• Non ci sono risultati.

Luciano Fanti and Luca Gori

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Condividi "Luciano Fanti and Luca Gori"

Copied!
35
0
0

Testo completo

(1)

Discussion Papers

Collana di

E-papers del Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche – Università di Pisa

Luciano Fanti and Luca Gori

The dynamics of a Bertrand duopoly with differentiated products and bounded rational firms revisited

Discussion Paper n. 120

2011

(2)

Discussion Paper n. 120: presentato Settembre 2011

Luciano Fanti

Department of Economics, University of Pisa Via Cosimo Ridolfi, 10, I–56124 Pisa (PI), Italy e-mail address: lfanti@ec.unipi.it

tel.: +39 050 22 16 369 fax: +39 050 22 16 384

Luca Gori

Department of Law and Economics “G.L.M. Casaregi”, University of Genoa Via Balbi, 30/19, I–16126 Genoa (GE), Italy

e-mail address: luca.gori@unige.it

tel.: +39 010 209 95 03 fax: +39 010 209 55 36

© Luciano Fanti e Luca Gori

La presente pubblicazione ottempera agli obblighi previsti dall’art. 1 del decreto legislativo luogotenenziale 31 agosto 1945, n. 660.

(3)

!

" #

$ % &'($()( * + ' , -

. / 0 ' "' #

!"# # $ # % # & # # ' # ! (

) # * + !# ,-. //"#

0 12

0 # 1

0 1

1 3 # #

# 4 5 "#

60 1 7

8 ) 8 % 8 % 8 9

): 8 %, 8 4;

< 1 = lfanti@ec.unipi.it fanti.luciano@gmail.com8 = > ! / ;: :!8 5=

> ! / ;: -,

<< ) 1 =luca.gori@unige.it dr.luca.gori@gmail.com8 = > !

; ! !/ 8 5= > ! ; ! // :

(4)

,

!" # (

;-- " "

!";

?

* @ # ;!-,"# #

!"#

A ( #

A #

+ #

0 5 1

"= ;" 5

1 # " 60 1 7

+ # A

# 12

0 A ( #

A

3 # 5

# 1

0 " 6 7 6 7

0 #

# A

( *

*

60 1 7

* ,

$"

* A

;-- " #

5 =

( 1 # 5

y# # ;

# 4 pi qi

iB 0 # # i=

{ }

1,2

;+ C ;! !"

) ;! "

#

!" 3 1

(5)

/

( 5 q

y V

( )

q;y #

( 5 V

( ) ( )

q;y =U q + y

0 D p1q1+ p2q2+ y=M #

(

q1, q2

)

q= # q1 q2 1 M B 5

( U

( )

q

0 # # *

@ # ;!-,# //;.// " * V

( )

q;y y#

(

# B

qi 5 U

( )

qp1q1p2q2 +M E 5 # #

# i 0 "=

( )

q

q P

p U i

i

i =

= ∂ # qi >0 i=

{ }

1,2 F

# 0 i "= qi =Qi

( )

p #

(

p1, p2

)

p= p1 p2 1

( A # 0

5 1 2 ( #

( #

0 % 5 ;!G!"

0 # # * @ ;!-,"# @ ;!-/"#

& ;!!G"# CH A "# ) 14I 2 ," ? 3

; " (

( # q

=

( ) (

qi qj aqi qj

) (

qi qj dqiqj

)

U 2

2

, = + −1 2+ 2 + # ;"

>0

a A −1<d <1

*

d F d =0# 1 2

( A 8

=1

d # 1 2 # #

# B 0 2

0

A 0 "8 0<d<1

( #

0 # 5 d 8

d 1 2 #

−1

= d

( 1 2

5 J0 ;" 0 #

D p1q1+ p2q2+ y=M # pi

( )

qi,qj =aqi dqj

( #

1 2# =

(

1 2

)

1 2

1 p,q a p dq

q = − − # ;"

(6)

:

(

2 1

)

2 1

2 p ,q a p dq

q = − − "

) J0 ;" "

=

(

1 2

)

2

[ ( )

1 2

]

1 1

1

, 1 a d p dp

p d p

q − − +

= − # ;"

(

1 2

)

2

[ ( )

2 1

]

2 1

1

, 1 a d p dp

p d p

q − − +

= − "

+ ) 14I 2 ,"# i

i "

= qi =Li# Li i +

" w≥0

( # iB =

( )

i i i

i q wL wq

C = = ,"

9 i =

(

i

)

i i

i i

i = p qwq = pw q

π /"

