Bibliografia
1. Bauer R, Foster S (1989) HPLC analysis of Echinacea simulata and E. paradoxa roots. Planta Medica 55: 637
2. Flannery MA (1999) From Rudbeckia to Echinacea: The emergence of the purple cone flower in modern therapeutics. Pharmacy in History 41: 52-69
3. Foster S (1996) Echinacea: The Purple Coneflowers. American Botanical Council, Austin TX
4. Hurlbert D (1999) Endangered Echinacea: What threat, which species, and where? UpS Newsletter 4-6
5. McGregor RL (1968) The taxonomy of the genus Echinacea (Compositae). University of Kansas Science Bullettin 48: 113-142 6. Laasonen M, Harmia-Pulkkinen T, Simard CL, Michiels E, Räsänen
M, Vuorela H (2002) Fast identification of Echinacea purpurea dried roots using near-infrared spectroscopy. Analytical Chemistry 74(11):2493-9
7. Bruni A (1999) Farmacognosia Generale e Applicata. Ed. Piccin Nuova Libreria SpA, Padova 12:314-315
8. Binns SE, Hudson J, Merali S, Arnason JT (2002) Antiviral activity of characterized extracts from Echinacea spp. (Heliantheae:
Asteraceae) against herpes simplex virus (HSV-I). Planta Medica 68:780-3
9. Binns SE, Livesey JF, Arnason JT, Baum BR (2002) Phytochemical variation in Echinacea from roots and flowerheads of wild and cultivated populations. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 50:3673-87
10. www.wikipedia.org
11. Percival SS (2000) Use of Echinacea in medicine. Biochemical Pharmacology 60: 153-158
12. Boni U, Patri G (1976) Le Erbe: medicinali, aromatiche, cosmetiche.
Gruppo Editoriale Fabbri Bompiani Sonzogno Etas SpA, Milano
13. Bauer R, Wagner H (1991) Echinacea species as potential immunostimulatory drugs. Economic and Medicinal Plant Research, Vol. 5. Academic Press, New York
14. Barret B (2003) Medicinal properties of Echinacea: a critical review.
Phytomedicine 10 (1):66-86
15. Morazzoni P, Cristoni A, Di Pierro F, Avanzini C, Ravarino D, Stornello S, Zucca M, Musso T (2005) In vitro and in vivo immune stimulating effects of a new standardized Echinacea angustifolia root extract (Polinacea). Fitoterapia. 76(5):401-11
16. Blumenthal M, Goldberg A, Gruenwald J, et al (1998) German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Monographs on Medicinal Plants for Human Use. Austin, Tex: American Botanical Council 17. Brevoort P (1998) The booming U.S. botanical market: a new
overview. HerbalGram. Austin, TX: American Botanical Council and the Herb Research Foundation (44):33-46
18. Mazza G, Cottrell T (1999) Volatile components of roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of Echinacea species. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 47(8):3081-5
19. Lohmann-Matthes ML, Wagner H (1989) Macrophage activation by the polysaccharide arabinogalactan isolated from plant cell cultures of Echinacea purpurea. Journal of National Cancer Institute 81(9):669-75
20. Giusti E (1992) Echinacea. In Botanica, chimica, farmacologia e terapia. Erboristeria Domani 64-67
21. Coeugniet E, Kuhnast R (1986) Recurrent candidiasis: adjuvant immunotherapy with different formulations of Echinacin®.
Therapiewoche (36):3352-3358
22. Steinmüller C, Roesler J, Gröttrup E, Franke G, Wagner H, Lohmann-Matthes ML (1993) Polysaccharides isolated from plant cell cultures of Echinacea purpurea enhance the resistance of immunosuppressed mice against systemic infections with Candida albicans and Listeria monocytogenes. International Journal of Immunopharmacology 15(5):605-14
23. Spignoli G, Mercati V, Boncompagni E (1999) Guida bibliografica ai più noti fitoterapici. Ed. Aboca, Sansepolcro (AR)
24. Chithra P, Sajithal GB, Chandrakasan G (1998) Influence of Aloe vera on the glycosaminoglycans in the matrix of healing dermal wounds in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. (59):179-186
25. Speroni E, Covoni P, Guizzardi S, Renzulli C, Guerra MC (2002) Anti-inflammatory and cicatrizing activity of Echinacea pallida Nutt.
