–441, 490–491 postop, 438–439

Chemotherapy, 428, 433, 519–520 adjuvant, 437–438, 442–443 for liver metastasis, 468–470 systemic, 465

Chlamydia trachomatis, 258–259 Chloride, 25

Cholecystectomy, 342 Cholestyramine, 605, 618 Cholinergic agonists, 185 Chronic pulmonary diseases, 121 Chronic suppuration (fistula), 210–211 CHRPE. See Congenital hypertrophy of the

retinal pigment epithelium CI. See Confidence interval Cidofovir, 486

Ciprofloxacin, 124, 258, 556 Circumferential resection margin

(CRM), 407

Citrucel. See Methylcellulose Citrus bioflavonoids, 160–161 CLASICC trial, 693, 696, 703 Clavulanic acid, 124

Clindamycin, 124

Clinical pathways, 137–138 Cloaca, 18, 718–719, 721–722

Clobetasol propionate (Temovate®), 252 Clostridium botulinum, 185

Clostridium difficile, 124, 561, 617–618 CMS. See Centers for Medicare and

Medicaid Services CMV. See Cytomegalovirus Coagulopathy, 546 Coccygodynia, 690

Cochrane Collaboration, 770

Cochrane review, 123, 160, 168, 169, 616 Codeine, 131

Cohort studies, 765

Colace. See Docusate sodium Colazal®. See Balsalazide

COLD. See Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease Colectomy

left, 398

outcomes for, 400–401 right, 396–397

extended, 397–398 sigmoid, 398–399 total abdominal, 399 Colestipol, 618 Colitis

bacterial, 606–607

Clostridium difficile, 617–618 CMV, 611–612

collagen vascular-associated, 602–604 corrosive, 611

disinfectant, 611

diversion, 610

eosinophilic, 606

fungal, 606

HIV, 614–615

HSV, 612

indeterminate, 551

ischemic, 601–602

microscopic, 604–606

Colitis (Continued ) mild-moderate

distal, 560 extensive, 560–561 miscellaneous, 610–611 parasitic, 612–614 plain films and, 73–75 toxic, 585–586 viral, 611–612

See also Crohn’s disease; Ulcerative colitis

Colitis cystica profunda (CCP), 674–675 Collaborative Group of the Americas

on Inherited Colorectal Cancer, 532

Coloanal anastomosis, 423, 424 Colon, 705

appendix and, 14 ascending, 14 atresia of, 19 blood supply and, 15

cancer. See Colon and colorectal cancer cecum and, 13

collateral circulation of, 15–16 congenital malformations of, 19–20 defecation/sensation of, 27–28 descending, 14

diseases, 590–591 duplications, 19 embryology of, 23 function of

metabolism/salvage/storage in, 24 transport of electrolytes and, 24–25 general considerations for, 13 injuries, 323

anastomotic leaks and, 327–328 antibiotic prophylaxis for, 330–331 destructive, 324–325

diagnosis of, 322–323 epidemiology of, 322 nondestructive, 323–324

operative management of, 323–328 wound management of, 330 injury scale, 323

innervation of, 16 extrinsic, 23–24 intrinsic, 23–24 laparoscopy and, 703 lymphatic drainage and, 16 motility of

cellular basis for, 26 characteristics of, 26–27 methodology for determination

of, 25–26 peristalsis and, 26

physiological disturbances within constipation as, 28

IBS as, 28, 29

obstructive defecation as, 28 Oglivie’s syndrome as, 28

physiology of, 23–28 conclusions on, 29 surgeon and, 29 repair, techniques of, 328 sigmoid, 14–15

small bowel and, 18 transverse, 14

diverticular disease of, 278 Colon and colorectal cancer

adjuvant chemotherapy for, 437–443 node-negative disease (stage II), 438 node-positive disease (stage III),

437–438

biochemical/genetic/histologic factors of, 387–388

clinical presentation of, 385

clinical prognostic factors of, 386–387 CT of, 86, 47, 395

dominantly inerited, 534–539 epidemiology of, 335–337 etiology of, 337–344 laparoscopy and, 701 locally advanced, 431 metastatic

biology of, 462–464 diagnosis/staging of, 464

multidisciplinary evaluation of, 464 primary cancer management of,

464–466, 467

molecular basis of, 344–348 neoplasia, 276

prognostic/staging factors of, 385–386 recurrent, 431–432

spreading patterns of, 388–390 summary on, 401

surgical management of, 395–401 surveillance

cost of, 448 effectiveness of, 448 QOL and, 448

recommendations for, 448–449 recurrent risks with, 447 types of, 446–447 See also Genetics Colonic volvulus

introduction/historical perspective on, 286–287

plain films and, 70–71, 72, 73 transverse, sigmoid, cecal

clinical presentation of, 290 epidemiology/incidence of, 289–290 etiology/pathogenesis of, 290 outcomes/treatments for, 290–291 Colonoscope, 25

Colonoscopy, 303–304, 414 abnormal findings during, 66–67 bleeding prophylaxis and, 63 complications associated with, 67–68 contraindications for, 62–63 indications for, 62

monitoring during, 63

normal endoscopic anatomy and, 65–66

positioning in, 62 preparations for, 63 techniques for, 63–65 Coloproctostomy, 622 Colorectal diseases, 118

Colorectal disorders, pediatric, 723–725 Colorectal neoplasms

detection of, 390–392 future directions for, 358–359 screening/risk classifications

for, 353–358 Colorectal procedures, 122 Colorectal surgery, 723 Colorectostomy, 622 COLOR trial, 693