F B # " 5

5 F #

t 5 5 B

1 5 t+1

( # pi,t iB t=0,1,2,...# i=

{ }

1,2 ( # pi,t+1

(

1, 2, 1

)

=

1 1

,

1 argmax ,

,

1 +

+ = p t e t

t p p

p tπ # : ;"

(

e t t

)

p

t p p

p2, 1 argmax t 2 1, 1, 2,

,

2 +

+ = π : "

1 ,t+ ei

p j " t " 5

i t+1"

* J0 ;" " J0 /" q #i 5

{ }

1,2

=

i =

( )

2

[ ( )

1 2

]

1 2 1

1 1

, 1

max 1 a d p dp

d w p p

p p − − +

= −

π # G ;"

( )

2

[ ( )

2 1

]

2 2 1

2 1

, 1

max 2 a d p dp

d w p p

p p − − +

= −

π G "

( # =

( ) ( )

2 2 1

1 2 1 1

1 2 1

,

d

w dp p d a p

p p

+ +

= −

∂π # - ;"

( ) ( )

2 1 2

2 2 1 2

1 2 1

,

d

w dp p d a p

p p

+ +

= −

∂π - "

( 1 2 0

J0 - ;" - " p1 p #2 # =

( )

p

( )

p

[

a

(

d

)

dp w

]

p p

p = ⇔ = − + +

2 2

1 1

2 1

1 1

2 0 1

π , # ! ;"

( )

p

( )

p

[

a

(

d

)

dp w

]

p p

p = ⇔ = − + +

1 1

2 2

2 1

2 1

2 0 1

π , ! "

5

5 # !"

(7)

G

( #

+1 t

+ % 5 ;!-:"# D

i =

t i

i t i i t i t

i p p p

p

, , ,

1

,

+ ∂

+ = α π # ; "

>0

αi D iB

pi

E J0 ; "# 1

=

∂ + ∂

=

∂ + ∂

=

+ +

t t t

t

t t t

t

p p p

p

p p p

p

, 2

2 , 2 ,

2 1 , 2

, 1

1 , 1 , 1 1 , 1

α π α π

# ;;"

# # α12 =α ) J0 - ;"# - " ;;"

=

( )

[ ]

( )

[

+ +

]

+ −

=

+ +

− − +

=

+ +

w dp p d d a

p p p

w dp p d d a

p p p

t t t

t t

t t t

t t

, 1 , 2 2

, 2 ,

2 1 , 2

, 2 , 2 1

, 1 ,

1 1 , 1

2 1 1

2 1 1

α α

; "

( 0 5 1 ; "

1 , 1 1 ,

1 p p

p t+ = t = p2,t+1 = p2,t = p2 ( # 5 E

(

p*1, p*2

)

; "

1 =

( )

[ ]

( )

[

+ +

]

=

= + +

− −

0 2

1 1

0 2

1 1

1 2 2

2

2 2 1

1

w dp p d d a

p

w dp p d d a

p α α

# ; "

=

( )

=

[ (

)

+

]

=

[ (

)

+

]

= 1 ,0

2 , 1

2 1 ,1 0 ,

0 ,

0 1 2

0 E a d w E a d w

E # ;, ;"

( ) ( )

− +

− +

= −

d w d a d

w d E a

2 , 1 2

1

3 ;, "

J0 ;, " 0 2 0

K # #

* 2

* 1

* p p

p = = * 0 p*

J0 ;" "# J0 /"# 0

0 # =

(

ad

)(

w d

)

q − +

= −

1 2

* # ;/"

( ) ( )

(

adw

) (

+dd

)

= 2 1

1

2 2

π* ;:"

(8)

-

+ J0 ;/" a>w q* >0#

J0 ;, " ;:"

1 2 d =1" ;-- "#

0 w

( ( $ -

F 5

12 0 E3 1

; "# 5

+ # $ 5 J

0 E #3 =

( ) [ ( ) ( ) ]

( ) ( )

[

+

]

+ −

− −

− +

− −

= +

=

d p w d d a

d p d

d p d d

p w d d a

J J

J E J

J

4 1 1

1 1

4 1 1 1

1

* 2

2

*

2

*

* 2

22 21

12 11

3 α α

α α

;G"

( )

d w d p a

− +

= − 2

* 1 # J11=J22 J12 =J21 (

$ 5 ;G" =

( ) [

a

(

d

)

w p

(

d

) ]

J d J Tr

T − + − −

+ −

=

=

= 1 4

1 2 2 2

: 11 α2 * # ;-"

( ) [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ]

(

2

)

2

*

* 2

* 2

12 2 11 2

1

4 1 2

: 4

d

p w

a dp

ad d

p w

a ad J d

J J Det

D

+

− +

− + +

+

= +

=

= α α α α α α α ;!"