root extract. J. Ethnopharmacol. 79 (2):265-272
26. Okasala O, Salo T, Tammi R, Hakkinen L, Jalkkanen M, Inki P, Larjava H (1995) Expression of proteoglycans and hyaluronan during wound healing. J. Histochem. Cytochem. (43):125-135
27. Tragni E, Tubaro A, Melis S, Galli CL (1985) Evidance from two classic irritation test for anti-infiammatory action of a natural extract, Echinacina B. Food Chem. Toxicol. 23 (2):317-319
28. Tragni E, Galli CL, Tubaro A, Del Negro P, Della Loggia R (1988).
Anti-infiammatory activity of E. angustifolia fraction separated on the basis of molecolar weight. Pharmacol. Res. Commun. 20 (5):87- 90
29. Clifford LJ, Nair MG, Rana J, Dewitt DL (2002) Bioactivity of alkammides isolated from Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench.
Phytomedicine 9 (3):249-253
30. Raso GM, Pacilio M, Di Carlo G, Esposito E, Pinto L, Meli R (2002) In-vivo and in-vitro anti-inflammatory effect of Echinacea purpurea and Hypericum perforatum. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 54 (10):1379- 1383
31. Wacker A, Hilbig W (1978) Virus inhibition by Echinacea purpurea.
Planta Med. (33):89-102
32. Bodinet C, Beuscher N (1991) Antiviral and immunological activity of glycoproteins from Echinacea purpurea radix. Planta Med. 57 (S2):A33
33. Facino RM, Carini M, Aldini G, Saibene L, Pietta P, Mauri P (1995)Echinacoside and caffeoyl conjugates protect collagen from free radical-induced degradation: a potential use of Echinacea extracts in the prevention of skin photodamage. Planta Med.
(61):510-514
34. Cheminat A, Zawatzky R, Becker H, Brouillard R (1998) Caffeoyl coniugates from Echinacea species: structure and biological activity.
Phytochemistr. (27):2787-94
35. Robinson JrWe, Reinecke ME, Abdel-Malek S, Jia Q, Chow SA (1996) Inhibitors of HIV-1 replication that inhibit HIV integrase. Proc. Nat.
Acad. Sci. (93):6326-31
36. Mc Dougall B, King PJ, Wu BW, Hostomsky Z, Reinecke MG, Robinson WE Jr (1998) Dicaffeoylquinic and dicaffeoyltartaric acids are selective inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42 (1):140-146
37. Hu C, Kitts DD (2000) Studies on the antioxidant activity of Echinacea root extract. J. Agric. Food Chem. (48):1466-1472
38. Harborne JB (1986) Nature, distribution and function of plant flavonoids. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. (213):15-24
39. Wagner H, Jurcic K (1991) Immunologic of plant combination preparations. In-vitro and in-vivo studies on the stimulation of Phagocytosis. Arzneimittelforschung (41):1072-1076
40. Vomel T (1983) Der einfluss eines pflanzelischen Immunostimulans auf die Phagozytose von Erythozyten durch das retikulohistozytare System der isoliert pergundierten Rattenleeber.
Arzneimittelforschung (35):1437-1439
41. Schoneberger D (1992) Influence of the immunostimulating effects of the pressed juice of Echinacea purpurea on the duration and intensity of the common cold: results of a double-blind clinical trial.
Forum Immunol. (2):18-22
42. Melchart D, Wattner E, Brandmaier KL, Lerosch R (1998).
Echinacea root extracts for the prevention of upper respiratory tract infections. Arch. Family Med. (7):541-545
43. Luettig B, Steinmuller C, Gifford GE, Wagner H Lohmann ML (1989) Macrophage activation by the polysaccharide arabinogalactan isolated from plant cell cultures of Echinacea purpurea. J. Natl.
Cancer Inst. (81):669-675
44. Roesler J, Emmendorffer A, Stenmuller C, Luettig B, Wagner H, Lohmann-Matthes MLJ (1991) Application of purified polysaccharides from cell cultures of the plant Echinacea purpurea to test subjects mediates activation of phagocyte system. J.