Colostomy, 329, 661, 719–720 endoscopically assisted, 635–636 extraperitoneal, 627–628 laparoscopic sigmoid, 636–637 loop, 630–631

closure technique, 633–634 maturation, end, 627

transverse loop, 629–630 Compliance, 43, 44

Compound volvulus. See Ileosigmoid knotting

Computed tomography (CT), 85, 312–313, 451, 504, 548

colography, 355, 356 of colon cancer, 395 colonography, 94–96 of colorectal cancer, 86, 447 of Crohn’s disease, 88–89 of diverticulitis, 86–87, 88 other colitides, 90–91 postoperative evaluation of, 90 of SBO, 89–90

scans, 148, 275, 406, 414 Computer-based training, 783 Confidence interval (CI), 586, 773 Congenital cystic lesions, 512–513 Congenital hypertrophy of the retinal

pigment epithelium (CHRPE), 373

CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials), 769

Constipation, 28

colonic inertia and, 681–683 etiology of, 678–679 evaluation of, 679–680 IBS and, 683–685 idiopathic, 723–724

medical treatments for, 680–681 Contact dermatitis, 243

Continence, 38 bowel, 33

mechanical factors of, 36–37

Continent ileostomy, 570–571 complications associated with, 62 contraindications for, 61

indications for, 61 positioning in, 62 preparations for, 61 techniques for, 62

Contrast studies, 48, 148, 275 anastomotic assessment and, 82–83 cancer/polyps and, 75–77

colonic intussusception and, 81, 82 Crohn’s disease and, 78–79 diverticulitis and, 79–81 enemas and, 75

extracolonic/submucosal lesions and, 80–81

of polyposis syndromes, 77 radiologic, 547–548 UC and, 77–78

Cordran®. See Flurandrenolide Cornmeal, 250

Corrugator cutis ani muscle, 3 Corticosteroids, 271, 556–557, 560 Corynebacterium minutissimum, 243 COST trial, 707

Cough reflexes anal canal and, 35 definition of, 46 Cowden syndrome, 381 CPT®, 729–731

CRM. See Circumferential resection margin

Crohn’s disease (CD), 84–85, 342–343 activity index, 546

anal fissure and, 187 conclusions on, 563–564 contrast studies of, 78–79 CT of, 88–89

features of, 551

fistulas and, 207–208, 211 hemorrhoids and, 170 laparoscopy and, 696–698 management of, 555–559 mild-moderate, 555–556 moderate-severe, 556–557 rectovaginal fistulas, secondary

to, 222–223 risks associated with, 393 severe-fulminant, 557–558 signs/symptoms of, 544–545 surgery for

anatomic locations and, 590–592 disease classification and, 584–585 etiology/incidence of, 584 operative considerations regarding,

587–588

operative indications with, 585–587

operative options amid, 588–589 recurrence and, 594–595

special circumstances regarding, 592–594

summary on, 595

Cronkhite-Canada syndrome, 381–382 Cryoglobulinemia, 602, 603

Cryotherapy, 165 Cryptococcus, 606

Cryptoglandular diseases, 221–222 Cryptosporidiosis, 612–613 CSA. See Cyclosporine CT. See Computed tomography Cyclooxygenase (COX), 340

1, 131

2, 131, 341, 377

Cyclosporine (CSA), 557–558, 561–562, 563

Cystectomy, 210 Cytokines, 439, 552

Cytomegalovirus (CMV), 611–612 Cytosine, 525

D

Daflon. See Diosmin Danazol, 316

Death, determination of, 757 Defecation. See also Pelvic floor

colonic sensation and, 27–28 mechanical factors of, 36–37 normal, 36–37

obstructive, 28, 37–38 Defecography

equipment for, 47 incontinence and, 51, 657 indications for, 47 interpretations of

anal canal length, 49 anismus, 50 anorectal angle, 49 emptying, 49

enterocele/sigmoidocele, 49, 50 incontinence, 51

intussusception/prolapse, 50–51 megarectum, 51

perineal descent, 49 rectoceles, 49, 50 techniques for

contrast introduction as, 48 imaging, 48, 49

preparation as, 47–48 Delorme procedure, 667–669 Dermoid cysts, 502

Desmoid disease, 537–538 clinical features of, 378–379 investigation of, 379 management of, 379–380

Desoximetasone (Topicort LP®), 252 DFA. See Direct fluorescent antibody DHPG. See 9-(1,3 dihydroxy-2-

propoxymethyl) guanine

Dicyclomine hydrochloride (Bentyl), 684

Diet, 135–136

constituents/supplements for, 337 lifestyle modification/hemorrhoids,

159–160 resumption, 694–695 studies, 271

Digital rectal examination (DRE), 413 9-(1,3 dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)

guanine (DHPG), 612 Diltiazem (DTZ), 182, 184–185 Diosmin (Daflon), 160–161 Dipentum®. See Olsalazine Diphenhydramine (Benadryl®), 250 Diphenoxylate, 605

Diphenoxylate hydrochloride with atropine (Lomotil), 684

Diprolene®. See Betamethasone dipropionate

Direct-current electrotherapy, 163–164 Direct fluorescent antibody (DFA), 259 Diseases of the Colon and Rectum,

768, 769

Distal rectal washout, 329 Diverticulitis, 300–301

acute, 272, 278 cecal/right-sided, 277 chronic, 272

clinical manifestations of, 271–272 complex, 272

complications associated with, 273–274 contrast studies of, 79–81

CT of, 86–88

diagnostic tests for, 274–275 differential diagnosis for, 275–276 epidemiology of, 271

etiology of, 270–271 incidence of, 269 laparoscopy and, 699–701 natural history of, 272–273 noninflammatory, 272 pathophysiology of, 270 physical findings on, 273 practice parameters for, 282 sigmoid, 282

symptoms of, 273 transverse colon, 278 treatments for, 278–282

uncommon presentations of, 276–278 in young patients, 276–277

DNA ploidy, 388

DNR (do not resuscitate), 754 Documentation, 789–791 Docusate sodium (Colace), 681 Dolorac. See Capsaicin

Donovanosis. See Granuloma inguinale Double effect doctrine, 756–757 Doxepin (Zonalon), 252

DRE. See Digital rectal examination DTZ. See Diltiazem

Dukes, Cuthbert, 385, 405

Dukes staging system, 385–386, 431–432, 437

Duodenectomy, 537

Dutch Rectal Cancer Trial, 440 DVT prophylaxis, 133

elastic stockings as, 134 LDUH and, 134–135 LMWH and, 135 SCDs and, 134

Dynamic graciloplasty, 660–661 Dyskinetic puborectalis, 38 Dysmenorrhea, 309–310

E

EAS. See External anal sphincter Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group

(ECOG), 439

EAUS. See Endoanal ultrasound EcRT. See Endocavitary radiation EGD. See Esophagogastroduodenoscopy Elastic stockings, 134