( ;G" =

( )

T D

G λ =λ2− λ+ # "

D T Z:= 2−4

L A #

"

$ B # # # 3 # ;!! 8 ? #

; " + #

, =

2 !"#

A #

d −1 1 F # 0 #

0 !"

# # #

=1

b # 1 2#

# !# J0 ;# ,!"# = p*=a+w # q* =a

( )

0

* =a a+w >

π L #

w ( B

,F 5

# 2 - M A # 1

(9)

!

>

=

>

+

=

>

+ +

=

0 1

: : ) (

0 1

: : ) (

0 1

: : ) (

D H

iii

D T TC

ii

D T F

i

;"

( 0 ;"#

= "

−1" F =08 "

+1" TC=08 " 2 A1* A #

5 1" H =0# D=1#

<2 T

+ $ 5 ;G"#

;" =

( )

[ ] [ ( ) [ ( ) ] ( ) ]

( ) ( )

( )

[ ] ( )

( ) ( )

[ ] [ ( ) ( ) ( ) ]

(

)

+

(

)

+ + >

= +

− >

+ +

= −

− >

+ + +

− +

− +

+

− +

= −

0 2

1

4 2

: 4 : ) (

0 2

1

2 : 1

) (

0 2

1

4 2

2 4

2 2 : 2

) (

2 2 2 2 2

2 2

2 2 2 3

2

d d

w a d

w a d

a ad

w H a

iii

d d

d w

d TC a

ii

d d

w a d

w a d

a d

w a ad F d

i

α α

α α

α

α α

α α

α

"

+ " 2 0 E3 1

; " #

" " C # " "

*

# A d F

A 5 #

# 2 # ;!!!8 L J # # ,8

# G8 !8 ( # !"

5 # D α # A

0 1 ( # 5

α# 5 E3 ; "

d

+ 2 A1* A F H "#

d 5 A F =0 H =0

( )

F,d

(

H ,d

)

# F # F

d # H d / ( #

/ ( !" F #

# w1 =w2 =w# b=1

α α

α1= 2 = # !" "

# =

[ ( ) ] { [ ( ) ] ( ) }

d

w a w

a d w F a

− + +

+ +

= +

2

4 2

2

2 α α

α #

( ) ( )

0

2

2 2

2

− >

+

= +

d d w

TC α a

( ) ( [ ) ( ) ]

d

w a w

a d w H a

− + +

+

= +

2

4 2α

α

α *

F H d# 5

(10)

; 5

1

0 0 E3

A −1<d <1

E # d F H "

#

F # E3

2 A1* A # A#

# d

* d =0

1 2 # 5

"# E3

5

# d 0 1 0

−1#

( 5 E3 ; " 2 A1

* A A

d # # F =0 H =0 F #

d # α # a

w # A #

5 E3 1 ; "

1 2 A # d =0

=1 d "

−1

=

d " ( #

12 0

A

L 5 # = α =0.5# a=3 w=0.5 :

d #

[ ( ) ]

(

aa ww

)

d d zF

+ +

+

= −

= αα

2 2 : 2

( )

[ ]

(

a aw

)

w

d d zH

+ +

= −

= 22α α

: # zH

F

z d

d < ( # 0 2 0

5 # !# //"

2 A1* A # J0 ;/"

$ 5 ; " # # !# / "

:C # 5 5 #

F H "# + ; #

# 5 E3

=0 d

(11)

;;

% ! + F d 9 = α =0.5# a=3

5 .

=0 w "

% $ 2 A1* A H d 9 =

5 .

=0

α # a=3 w=0.5"

+ ; " 2 A1* A " d

(

1,1

)

5 " d

( )

F,d

(

H ,d

)

"

* d"

d"# d1,F# d2,F# d3,F d4,F#

2 A1* A d1,H d2,H +

# + ; # # d1,F =−0.5 #

1403 .