Immunopharmacol. (13):931-94
45. Schwarz E, Metzeler J, Diedrich JP, Freudenstein J, Bode C, Bode JC (2002) Oral administration of freshly expressed juice of
Echinacea purpurea herbs fail to stimulate the nonspecific immune response in healthy young men: results of a double-blind, placebo- controlled crossover study. J. Immunother. 25 (5):413-420
46. Sloley, D. B., Urichuk, L., Tywin, C., Coutts, R., Pang, P. K., Shan J. J.
Comparison of chemical components and antioxidant capacity of different Echinacea species. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 2001, 53: 849-857.
47. Bone, K. Echinacea: what makes it work? Alt. Med. Rev., 1997, 2 (2):
87-93.
48. Pietta, P., Mauri, P., Bauer, R. (1998) MEKC analysis of different species. Planta Med. 64: 649-652
49. Wills, R. B. H., Stuart, D. L. (1999) Alkyammide and cichoric acid levels in Echinacea purpurea grown in Australia. Food Chem. 67: 385- 388.
50. Nusslein, B., Kurzmann, M. Bauer, R., Kreis, W. (2000) Enzymatic degradation of cichoric acid in Echinacea purpurea preparations. J.
Nat. Prod. 63: 1615-1618.
51. Perry N. B., Burgess, E. J., Glennie, V. A. Echinacea standardition:
analitical methods for phenolic compounds and typical levels in medicinal spcies. J. Agric. Food
52. Bauer, R. (1997) Echinacea – Pharmazeutische qualitat und therapeutischer wert. Z. Phytother. 18: 207-214.
53. Blaschek, W., Doll, M., Franz, G. (1998) Echinacea – polysaccaride. Z.
Phytother. 19: 255-262.
54. Classen, B., Witthohn, K., Blaschek, W. (2000) Characterisation of an arabinogalactan-protein isolated from pressed juice of Echinacea purpurea by precipitation with the -glucosyl Yariv reagent. Carbohydr.
Res. 327: 497-504.
55. Bauer, R., Wagner, H. (1988) Echinacea – der sonnenhut – stand der forschung. Z. Phytother. 9: 151-159.
56. Bauer, R., Wagner, H. (1990) Echinacea. Ein handbuch fur arzte, apotheker und andere naturwissenschaftler. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart
57. Bauer, R., Remiger, P., Wagner, H. (1989) Alkammides from the roots of Echinacea angustifolia. Phytochemistry. 28: 505-508
58. Lienert, D., Anklam, E., Panne, U. (1998) Gas chromatography-mass spactral analysis of roots of Echinacea species and classification by multivariate data analysis. Phytochem. Anal. 9: 88-89.
59. Hudaib, M., Fiori, J., Bellardi, M. G., Rubies-Autonell, C., Cavrini, V.
GC-MS analysis of the lipophilic principles of Echinacea purpurea and evaluation of cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) infection. J.
Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 2002, 29:1053-1060.
60. Stimpel M, Proksch A, Wagner H, Lohmann-Matthes ML (1984) Macrophage activation and induction of macrophage cytotoxicity by purified polysaccharide fractions from the plant Echinacea purpurea. Infect Immun 46 (3):845-9
61. Müller-Jakic B, Breu W, Pröbstle A, Redl K, Greger H, Bauer R (1994) In vitro inhibition of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase by
alkammides from Echinacea and Achillea species. Planta Med 60 (1):37-40
62. Wagner H (1989) Search for new plant constituents with potential antiphlogistic and antiallergic activity. Planta Med 55 (3):235-41 63. Kelly GS (1989) 'Brittle' diabetes. J R Coll Gen Pract 39 (323):260 64. Bauer R, Hoheisel O, Stuhlfauth I, Wolf H (1999) Extract of the
Echinacea purpurea herb: an allopathic phytoimmunostimulant.
Wien Med Wochenschr 149 (8-10):185-9
65. Chicca A, Adinolfi B, Martinotti E, Fogli S, Breschi MC, Pellati F, Benvenuti S, Nieri P (2007) Cytotoxic effects of Echinacea root hexanic extracts on human cancer cell lines. J Ethnopharmacol 110 (1):148-53
66. Fogli S, Nieri P, Chicca A, Adinolfi B, Mariotti V, Iacopetti P, Breschi MC, Pellegrini S (2006) Cannabinoid derivatives induce cell death in pancreatic MIA PaCa-2 cells via a receptor-independent mechanism.