Elavil. See Amitriptyline Elderly, abuse of, 752 Electrocardiogram, 122

Electromyography (EMG), 33, 36, 37 of anal sphincter, 52

concentric needle, 52 PNTML and, 53, 54 single-fiber, 53

surface electrodes and, 52 Electronic mail, 791–792 Electrostimulation, 659

E&M. See Evaluation and management EMBASE database, 769

EMG. See Electromyography EMLA (eutectic mixture of local

anesthetics), 241, 248

Endoanal ultrasound (EAUS), 107, 201 anal canal neoplasms and, 111–112 equipment/techniques for, 108 evaluation of

fecal incontinence, 109–110

perianal sepsis/fistula-in-ano, 110–111 image interpretation and, 108–109 summary on, 113

three-dimensional ultrasound and, 112–113

Endocavitary radiation (ecRT), 430–431 Endocrine systems, 121–122

Endometriosis, 81, 82 appendiceal, 319

clinical manifestations of, 309 dysmenorrhea as, 309–310 infertility as, 310

intestinal symptoms as, 310–311 malignant transformations as, 311 pelvic pain as, 309–310

conclusions on, 319 diagnosis of, 311–315 epidemiology of, 308

etiology of, 308–309 intestinal, 310–311 rectovaginal, 317–318 treatments for, 315–319

Endorectal ultrasound (ERUS), 101, 312, 504

assessment of rectal neoplasms and, 102–105

equipment/techniques for, 101–102 image interpretation and, 102, 103 nodal involvement with, 103, 105–106 postoperative follow-up with, 107 rectal cancer and, 106–107, 407–408, 409 summary on, 113

Endoscopy, 274–275, 312, 549–550, 657 Endosonography, 657

Enemas, 634

barium, 75–76, 293, 355 contrast, 75

Gastrografin, 28 large-volume, 658 phosphate, 658 Enteroceles, 37, 49, 50 Enteroclysis, 83–85 Enterogenous cysts, 502

EORTC 22921. See European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer

EORTC QLO-CR38. See European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer’s Quality of Life Questionnaire for ColoRectal Cancer

Epidermoid cysts, 502 Epinephrine, 253 Erbium, 486

ERBT. See External beam radiation therapy ERUS. See Endorectal ultrasound

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), 555, 559

Erythromycin, 124, 416 Escherichia coli, 607

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), 550 ESR. See Erythrocyte sedimentation rate Ethical/legal considerations, 786–793

abuse of elderly as, 752 advance directives as, 745–747 autonomy/competency/decision-making

capacity as, 743–744 bioethics and, 737–739

case-management systems and, 741–742 communication/internet and, 748–749,

791–792

confidentiality as, 751–752, 792 conflict of interest as, 751 determination of death as, 757 disclosure errors/truth as, 744–745 DNR as, 754

double effect doctrine/pain relief and, 756–757

euthanasia/physician-assisted suicide/

terminal sedation as, 754–755 final thoughts on, 762

futility/withholding treatment as, 752–754

genetic diagnosis as, 752 going to court and, 760 good samaritan and, 758–759 hospice/palliative care and, 755–756 informed consent as, 747–748 innovation/research and, 749–750 interpersonal relations/professionalism

and, 759

legal principles as, 739–741 managed care and, 760 organ donation as, 758 patient encounters as, 743

patients with impaired decision-making capacity as, 745

personal challenges as, 760–762 placebo surgery, 750–751

previous suboptimal care and, 759–760 specific surgical dilemmas as, 742 surgeons and, 735–737

relationship of patient, 748 European Association of Endoscopic

Surgery, 705

European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC 22921), 440, 441

European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer’s Quality of Life Questionnaire for

ColoRectal Cancer (EORTC QLO- CR38), 775

European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Caner, 470 Euthanasia, 754–755

Evaluation and management (E&M), 730 External anal sphincter (EAS), 2, 3, 33–34 External beam radiation therapy (ERBT),

450, 454–455, 456 Extracolonic lesions, 80–81 Extracolonic manifestations, 373 Extraintestinal manifestations, 587 Extramedullary plasmacytomas, 522

F

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), 77, 358, 528

clinical variants of, 375 diagnosis of, 375–376 family history of, 392–393 features of, 373, 374 genetics of, 373–375 Fat, 337–338

FDA. See Food and Drug Administration FDG. See Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose;

[18F] 2-Fluoro-2-deoxy-

-glucose

Fecal contamination, 242, 326–327

Fecal diversion, 143, 329, 588 Fecal incontinence, 109–110, 723 Fecal occult blood test (FOBT), 354–355,

390–391

Federal Privacy Rule, 792 Fedotozine, 685

Ferguson hemorrhoidectomy, 166 Fiber

dietary, 339

supplements, 159–160, 161, 685 FiberCon. See Calcium polycarbophil Fibrin

glue, 205–206 sealant, 217 Fistula-in-ano

complications with, 206–207 evaluation of, 110–111, 199–202 extrasphincteric, 199

HIV and, 208–209, 211 intersphincteric, 198–199 pathophysiology of, 198–199 special considerations for, 207–209 suprasphincteric, 199

transsphincteric, 199

treatments for, 199, 202–206, 210–211 Fistulas, 274

Crohn’s disease and, 207–208, 211 enterotomies/enterocutaneous, 141–142,

593–594 high, 211 horseshoe, 211

imperforate anus without, 718, 720 management of, 281

mucous, 628 perianal, 724 perineal, 717, 718

postoperative anastomotic complications and, 144

radiation-associated, 211 rectobladder neck, 718, 720 rectourethral, 717

evaluation/treatment for, 209–210 pathophysiology of, 209

rectovaginal, 211, 721 classification of, 216–217 conclusions on, 224

conservative management of, 217 etiology of, 215

evaluation of, 215–216 iatrogenic, 223–224 persistent, 224

secondary to Crohn’s disease, 222–223

secondary to cryptoglandular diseases, 221–222

secondary to malignancy, 223 secondary to obstetric injury, 221–222 secondary to radiation therapy, 223 surgical techniques for, 217–221 treatments for, 221–224

suprasphincteric, 211 vestibular, 718, 721 Fistulectomy, 204–205 Fistulotomy

primary, 195–196 use of, 200–201, 208 5-ASA. See Mesalamine 5-FU. See 5-Fluorouracil 5-HTP. See 5-Hydroxytryptophan Flap valves, 36

Flavonoids, 160–161

Fleets Phospho-soda. See Sodium phosphate

Flexible sigmoidoscopy

complications associated with, 61 contraindications for, 60

indications for, 60 positioning in, 60 preparations for, 60 techniques for, 60 Fluocinonide (Lidex®), 252

Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), 96–97, 451, 468

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), 437–438, 441, 442, 465, 466, 486