, 0

2F =−

d # d3,F =0.3596 d4,F =0.8903 # d1,H =−0.2623 d2,H =0.7623

( #

& ! 3 * 4 *4 4 2 2 2 5 E3

2 % 1 " # - %2 d =0 " ( ( 1 2 - 2

% # 2 5 * % 2 2 6 4

(12)

;

2 5 % * - 4 4 d ( (

F

F d

d1, < 2, % - 4 4 d ( ( d3,F <d4,F (

& $ 3 * 4 *4 4 2 2 2 5 E3

2 % 1 " # - %2 d =0 2 *

4- 4 - - % * 1 2 ( ( 2 d 0

1 2 2 , 17 2 84 - 4 E3 - 5 4 2 4*2

1 4- * - 4 d3,F <d2,H % 2 (

& ' 3 * 4 *4 4 2 2 2 5 E3

2 % 1 " # - %2 d =0 2 *

- % * 1 2 ( ( 2 d 0

−1 2 2 , 17 2 84 - 4 E3 - 5 4

2 4*2 1 4- * - 4 d2,F < d1,H % 2 (

'" ( F

(

5 # #

#

# 4 5 #

F J0

; " #

1 2# A d

5 .

=0

α # a=3 w=0.5

(13)

;

% '" d F = p1,0 =0.2 p2,0 =0.3

9 = α =0.5# a=3 w=0.5"

% '" d L 0.585<d <0.598

46 . 1 65

.

0 < p* <

(14)

;,

% '" d L 0.592<d <0.5946

937 . 0 67

.

0 < p*<

% '" d L 0.624<d <0.662

46 . 1 3

.

0 < p*<

* d =0# +

# 0 # 5

(15)

;/

# d 0 1"# ; "

5 −0.1403<d <0.3596 * #

0 ; " # + E3

1403 .

, 0

1F =−

d d #

# " d2,F =0.3596

d # # "

K # d=−0.1403# d#

1 2# =

1403 . 0 2823

.

0 < <−

d 1 8 −0.3207<d <−0.2823 1

8 −0.36<d <−0.3207 ; " 0

# −0.415<d <−0.36

# 5 8 # d <−0.415

; " K # d =0.3596#

d# 1

2 # = 0.3596<d<0.588 1 8

65 . 0 588

.

0 <d < ; " 0 #

7021 . 0 65

.

0 <d< # 5

8 d >0.7021 ; "

+ 1 #

0 1 1

# !# //" + " 5

+

"

F + , / d#

+ # = " 5

1 2

d " 5

1 2 d

"

(16)

;:

"

"

(17)

;G

"

"

(18)

;-

"

"

"

(19)

;!

"

D"

(20)

A"

"

% ) ) 0<d <1 9 d

1 2 "= " d =0.59# " d =0.595#

" d =0.64# " d =0.6491 " d =0.65# " d =0.655# " d =0.675# " d =0.685# "

69 .

=0

d # D" d =0.695# A" d=0.696 " d=0.701 9 = α =0.5# a=3 5

.

=0 w "

L # #

+ 1 "# + ,1/"# 4 5 +

:" D + G G "#

60 1 7

J0 ; "

5 N #

;!-:8 3 # ;!! " F 6 1

7 #

" # A #

= ;" 1 8 " 5 "8 "

6 1 A 7"8 ," 0 1 ( #

( 0 1

# M

( A ;!G;"# 1 0 0 1

1 #

( # # # )

' A # ;!GG # # # +

# ;!- "

1 A "#G A

#

GC # %1 1 A

# 3 # ;!!G"

(21)

;

+ , 0<d <1

1 2

( d + , #

, , d =0.59 #

595 .

=0

d d =0.64 * #

M # 1

5 E3

3596 .

=0

d " d =0.589 1 2 A1* A

5 D "

F # # 1

9 N

0 # A 5

( 2 A1* A -(

0 1 1 0 "

9 N (

+ , # %1

9 N

( #

+ , # d =0.6491

"! d =0.65#

+ , ;- L d

# ;-

695 .

=0

d + , D"

L

+ #

1 2# + / 1 #

1 1 A "#

" d : 1 #

" F # d #

: 1 :

6 7 + / "# 6 7 0

-3 # 1 1

1 0 "#

#

= ;" 0 2 A1

* A 8 " 0 0 +1"

8 " 0 8 ,"

1 0 8 /" #

−1#

"8 :" 2 A1* A #

51 D #

1 2 5 "

0 1 % % 9 N "# "

C 12 A1* A # L ;!G;8 * A # ;"

!L O ;!!:# , "#

5 #

M ;1 #

"

(22)

:

+ / / ";

* + , # , A# , / 1/1

A "

F #

4 5 Le1" d F Le1 "#

60 1 7 " + : #

1 2#

" d 1 ; "

# 0 1 2

+ : + # , /

L A #

F ; "#

p1

; + G G p1 p1,0 =0.2

3 .