FEBS Lett 580 (7):1733-9
67. Hinz B, Woelkart K, Bauer R (2007) Alkammides from Echinacea inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 activity in human neuroglioma cells.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun 360 (2):441-6
68. Razina TG, Lopatina KA, Zueva AM, Gur'ev AM, Krylova SG, Amosova EN (2007) Effect of Echinacea purpurea tincture and its polysaccharide complex on the efficacy of cytostatic therapy of transferred tumors. Eksp Klin Farmakol 70 (3):33-5
69. Meijerman I, Beijnen JH, Schellens JH (2006) Herb-drug interactions in oncology: focus on mechanisms of induction. Oncologist 11 (7):742-52
70. Sparreboom A, Chen H, Acharya MR, Senderowicz AM, Messmann RA, Kuwabara T, Venzon DJ, Murgo AJ, Headlee D, Sausville EA, Figg WD (2004) Effects of alpha1-acid glycoprotein on the clinical pharmacokinetics of 7-hydroxystaurosporine. Clin Cancer Res 10 (20):6840-6
71. Kiessling R, Petranyi G, Klein G, Wigzel H (1975) Genetic variation of in vitro cytolytic activity and in vivo rejection potential of non- immunized semi-syngeneic mice against a mouse lymphoma line. Int J Cancer 15 (6):933-40
72. Lotzová E, Savary CA (1986) Pyrimidinones: inducers of NK cell activity and antitumor immunity. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 9 (2-3):185-91
73. Subbaramaiah K, Dannenberg AJ (2003) Cyclooxygenase 2: a molecular target for cancer prevention and treatment. Trends Pharmacol Sci 24 (2):96-102
74. Raduner S, Majewska A, Chen JZ, Xie XQ, Hamon J, Faller B, Altmann KH, Gertsch J (2006) Alkylammides from Echinacea are a new class of cannabinomimetics. Cannabinoid type 2 receptor- dependent and -independent immunomodulatory effects. J Biol Chem 281 (20):14192-206
75. Gertsch J, R, Kuenzle U, Suter A (2004) Echinacea alkylammides modulate TNF-alpha gene expression via cannabinoid receptor CB2 and multiple signal transduction pathways. FEBS Lett 577 (3):563-9 76. Matsunaga H, Katano M, Yamamoto H, Fujito H, Mori M, Takata K
(1990) Cytotoxic activity of polyacetylene compounds in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 38 (12):3480-2
77. Matsunaga H, Katano M, Saita T, Yamamoto H, Mori M (1994) Potentiation of cytotoxicity of mitomycin C by a polyacetylenic alcohol, panaxytriol. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 33 (4):291-7 78. Nguyen H, Zhang S, Morris ME (2003) Effect of flavonoids on MRP1-
mediated transport in Panc-1 cells. J Pharm Sci 92 (2):250-7
79. Allen SW, Mueller L, Williams SN, Quattrochi LC, Raucy J (2001) The use of a high-volume screening procedure to assess the effects of dietary flavonoids on human cyp1a1 expression. Drug Metab Dispos 29 (8):1074-9
80. Ciolino HP, Yeh GC (1999) Inhibition of aryl hydrocarbon-induced cytochrome P-450 1A1 enzyme activity and CYP1A1 expression by resveratrol. Mol Pharmacol 56 (4):760-7
81. See DM, Broumand N, Sahl L, Tilles JG (1997) In vitro effects of echinacea and ginseng on natural killer and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity in healthy subjects and chronic fatigue syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients.
Immunopharmacology 35 (3):229-35
82. Parnham MJ (1996) Sodium cromoglycate and nedocromil sodium in the therapy of asthma, a critical comparison. Pulm Pharmacol 9 (2):95-105
83. Skwarek T (1979) Effect of plant extracts on the growth of influenza viruses. I. Effect of plant extracts on the growth of influenza viruses in cultures of chick embryo fibroblasts and in chick embryos. Acta Pol Pharm 36 (5):605-12
84. Goel V, Chang C, Slama JV, Barton R, Bauer R, Gahler R, Basu TK (2002) Alkylammides of Echinacea purpurea stimulate alveolar macrophage function in normal rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2 (2- 3):381-7
85. Randolph RK, Gellenbeck K, Stonebrook K, Brovelli E, Qian Y, Bankaitis-Davis D, Cheronis J (2003) Regulation of human immune gene expression as influenced by a commercial blended Echinacea product: preliminary studies. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 228(9):1051-6 86. Stevens A, Lowe J (2001) Anatomia Patologica. Elsevier.