Fluorodeoxyuridine (FUDR), 468–470 Flurandrenolide (Cordran®), 252 FOBT. See Fecal occult blood test Folates, 340

FOLFOX (Oxaliplatin/5-FU/LV), 469–470 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 316 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 28,

685, 793 Food factors, 244

French Association for Surgical Research, 401

Fruits, 338–339

FSH. See Follicle-stimulating hormone FUDR. See Fluorodeoxyuridine Fungal infections, 242

G

Gardner’s syndrome, 375 Gastrografin enemas, 28 Gastrointestinal radiology, 69

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), 302, 492–493, 520

GCA. See Giant condyloma acuminata Gene(s). See also Mismatch repair genes

APC, 345–347, 373–374 DCC, 345–346, 347 MCC, 345

MYH, 375 p53, 345 SMADs, 346 therapy, 439 Genetic(s)

of colon cancer, 387–388 diagnosis, 752

of FAP, 373–375

HNPCC and, 525–527 testing, 530–532 mutations, 381 testing, 375–377 Gentamicin, 416

Geographic practice cost index (GPCI), 731 German CAO/ARO/A 10094 trial, 440,

441, 442

Giant colonic diverticulum, 277–278 Giant condyloma acuminata (GCA), 263 Giardiasis, 613

GIST. See Gastrointestinal stromal tumors Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive

Lung Disease (COLD), 121 Glucocorticoids, 136–137

Glycerine, 658

Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), 182–184 GnRH. See Gonadotropin-releasing

hormone Goligher, John, 627

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 309, 316–317

Gonorrhea, 257–258

GPCI. See Geographic practice cost index Grand Rounds, 780–781

Granuloma inguinale (Donovanosis), 260 GT. See Guanine/thymine

GTN. See Glyceryl trinitrate Guanine/thymine (GT), 525 Gynecologic diseases, 276

H

HAART. See Highly active antiretroviral therapy

HACA. See Human antichimeric antibodies

HAI. See Hepatic artery infusional Halsted, William Stewart, 779–780 Hamartomas, 369

HAPC. See High-amplitude propagated contraction

Hartmann’s procedure, 432, 634 Harvey Bradshaw index, 546 HBO. See Hyperbaric oxygen Healthcare economics

future of, 732, 733

reimbursement process and, 727–732 Health Care Financing Administration, 727 Health Insurance Portability and

Accountability Act (HIPAA), 792 Health maintenance organizations (HMOs),

731–732

Health Professionals Follow-up Study, 340 Hematologic diseases, 198

Hemorrhage. See also Lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage CD and, 586

late, 646 occult, 302

posthemorrhoidectomy, 171

Hemorrhoidectomy Ferguson, 166 hemorrhage/post, 171 operative, 165–169 Whitehead, 166 Hemorrhoids

ambulatory anorectal surgery and, 171 ambulatory facilities and, 171 anatomy of, 156–157 classification of, 157, 158 Crohn’s disease and, 170 differential diagnosis for, 158 epidemiology of, 157 etiology of, 157 examination of, 158–159 immunocompromised and, 171 intraoperative considerations for, 172 portal hypertension/varices and, 170 posthemorrhoidectomy hemorrhage

and, 171

postoperative considerations for, 172 postoperative evaluation of, 171–172 during pregnancy, 170

strangulated, 170 symptoms of, 157–158 treatments for

dietary/lifestyle modification, 159–160

external, 165 medical, 160–161 office, 161–165

operative hemorrhoidectomy as, 165–169

stapling technique as, 169–170 Henoch-Schönlein purpura, 602, 603 Heparin, 416

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), 134–135

Hepatic artery infusional (HAI), 469–470 Hepatic functions, 122

Hepatitis, 122

Hepatobiliary, 545–546

Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC)

clinical features of, 527–528, 529 conclusions on, 534

diagnosis of, 529–530 genetics and, 525–527 genetic testing and, 530–532 genotype-phenotype relationships

of, 528–529

historical perspectives of, 525 pathologic features of, 527, 528 practice parameters for, 534–539 prognosis for, 533–534

registries, 532

surveillance of, 532–533 treatments for, 533

Herpes simplex virus (HSV), 256, 260–262, 612

Herzlinger, Regina, 732 Hidradenitis suppurativa

background on, 235 bacteriology of, 236

differential diagnosis for, 236 etiology/incidence of, 235–236 pathogenesis of, 236

summary on, 237–238, 238 treatments for, 236–237

High-amplitude propagated contraction (HAPC), 26–27

High atresia. See Rectal atresia

High-grade intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), 263, 483

Highly active antiviral therapy (HAART), 208, 257, 485–486

HIPAA. See Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

Hirschsprung’s disease, 19–20, 713 medical management of, 714 surgery for, 714–716 Histoplasmosis, 606 HIT. See Heparin-induced

thrombocytopenia

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), 256–257

AIDS, 265–266

anal fissure and, 187–188 anorectal sepsis and, 198 colitis, 614–615

fistula-in-ano and, 208–209, 211 related anal cancer, 495 HMOs. See Health maintenance

organizations

HNPCC. See Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), 341

Horton, Richard, 768

Hospice/palliative care, 755–756 Hospitals, reimbursement for, 729 H-pouch, 578

HPV. See Human papilloma virus HRT. See Hormone replacement therapy HSIL. See High-grade intraepithelial

lesions

HSV. See Herpes simplex virus

Human anti-chimeric antibodies (HACA), 557

Human papilloma virus (HPV), 256, 262–265

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) antagonists, 29, 516, 517 receptor, 28

5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), 517 Hydrocodone, 131

Hydrocortisone, 184 cream, 252 foam, 560

Hydrocortisone butyrate (Locoid®), 252

Hydromorphone, 131

Hyoscyamine sulfate (Levsin), 684 Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO), 197 Hypertension, 170

I

IAS. See Internal anal sphincter Iatrogenics, 655

IBD. See Inflammatory bowel disease IBS. See Irritable bowel syndrome ICA. See Ileocolic artery

ICC. See Interstitial cells of Cajal

ICD-9-CM. See International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification Ileal conduit, 210

Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA), 535–536

UC and, 572

controversies associated with, 577–579

operatives techniques for, 573–575 postoperative complications associated

with, 575–577 Ileoanal pouch

complications associated with, 62 contraindications for, 62

indications for, 62 positioning in, 62 preparations for, 62 techniques for, 62 Ileocolic artery (ICA), 601 Ileocolon, 591