87. Stevenson LM, Matthias A, Banbury L, Penman KG, Bone KM, Leach DL, Lehmann RP (2005) Modulation of macrophage immune responses by Echinacea. Molecules 10 (10):1279-85
88. Hobbs AJ, Higgs A, Moncada S (1999) Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase as a potential therapeutic target. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol (39):191-220
89. Wang Y, Marsden PA (1995) Nitric oxide synthases: gene structure and regulation. Adv Pharmacol (34):71-90
90. Xie QW, Kashiwabara Y, Nathan C (1994) Role of transcription factor NF-kappa B/Rel in induction of nitric oxide synthase. J Biol Chem 269 (7):4705-8
91. Förstermann U, Gath I, Schwarz P, Closs EI, Kleinert H (1995) Isoforms of nitric oxide synthase. Properties, cellular distribution and expressional control. Biochem Pharmacol 50 (9):1321-32
92. Rininger JA, Kickner S, Chigurupati P, McLean A, Franck Z (2000) Immunopharmacological activity of Echinacea preparations following simulated digestion on murine macrophages and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Leukoc Biol 68 (4):503-10
93. Bauer R (1998) Plant immunostimulants in self-medication. Pharm Unserer Zeit 27 (4):144-57
94. Miller SC (2005) Echinacea: a Miracle Herb against Aging and Cancer? Evidence In vivo in Mice. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2 (3):309–314
95. Hauer J, Anderer FA (1993) Mechanism of stimulation of human natural killer cytotoxicity by arabinogalactan from Larix occidentalis. Cancer Immunol Immunother 36 (4):237-44
96. Stein GM, Edlund U, Pfüller U, Büssing A, Schietzel M (1999) Influence of polysaccharides from Viscum album L. on human lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes in vitro. Anticancer Res 19 (5B):3907-14
97. Bauer R, Wagner H (1996) New results in the analysis of Echinacea roots. Sci. Pharm. (55):159-161
98. Tamta, H., Pugh, N. D., Balachandran, P., Moraes, R., Sumiyanto J.
and Pasco D. S. (2008) Variability in in Vitro Macrophage Activation by Commercially Diverse Bulk Echinacea Plant Material Is Predominantly Due to Bacterial Lipoproteins and Lipopolysaccharides
99. Pugh, N. D.; Tamta, H.; Balachandran, P.; Wu, X.; Howell, J.;
Dayan, F. E.; Pasco, D. S. The majority of in itro macrophage activation exhibited by extracts of some immune enhancing
botanicals is due to bacterial lipoproteins and ipopolysaccharides.
Int. Immunopharmacol. 2008, 8, 1023–1032.
100. Ezendam, J.; van Loveren, H. Probiotics: mmunomodulation andevaluation of safety and efficacy. Nutr. Re . 2006, 64, 1–14.
101. Chiang, B. L.; Sheih, Y. H.; Wang, L. H.; Liao, C. K.; Gill, H. S.
Enhancing immunity by dietary consumption of a probiotic lacticacid bacterium (Bifidobacterium lactis HN019): Optimization anddefinition of cellular immune responses. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr.
2000,54, 849–855.
102. Hirose, Y.; Murosaki, S.; Yamamoto, Y.; Yoshikai, Y.; Tsuru, T. Daily intake of heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum L-137 augmentsacquired immunity in healthy adults. J. Nutr. 2006, 136, 3069–3073.
103. Gertsch, J. (2008) Immunomodulatory Lipids in Plants: Plant Fatty Acid Amides and the Human Endocannabinoid System
104. Brinkeborn, R.M., Shah, D.V. and Degenring, F.H. (1999) Phytomedicine 6, 1–6.
105. Gertsch, J., Guttinger, M., Sticher, O. and Heilmann, J. (2002) Pharm. Res. 19, 1236–1242.
106. Klein, T.W., Newton, C., Larsen, K., Lu, L., Perkins, I., Nong, L. and Friedman, H. (2003) J. Leukoc. Biol. 74, 486–496.