Ileocolostomy, 622

Ileorectal anastomosis (IRA), 375, 376–377, 533

Familial polyposis and, 77, 358, 528 UC and, 571

conclusions on, 579

postoperative complications associated with, 572

Ileoscopy

complications associated with, 61 contraindications for, 61

indications for, 61 positioning in, 61 preparations for, 61 techniques for, 61 Ileosigmoid knotting

clinical presentation of, 296–297 epidemiology/incidence of, 295–296 etiology/pathogenesis of, 296 outcomes/treatments for, 297 Ileostomy

Brooke, 569 continent, 570–571

complications associated with, 62 contraindications for, 61

indications for, 61

positioning in, 62

preparations for, 61 techniques for, 62 Kock, 543

laparoscopic, 636 loop, 629–630, 631

closure technique, 633 maturation, end, 626–627 proctocolectomy with, 535 IMA. See Inferior mesenteric artery Imaging

defecography and, 48, 49 endoluminal, 414–415 studies, 517–518 techniques, 312–313 Imipramine (Tofranil), 684 Imiquimod, 486

Immunomodulators, 587 Immunosuppressants, 222–223 Immunotherapy, 439

Immunotoxins, 470 Imodium®, 250

IMPACT (International Multicenter Pooled Analyses of Colon Cancer Trials), 437, 438

Imperforate anus. See Anorectal malformations

Incidence rate ratio (IRR), 343 Incontinence, 37, 51

anal manometry, 656–657 causes of, 654–656 conclusions on, 661 defecography and, 51, 657 endosonography and, 657 fecal, 109–110, 723 after fistulotomy, 206–207 MRI and, 657

obstetric injuries and, 655 operative treatments for, 659–661 physical examination for, 656 pudendal nerve latency time and, 657 sensation test and, 657

symptoms of, 653–654 treatments for, 658–659 Indoramin, 185

Infants, 18, 719

Inferior mesenteric artery (IMA), 601 Infertility, 147, 310

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), 74, 88, 276, 342–343

acute, 552–553

disease severity assessment of, 546–547 epidemiology of, 543–544

evaluation of, 547–549 history of, 543

management of, 555–563 pathology of, 550–553 screening methods for, 358 serum tests for, 552 signs/symptoms of, 544–546 UC and, 393

Infliximab, 222–223, 556–557, 562 Informed consent, 747–748, 788–789 Infrared photocoagulation, 163–164 Injury Severity Score (ISS), 323, 326 Interleukin-2, 439

Intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC), 125

Internal anal sphincter (IAS). See also External anal sphincter anal canal and, 33, 34 anus and, 2

Internal bypass, 588

International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM), 729 International Collaborative Group on

Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer, 357, 525, 530

International Union Against Cancer (UICC), 386

Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), 26 Intestinal endometriosis, 310–311 Intestinal obstruction

enteroclysis/small bowel series and, 83–85

large bowel obstruction and, 70 cancer and, 70, 71

colitis and, 73–75

colonic volvulus and, 70–73 pneumoperitoneum and, 72–74 pseudoobstruction and, 71, 72 SBO as, 69–70

Intraanal lesions, 482

Intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT), 450, 452, 453, 456–458

IORT. See Intraoperative radiation therapy IPAA. See Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis;

Proctocolectomy with ileoanal pouch

IPC. See Intermittent pneumatic compression

IRA. See Ileorectal anastomosis IRR. See Incidence rate ratio

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), 28, 29 constipation and, 683–685

Rome II criteria for, 275, 276, 678, 683 Ischemia, 645

Isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN), 182 Isosulfan blue dye, 400 ISS. See Injury Severity Score Ivalon sponge, 671

J

Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), 130

Journal of Neurosurgery, 768 Journal of the American Medical

Association, 771

J-pouch, 423, 424, 575, 578–579 Juvenile polyposis, 77

K

Karydakis flap, 233

Kenalog®. See Triamcinolone acetonide 0.1%

Kennedy, Edward, 732 Ketorolac, 131–132 Kock ileostomy, 543 Kock pouch

complications associated with, 62 contraindications for, 61

indications for, 61 positioning in, 62 preparations for, 61 techniques for, 62 Konsyl. See Psyllium

Kraske laterosacral approach, 210

L

Lanolin, 243 Lanreotide, 519

Laparoscopic rectopexy, 671 Laparoscopy, 282, 313–315

background on, 703, 704

bowel activity/diet resumption and, 694–695

colon/rectal cancer and, 701, 703 conversions to open procedure, 694 credentialing/training in, 706–707 Crohn’s disease and, 696–698 diverticulitis and, 699–701 future considerations for, 708 general considerations of, 703 hand-assisted, 693, 698–699,

707–708 hospital costs of, 696 ileostomy and, 636

learning curve with, 693–694 length of stay and, 695 operative issues with, 705–706 operative time for, 694 outcomes for, 694

preoperative staging of, 705 preparations for, 705 pulmonary function and, 695 QOL/work and, 695–696 rectal prolapse and, 700, 702 resection and, 431

sigmoid colostomy and, 636–637 standard, 698

stomas and, 636

tumor localization and, 703–705 UC and, 698–699

Laparotomy, 380

LAPC. See Low-amplitude propagated contraction

LAR. See Low anterior resection

LARCS Nordic trial, 442

Large bowel, 373

management of, 376–377 obstruction, 70

cancer and, 70, 71 colitis and, 73–75

colonic volvulus and, 70–71, 72, 73 pneumoperitoneum and, 72–74 pseudoobstruction and, 71, 72 Large intestines, 16, 17

Laser, 464–465

Lateral internal sphincterotomy (LIS), 180–182

Lateral mesenteric closure, 627–628 Law of Laplace, 28

Lawsuits, 787–788

Laxatives, 25, 28, 160, 658, 680 Lay-open technique, 202 LCR. See Ligase chain reaction LDUH. See Low-dose unfractionated

heparin Leiomyomas, 520–521

Leucovorin (LV), 437–438, 442, 468–470 Leukemia, 522

Levator syndrome, 689–690 Levofloxacin, 258

Levsin. See Hyoscyamine sulfate LGV. See Lymphogranuloma venereum LH. See Luteinizing hormone

Lichen sclerosis (LS), 243–244 Lidex®. See Fluocinonide Lidocaine

topical, 184, 185 0.5%, 253

Ligase chain reaction (LCR), 258 Lignocaine, 241, 248

Lipomas, 81

LIS. See Lateral internal sphincterotomy Literature, clinical practice

conclusions on, 776 evaluation of, 771–775, 776 levels of evidence in, 767–771 study designs in, 764–767 Liver metastasis, 389, 400, 466, 467

diagnosis/patient evaluation of, 468 treatments for

chemotherapy as, 468–470 resection as, 470–472 untreated, 467

LMWH. See Low-molecular-weight heparin Localized itch syndromes, 241

Locoid®. See Hydrocortisone butyrate Lomotil®, 250. See also Diphenoxylate

hydrochloride with atropine Loperamide, 605

Lovenox, 416

Low-amplitude propagated contraction (LAPC), 26–27

Low anterior resection (LAR), 413, 423 Low-dose unfractionated heparin (LDUH),

125, 134–135

Lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage, 299 assessment/resuscitation/stabilization

of, 302–306 etiologies of, 300–302 new frontiers for, 306 surgery for, 305–306

Low-grade intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), 263, 483

Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), 125, 135

LS. See Lichen sclerosis

LSIL. See Low-grade intraepithelial lesions Lung metastasis, 389, 472–473

Luteinizing hormone (LH), 316 LV. See Leucovorin

Lymphatic invasions, 389 Lymph node

metastasis, 387 sentinel, 388

assessment of, 400

Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), 258–259

Lymphomas, 81, 495, 521–522

M

Macrolide topical agents (Pimecrolimus;

Tacrolimus), 252, 557 Magnesium citrate, 75 Magnesium hydroxide, 681

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 40, 52, 275, 447, 504, 548, 549

incontinence and, 657 techniques, 312–313, 406–407 usage of, 97–98, 201–202 Malrotation, 19

MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue), 521

Mammography, 380 Managed care, 760 Manometry

ambulatory anorectal, 44 equipment for

amplifiers/recorders as, 41

hydraulic water-perfusion machines as, 41

probes as, 40–41 transducers as, 41 indications for, 40 interpretation of

compliance in, 47 normal, 44 RAIR in, 45–46 rectal sensation in, 47 resting pressure in, 44–45 squeeze duration in, 45 squeeze pressure in, 45 strain maneuver in, 46 technique of

calibration and, 41 compliance and, 43, 44

initial considerations for, 41 preparation for, 41

rectal sensation and, 43 reflexes and, 42, 43 resting pressure and, 41–42 squeeze-duration study and, 42, 43 squeeze pressure and, 42

strain maneuver and, 42, 44 vector, 44

Margins

bowel wall, 388 distal, 418–419, 421 radial, 388, 418–419, 421 Markers, radiopaque, 25, 54

MBP. See Mechanical bowel preparation McMaster Evidence Based Medicine

Group, 771

Mechanical bowel preparation (MBP), 122 in special situations, 123

use of, 123

Meckel’s diverticulum, 19, 302 Medical evaluation

postoperative, 124 conclusions on, 124–125 preoperative, 118

physical examination and, 118 preanesthesia interview in, 118 specific organ system assessments

during, 120–122 tests, 118–120

Medical malpractice, 786–788

Medical records, computerized, 790–791 Medical Research Council, 469–470 Medical societies, 390

Medicare, 727–729

Medicare Economic Index, 728 MEDLINE database, 769 Megarectum, 51 Melanomas, 492, 522 Membranous atresia, 17 Menthol, 252

Meperidine, 131

Mesalamine (5-ASA), 556, 559–561, 562–563, 605, 610

Mesentery, 19

Metabolic systems, 121–122

Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG), 518 Metamucil. See Psyllium

Methotrexate, 562

Methylcellulose (Citrucel), 159–160, 161, 680

Metronidazole, 124, 416, 556, 559, 618 MIBG. See Metaiodobenzylguanidine Microsatellite instability (MSI), 346–348,

364, 525 associations of, 387 -H cancers, 369

Midline pit excision (Bascom I), 230–231

Milligan-Morgan technique, 166, 167

Mineral oil, 681

Mismatch repair genes (MMR), 342, 364, 526–527

Missiles, 327 Mitomycin C, 491

M&M. See Morbidity and Mortality MMR. See Mismatch repair genes Molluscum contagiosum, 265

Morbidity and Mortality (M&M), 780–781 Morphine, 131

MOSAIC trial, 438

Motor unit potentials (MUPs), 52, 53 MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging MSI. See Microsatellite instability Mucin production, 387

Muir-Torre syndrome, 528–529 MUPs. See Motor unit potentials Muscle tissue interposition, 219–221 Myocutaneous flap, 234

N

NAATs. See Nucleic acid amplification tests

National Cancer Institute, 355, 521 National Institutes of Health, 689 National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and

Bowel Project, 419

National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP), 774 NCCTG. See North Central Cancer

Treatment Group

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 257–258, 607, 609 Neomycin, 124, 243, 416

Neoplasia, 586–587 Neoplasms, 245

anal canal, 111–112

assessment of rectal, 102–105 colorectal

detection of, 390–392 future directions for, 358–359 screening/risk classifications for,

353–358 miscellaneous

classification of, 516

clinical presentation of, 516–517 diagnostic studies on, 517–518 history/terminology for, 515 pathology of, 515, 516 pathophysiology of, 516 prognosis of, 518 treatments for, 518–520 Neostigmine, 28

Nephrolithiasis, 645

NER. See Nucleotide excision repair Nervous system, enteric, 24 Neurologic systems, 121 Neuronal intestinal dysplasia, 716 Neutropenic enterocolitis, 610–611 Nicotine, 562

Nifedipine, 182, 184–185 Nitrates, topical, 182–184

Nitroglycerin (NTG), 182

NNH. See Number needed to harm NNT. See Number needed to treat Nonopioids, 131–132

Nonrotation, 18–19

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 130, 561 associated intestinal hemorrhage,

300, 302

complications associated with, 271 discontinuation of, 605

effectiveness of, 131–132, 340–341 sulindac, 377

North Central Cancer Treatment Group (NCCTG), 417, 437

Notice of Privacy Practices, 792 Nottingham Health Profile, 775

NSABP (National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project), 437, 440 NSAIDs. See Nonsteroidal antiinflamma-

tory drugs

NSQIP. See National Surgical Quality Improvement Program NTG. See Nitroglycerin Nuclear medicine, 549

Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), 257–258

Nucleotide excision repair (NER), 526 Number needed to harm (NNH), 772 Number needed to treat (NNT), 772 Nurses’ Health Study, 340

Nutrition, 117, 122, 624 Nutrition Cohort Study, 340

O

Obesity, 341 Obstetric injuries

incontinence and, 655

secondary to rectovaginal fistulas, 221–222

Octreotide, 519

Office for Human Research Protection (OHRP), 793

Ofloxacin, 258 Oglivie’s syndrome, 28

OHRP. See Office for Human Research Protection

Olsalazine (Dipentum®), 556 Omphalocele, 19

Opiates, 25, 131–132, 271 Opioids, 130–131 Oral contraceptives, 316 Organ donation, 758 Ornidazole, 559 Ostomies

appliances for, 638–639 conclusions on, 640 end, 624–628

indications for, 622, 623 loop, 632–633

management, 639 outcome/QOL, 639

preoperative considerations for, 624, 625 stomas and

closure of, 634–635 difficult, 637–639 diversion of, 628–635 end-loop, 631–632 laparoscopy and, 636 minimally invasive, 635–637 physiology of, 622–624 trephine, 635

Ovarian metastasis, 474–475 Oxaliplatin/5-FU/LV. See FOLFOX Oxycodone, 131

P

PAD. See Preoperative autologous donation Paget’s disease, 493–494

Pain, control

epidural anesthesia for, 132 nonopioids for, 131–132 nontraditional adjuncts and, 132 opioids for, 130–131

physiology of, 130

preemptive analgesia and, 132 techniques, 130

Pain relief, 756–757

PAN. See Polyarteritis nodosa Pancreaticoduodenectomy, 537 Parabens, 243

Parastomal hernia, 647 Parenteral methotrexate, 557 Parks, Sir Alan, 572

PATI. See Penetrating Abdominal Trauma Index

Patient-controlled anesthesia (PCA), 130, 131

PCA. See Patient-controlled anesthesia PCR. See Polymerase chain reaction PE. See Pulmonary embolism

Pediatric colorectal disorders, 723–725 PEG. See Polyethylene glycol Pelvic bleeding

intraabdominal abscess/wound infection and, 151–152

perineal wound infection and, 152–153 Pelvic drains, 143

Pelvic floor denervation, 655 disorders, 687–691

musculature/anus, 10–11, 33 Pelvic pain, 309–310, 688–689 Penetrating Abdominal Trauma Index

(PATI), 322, 327 Penicillin benzathine, 260 Pepper cream. See Capsaicin Perforation, gross, 273

Perianal dermatology, 240, 241. See also

Pruritus ani

Perianal lesions, 482 Perianal sepsis, 110–111 Peri-Colace, 681 Perineal descent, 49 Perineal dissection, 422–423

Perineal rectosigmoidectomy, 666–667 Perineal wound infections, 152–153 Perineo-proctotomy, 219, 220 Perineural invasion, 387

Perioperative fluid management, 133 Peristalsis, colon and, 26

Peritoneal metastasis, 473–474 PET. See Positron emission tomography PETACC 3 trial, 438

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, 77, 380 Phenol, 252

PHI. See Protected health information Phlebotonics, 160–161

Phlegmon, 274 Phosphatemia, 122–123

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors, 182, 185 Physical activities, 341–342

Pilonidal disease abscess, 229

background/incidence of, 228 draining chronic, 229

nonsurgical approach to, 229–230 pathogenesis of, 228–229 surgical approaches to

Bascom’s chronic abscess curettage as, 230–231

midline excision as, 230 midline pit excision (Bascom I)

as, 230–231

secondary healing/unroofing as, 230 treatments for, 231

Bascom cleft lift (Bascom II), 233–234

Karydakis flap as, 233 myocutaneous flap as, 234 rhomboid flap as, 232–233 skin grafting as, 234 summary on, 234–235 V-Y plasty as, 234 Z plasty as, 234

Pimecrolimus. See Macrolide topical agents Plain films, 69

large bowel obstruction and, 70 cancer and, 70, 71

colitis and, 73–75

colonic volvulus and, 70–73 pneumoperitoneum and, 72–74 pseudoobstruction and, 71, 72 SBO and, 69–70

Pneumoperitoneum, 72–74

PNI. See Prognostic Nutritional Index PNTML. See Pudendal nerve terminal

motor latency

Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN), 602–603 Polyethylene glycol (PEG), 75, 122

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 257–258 Polymyositis, 602, 604

Polyp(s), 362

adenomatous, 356–357 contrast studies of, 75–77 hyperplastic, 368–369 inflammatory, 369 juvenile, 724 lymphoid, 369 malignant, 366–367 nonneoplastic, 368–369 -related complications, 380 surveillance, 391

synchronous, 389

Polyposis. See also Familial adenomatous polyposis

juvenile, 380–381 metaplastic, 381 MYH, 375 registries, 373 syndromes

contrast studies of, 77 upper gastrointestinal, 377–378 Portsmouth Modification of POSSUM

(P-POSSUM), 118

Positron emission tomography (PET), 96–98, 390, 447, 448, 451, 504 POSSUM (Physiological and Operative

Severity Score for enUmeration of Mortality and Morbidity), 118, 395

Postanal repair, 660

Posterior sagittal anorectoplasty (PSARP), 110

Postoperative complications anastomotic, 142

bleeding as, 142–143 fecal diversion as, 143 fistulas and, 144 leaks as, 143

management of, 143–144 pelvic drains and, 143 stricture and, 144, 145

enterotomies/enterocutaneous fistulas and, 141–142

genitourinary

bladder injuries as, 146 decision to operate and, 149 diagnosis/presentation of, 148 female infertility as, 147 initial therapy/nonoperative

management of, 148–149

prevention of adhesions and, 150–151 radiographic studies of, 148

SBO as, 147–148

sexual dysfunction as, 146–147 special situations with, 150 surgical techniques for, 149–150 trapped ovary syndrome as, 147 ureteral injuries as, 144–146

urethral injuries as, 146 urinary dysfunction as, 146 pelvic bleeding

intraabdominal abscess/wound infections and, 151–152 perineal wound infection and,