107. Xie, X. Q., Chen, J. Z., and Billings, E. M. (2003) Proteins 53, 307–
319
108. Chen, J.-Z., Han, X.-W., and Xie, X.-Q. (2005) Life Sci. 76, 2053–
2069
109. McAllister, S. D., Rizvi, G., Anavi-Goffer, S., Hurst, D. P., Barnett- Norris, J., Lynch, D. L., Reggio, P. H., and Abood, M. E. (2003) J.
Med. Chem. 46, 5139–5152
110. Lograno, M. D., and Romano, M. R. (2004) Eur. J. Pharmacol. 494, 55–62
111. Shoemaker, J. L., Ruckle, M. B., Mayeux, P. R., and Prather, P. L.
(2005) J. Pharmacol.Exp. Ther. 315, 828–838
112. Makriyannis, A., Tian, X., and Guo, J. (2005) Prost. Lipid Med. 77, 210–218
113. Bohlmann F, Zdero C, Suwita A. Weitere Amide aus der Tribus Anthemideae. Chem Ber. 1974; 107: 1038–43
114. Achenbach H, Fietz W, Worth J, Waibel R, Portecop J. Constituents of tropical medicinal plants, IXX1 GC/MS-investigations of the constituents of Piper amalago – 30 new ammides of the piperine- type. Planta Med 1986; 52: 12–8
115. Nakatani N, Inatani R, Ohta H, Nishioka A. Chemical constituents o peppers (Piper spp.) and application to food preservation: natural occurring antioxidative compounds. Environ Health Perspect 1986 67: 135–42
116. Muhammad I, Zhao J, Dunbar DC, Khan IA. Constituents of Lepidium meyenii `maca'. Phytochemistry 2002; 59: 105–10
117. Dembitsky VM, Shkrob I, Rozentsvet OA. Fatty acid ammides from fresh-water green alga Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum.
Phytochemistry 2000;54: 965–7
118. Sitachitta N, GerwickWH. Grenadadiene and grenadammide, cyclopropyl-containing fatty acid metabolites fromthemarine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. J Nat Prod 1998; 61: 681–684 119. Bauer R, Remiger P, Wagner H. New alkammides from Echinacea
angustifolia and E. purpurea roots. Planta Med 1988; 54: 563–4 120. Lopez-Bucio J, Acevedo-Hernandez G, Ramirez-Chavez E, Molina-
Torres J, Herrera-Estrella L. Novel signals for plant development.
Curr Opin Plant Biol 2006; 9: 523–9
121. Chapman KD. Emerging physiological roles for N-acylphos ethanolammine metabolism in plants: signal transduction a
brane protection. Chem Phys Lipids 2000; 108: 221–9
122. Ramirez-Chavez E, Lopez-Bucio J, Herrera-Estrella L,Molina-Torres J. Alkammides isolated fromplants promote growth and alter root development in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 2004; 134: 1058–68
123. Lopez-Bucio J, Millan-Godinez M, Mendez-Bravo A, Morquecho- Contreras A, Ramirez-Chavez E, Molina-Torres J et al. Cytokinin receptors are involved in alkammide regulation of root and shoot development in Arabidopsis thaliana Plant Physiol; 2007, in press 124. Raduner S, Chicca A, Feyen F, Khan I, Altmann K-H, Gertsch J.
Explora tion of natural and synthetic N-alkyl ammides as source for new lea structures to target the endocannabinoid system. ICRS meeting 2007, Saint Sauveur, Canada:
125. Jonsson KO, Vandevoorde S, Lambert DM, Tiger G, Fowler CJ.
Effects of homologues and analogues of palmitoylethanolammide upon the inactivation of the endocannabinoid anandammide. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 133: 1263–75
126. McKinney MK, Cravatt BF. Structure-based design of a FAAH variant that discriminates between the N-acyl ethanolammine and taurine families of signaling lipids. Biochemistry 2006; 45: 9016–22
127. Woelkart K, Xu W, Pei Y, Makriyannis A, Picone RP, Bauer R. The endocannabinoid system as a target for alkammides from Echinacea angustifolia roots. Planta Med 2005; 71: 701–5
128. Cravatt BF, Lichtman AH. Fatty acid ammide hydrolase: an emerging therapeutic target in the endocannabinoid system. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2003; 7: 469–75
129. Lin S, Khanolkar AD, Fan P, Goutopoulos A, Qin C, Papahadjis D et al. Novel analogues of arachidonylethanolammide (anandammide):
affinities for the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors andmetabolic stability. J Med Chem 1998; 41: 5353–61
130. LaLone CA, Hammer KD, Wu L, Bae J, Leyva N, Liu Y et al.
Echinacea species and alkammides inhibit prostaglandin E(2) production inRAW264.7mouse macrophage cells. J Agric Food Chem 2007; 55: 7314– 22
131. Chen Y, Fu T, Tao T, Yang J, Chang Y, Wang M et al. Macrophage activating effects of newalkammides fromthe roots of Echinacea species. J Nat Prod 2005; 68: 773–6
132. Woelkart K, Marth E, Suter A, Schoop R, Raggam RB, Koidl C et al.
Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of Echinacea purpurea preparations and their interaction with the immune system. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2006; 44: 401–8
133. Woelkart K, Bauer R. The role of alkammides as an active principle of Echinacea. Planta Med 2007; 73: 615–23
134. Turner RB, Bauer R, Woelkart K, Hulsey TC, Gangemi JD. An evaluation of Echinacea angustifolia in experimental rhinovirus infections. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 341–8
135. Schoop R, Klein P, Suter A, Johnston SL. Echinacea in the prevention of induced rhinovirus colds: a meta-analysis. Clin Ther 2006; 28: 174–83
136. Bauer, R. 1999. Chemistry, analysis and immunological investigations of Echinacea phytopharmaceuticals, p. 41–88. In H.
Wagner (ed.), Immunomodulatory agents from plants. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland.
137. Bauer, R., I. A. Khan, and H. Wagner. 1988. TLC and HPLC analysis
of Echinacea pallida and Echinacea augustifolia roots.
PlantaMed.54:426–430.
138. Melchart, D., Walther, E., Linde, K., Brandmaier, R., Lersch, C.
(1998) Echinacea root extracts for the prevention of upper respiratory tract infections. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Arch. Fam. Med. 7: 541-545
139. Turner, R. B., Riker, D. K., Gangemi, J. D. (2000) Ineffectiveness of echinacea for prevention of experimental rhinovirus colds.
140. Melchart, D., Linde, K., Worku, F., Bauer, R., Wagner, H. (1994) Immunomodulation with Echinacea – a systematic review of
controlled clinical trials. Phytomedicine 1:245-254
141. Melchart, D., Linde, K., Worku, F., Sarkady, L., Holzmann, M., Jurcic, K., Wagner, H. (1995) Results of five randomized studies on the immunomodulatory activity of preparation of upper respiratory tract infections. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial.
J. Altern. Complement. Med 7: 145-160
142. Kim, L. S., Waters, R. F., Burkholder, P.M. (2002) Immunological activity of larch arabinogalactan and Echinacea: a preliminary, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Altern. Med. Rev.
7: 138-149
143. Shah, S. A., Sander, S., White, C. M., Rinaldi, M., Coleman, C.I.
Lancet Infect Dis 2007 7: 473-480
144. Jackson GG, Dowling HF, Spiesman IG, Boand AV.Transmission of the common cold to volunteers under controlled conditions. I. The common cold as a clinical entity. AMA Arch Intern Med.
1958;101:267-278.
145. Bardin PG, Sanderson G, Robinson BS, et al. Experimental rhinovirus infection in volunteers. Eur RespirJ.1996;9:2250-2255.
146. Sperber SJ, Shah LP, Gilbert RD, et al. Echinacea purpurea
For prevention of experimental rhinovirus colds. Clin Infect Dis.
2004;38:1367-1371.
147. Schoeneberger D. The influence of the immunostimulating effects of pressed juice from Echinacea purpurea on the course and severity of cold infections [in German]. Forum Immunologle.
1992;8:18-22.