152–153

Postoperative evaluation, 90, 124–125 Postoperative follow-up, with ERUS, 107 Postoperative morbidity/mortality, risk

assessments for APACHE as, 118

ASA classification system as, 117 other scoring systems as, 118 PNI as, 117

POSSUM as, 118 P-POSSUM as, 118 Potassium, 25 Pouchoscopy

complications associated with, 62 contraindications for, 61

indications for, 61 positioning in, 62 preparations for, 61 techniques for, 62

PPO. See Preferred provider organization P-POSSUM. See Portsmouth Modification

of POSSUM Pramoxine, 252 Prednisone, 556–557

Preferred provider organization (PPO), 732 Pregnancy, 170

Preoperative autologous donation (PAD), 121

Preoperative medical evaluation, 118 physical examination and, 118 preanesthesia interview in, 118 specific organ system assessments

during, 120–122 tests, 118–120 Presacral drainage, 329 Presacral tumors

algorithm, 512, 513

anatomy/neurophysiology of, 501, 502 classification of, 501–502, 503 conclusions on, 513

diagnosis/management of, 504–508 gross/histologic appearance of, 502–504 malignant, 511–512

surgery of, 508–511

treatment results for, 511–513 Prilocaine, 241, 248

Probiotics, 587 Procaine, 243

Proctalgia fugax, 690–691

Proctocolectomy with ileoanal pouch (IPAA), 376–377

Proctocolectomy with ileostomy (TPC), 535

Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI), 117

Prophylactic oophorectomy, 399

Prostate, Lung, Colon and Ovary Trail, 355 Protected health information (PHI), 792 Proteins, 374

Pruritus ani

conclusions on, 253 definitions of, 240 diagnosis of, 245–251 etiology of, 241–245

physiologic considerations for, 240–241 treatments for, 250–253

PSARP. See Posterior sagittal anorectoplasty Pseudoobstruction, 71, 72 Psoriasis, 243

Psyllium (Konsyl; Metamucil), 159–160, 680

Puborectalis, 36–37

Pudendal nerve terminal motor latency (PNTML), 36, 40, 53, 657 Pudendal neuralgia, 690

Pulmonary embolism (PE), 133 Pulmonary function, 695

Q

QRNG. See Quinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Quality of life (QOL), 448, 639, 695–696, 774–775, 776

QUASAR Collaborative Group, 438 Questran®, 250

Quinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae (QRNG), 258

R

Radiation, 440–441, 655–656 -associated fistulas, 211 -induced bowel injury, 615–617 therapy, 223, 344, 433, 489–490 Radiofrequency ablation (RFA), 472 Radiography, 148

Radionuclide imaging, 91–93 transits, 54

Radiotherapy, 438–439, 440, 441–442 RAER. See Rectoanal excitatory reflex RAIR. See Rectoanal inhibitory reflex Randomized, controlled trials (RCTs), 764,

765–767

Rapid plasma reagin (RPR), 259–260 Rating Form of Inflammatory Bowel

Disease Patient Concerns, 775 RBRVS. See Resource-based relative value

system

RCA. See Right colic artery

RCTs. See Randomized, controlled trials Rectal atresia (high atresia), 18, 718, 720 Rectal cancer

adjuvant therapy for, 439–443 advanced/locally recurrent

multimodality therapy for, 454–459 summary on, 459

clinical evaluation of, 405–408 conclusions on, 409

distant metastases of, 408–409 ERUS and, 106–107, 407–408 laparoscopy and, 703

locally advanced/recurrent, 450 preoperative evaluation/patient

selection and, 451–452 resectability of, 452–454 summary on, 459

local/regional staging of, 406–408 surgical management of

anatomic/biologic issues with, 416–417

distal/radial margins and, 418–420 imaging and, 414–415

local excision techniques for, 424–432 operational procedures in, 417–418 patient evaluation and, 413–414 preparation for, 415–416 rectal excision techniques for,

420–424

treatments for, 432–433 Rectal diverticula, 277 Rectal foreign bodies, 332–333 Rectal injuries

anatomy of, 328

antibiotic prophylaxis for, 330–331 diagnosis of, 328

epidemiology of, 328

operative management of, 329–330 scale, 328, 329

wound management of, 330 Rectal neoplasms

assessment of, 102–105 uT4 lesions as, 105 uT1 lesions as, 103–104 uT3 lesions as, 104 uT2 lesions as, 104 uT0 lesions as, 103

Rectal organ injury scale, 328, 329 Rectal prolapse, 724

laparoscopy and, 700, 702 patient evaluation for, 665–666 surgical procedures for, 666

abdominal, 669–675 conclusions on, 675 perineal, 667–669 Rectal sensation, 43, 47 Rectal sleeve advancement, 219 Rectoanal excitatory reflex (RAER),

35–36

Rectoanal inhibitory reflex (RAIR) anal canal and, 35, 36

in manometry, 45–46

Rectoceles, 37–38, 49, 50, 687–688 Rectum, 706

anus and, 4

anal canal/lymphatic drainage/venous drainage of, 6–7

anatomic relations of, 5 embryology of, 16, 17 fascial relationship of, 5–6 innervation of, 7–9 lateral ligaments/stalks of, 5 presacral fascia of, 5–6 rectosacral fascia of, 6 urogenital considerations for, 6 visceral pelvic fascia of Denonvilliers

and, 6 Red meat, 338 Reflexes, 42, 43

Relative risk reduction (RRR), 772 Relative Value Update Committee (RUC),

730

Renal functions, 121

Resection, 589. See also Abdominoperineal resection

abdominal transsacral, 432 laparoscopy and, 431 for liver metastasis, 470–472 low anterior, 413, 423 Reservoir, 36

Residency Review Committees (RRC), 780 Resource-based relative value system

(RBRVS), 727 Respiratory tract, 121

Resting pressure, 41–42, 44–45 Reversed rotation, 19

RFA. See Radiofrequency ablation Rhomboid flap, 232–233

Right colic artery (RCA), 601 Rigid proctosigmoidoscope

complications associated with, 60 contraindications for, 59

indications for, 59, 59 positioning in, 59 preparations for, 59 techniques for, 58–60 Ripstein procedure, 671, 672 Risk assessment

for colorectal diseases, 118

perioperative scoring systems, 116–117 for postoperative morbidity/mortality

APACHE as, 118

ASA classification system as, 117 other scoring systems as, 118 PNI as, 117

POSSUM as, 118 P-POSSUM as, 118

for specific organ system complications cardiac risk as, 117

respiratory risk as, 117 Rome II criteria, 275, 276, 678, 683 Royal College of Chest Physicians, 121 Royal College of Surgeons of Great Britain,

782

RPR. See Rapid plasma reagin