148. TaylorJA, Weber W, Standish L, et al. Efficacy and safety of echinacea in treating upper respiratory tract infections in children: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003; 290:2824- 2830.
149. Schulten B, Bulitta M, Brigitta B, Koster U, Schafer M. Effi cacy ofEchinacea purpurea in patients with a common cold: a
placebocontrolled,randomised, double-blind clinical trial.Arzneimittelforschung 2001; 51: 563–68.
150. Grimm W, Muller HH. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of fluid extract of Echinacea purpurea on the incidence and severity of colds and respiratory infections. Am J Med 1999; 106: 138–43.
151. Berg A, Northoff H, Konig D, et al. Infl uence of echinacin (EC31) treatment on the exercise-induced immune response in athletes. J Clin Res 1998; 1: 367–80.
152. Blumenthal M, Hall T, Goldberg A, et al, eds. The ABC clinical guide to herbs. Austin, TX: American Botanical Council, 2003.
153. Hoheisel O, Sandberg M, Bertram S, Bulitta M, Schafer M.
Echinaguard treatment shortens the course of the common cold: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Eur J Clin Res 1997;
9:261–69.
154. Linde K, Barrett B, Wolkart K, Bauer R, Melchart D. Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 1: CD000530
155. Melchart D, Linde K, Fischer P, KaesmayrJ. Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane
Database Syst Rev. 2000;3:CD000530
156. Barnes, J., Anderson, l. a., Gibbons, S., Phillipson J. D. Echinacea species (Echinacea angustifolia (DC) Hell., Echinacea pallida (Nutt) Nutt., Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench): a review of their chemistry, pharmacology and clinical properties. JPP 2005, 57: 929-954
157. Cohen, H. A., Varsano, I., Kahan, E., Sarrel, M., Uziel, Y. (2004) Effectiveness of herbal preparation containing Echinacea, propolis, and vitamin C in preventing respiratory tract infections in children.
A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study.
Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 158: 217-221.
158. Lindenmuth, G. F., Lindenmuth, E. B. (2000) The efficacy of Echinacea compound herbal tea preparation on the severity and duration of upper respiratory and flu symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J. Altern. Complement. Med.
6: 327-334
159. Barret, B. P., Brown, R. L., Locken, K., Maberry, R., Bobula J. A., D’
Alessio, D. (2002) Treatment of the common cold with undefined echinacea. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Ann.
Intern. Med. 137: 939-946
160. Spasov, A. A., Ostrovskij, o. v., Chernikov, M. V., Wikman, G. (2004) Comparative controlled study of Andrographis panicuata fixed combination, Kan Jang and Echinacea preparation as adjuvant in the treatment of uncomplicated respiratory disease in children.
Phitother. Res. 18: 47-53
161. Yale, S. H., Liu, K. (2004) Echinaceapurpurea therapy for the treatment of the common cold: a randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled clinical trial. Arch. Intren. Med. 164: 1237-1241
162. Perry, N. B., Van Klink, J. W., Burgess, E. J., Parmenter, G. A.
(1997) Alkammide levels in Echinacea purpurea: rapid analytical method revealing differences among roots, rhizomes, stems,leaves,and flowers. Planta Med. 63: 58-62.
163. Tobler, M., Krienbuhl, H., Egger, M., Maurer, C., Buhler, U. (1994) Characteristics of whole fresh plant extracts. Schweiz. Z. Ganzheits Med. 6: 257-266
164. Gray, D. E., Pallardy, S. G., Garrett, H. E., Rottinghaus, G. E. (2003) Acute drought stress and plant age effects on alkylammide and phenolic acid contenent in purple coneflower roots. Planta Med. 69:
50-55
165. Perry, N. B. (2000) Alkammide levels in Echinacea purpurea: effects of processing drying and storage. Planta Med. 66: 54-56
166. Kabganian, R., Carrier, D. J. , Sokansanij, S. (2002) Drying of Echinacea angustifolia roots. J. Herbs Spices Med. Plants 10: 11-19 167. European scientific co-operative and Phitotherapy 2003
168. ConsumerLab 2003
169. Gilroy, C.M., Steiner, J. F., Byers, T., Shapiro, H., Georgian, W.
(2003) Echinacea and truth in labelling. Arch. Intern. Med. 61: 699- 704