0 0

,

2 =

p # p1,0 =0.200001 p1,0 =0.300001 d =0.62

0 1 "# d =0.701

"# L 5 # d =0.62

# d =0.701

# 5

+ #

# O 1' A

D # #

( #

0

+ #

0 % 0 ;" .

. 1 "#

0 O ;!!:" +

% 0 "#

# # # J D * # -# ; ";;

; L A # 1 A "

0 C

0 1 d (

A1 O # ;!!:# ,/"

;;* ;!!-"# ;!!!" ? "

(23)

"

"

(24)

,

"

"

(25)

/

"

"

(26)

:

"

"

"

(27)

G D"

A"

(28)

-

"

% * ) −1<d <0 9 d

1 2 "= " d =−0.32# "

325 .

−0

=

d # " d =−0.33# " d =−0.33326348# " d =−0.34# " d =−0.355# " d =−0.362#

" d =−0.37# " d =−0.39# D" d =−0.395# A" d =−0.405 " d =−0.414 9

= α =0.5# a=3 w=0.5"

% + ( 4 5 0.585<d <0.705 "

(29)

!

% ," * p1 " F

= p1,0 =0.2 p2,0 =0.3 p1,0 =0.200001 p2,0 =0.300001 9 = α =0.5# a=3# w=0.5 d =0.622"

% ," * p1 " F

= p1,0 =0.2 p2,0 =0.3 p1,0 =0.200001 p2,0 =0.300001 9 = α =0.5# a=3# w=0.5 d =0.701"

(30)

( ( 92 % 2 84

F 5 #

# # +

3 ;;"# 5 (

i i qi = Li # Li =qi2

i (

0 # =

( )

i i i2

i q wL wq

C = = # "

# #

>0 qi

9 i =

2 i i i

i = p qwq

π ,"

+ * # 5

( ) [ ( ) ] (

=

) ( )

(

2

)

2 1

2 2

2

1 2 1 1

1

1 2 2 1

1 ,

d

p w d w

d dp d a p

p p

+

− +

− +

= −

∂π # / ;"

( ) [ ( ) ] ( ) ( )

(

2

)

2 2

2 2

1

2 2 1 2

1

1 2 2 1

1 ,

d

p w d w

d dp d a p

p p

+

− +

− +

= −

∂π / "

( # 1 1 1 2

0 J0 / ;" / " p1 p #2 #

=

( ) ( ) [ ( ) ] ( )

(

dw w

)

d w

dp d p a

p p p p

+

+

− + +

= −

∂ =

2

2 2

2 1 1

2 1 1

1 2

2 1

0 1

π , # : ;"

( ) ( ) [ ( ) ] ( )

(

dp dw w

)

d w

d p a

p p p p

+

+

− + +

= −

∂ =

2

2 1

1 2 2

2 1 2

1 2

2 1

0 1

π , : "

E 5 # 1

0 =

( ) { [ ( ) ] ( ) ( ) }

( ) { [ (

)

+

] (

+

) (

+

) }

+ −

=

+

− +

− +

− − +

=

+ +

t t

t t

t

t t

t t

t

p w d w

d dp

d a d p p

p

p w d w

d dp

d a d p p

p

, 2 2

2 ,

2 1 2 , 2 ,

2 1 , 2

, 1 2

2 ,

2 2 2

, 1 ,

1 1 , 1

1 2 2 1

1 1

1 2 2 1

1 1

α α

G"

( 5 1 G"

1 , 1 1 ,

1 p p

p t+ = t = p2,t+1= p2,t = p2 ( # 5 E

(

p*1, p*2

)

G"

1 =

( ) { [ ( ) ] ( ) ( ) }

( ) { [ (

)

+

] (

+

) (

+

) }

=

= +

− +

− +

− −

0 1

2 2 1

1 1

0 1

2 2 1

1 1

2 2

2 2 1

2 2

1 2

2 2 2

2 1

p w d w

d dp d a d p

p w d w

d dp d a d

p

α α

# -"

=

(31)

;

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

(

+ +

)

= − +

+

= −

= ,0

1 2

2 1

, 1 1

2

2 1

, 1 0 ,

0 ,

0 2

2 2 2

2 1

0 d w

w d d E a

w d

w d d E a

E # ! ;"

( )

( ) ( ) ( )

(

+

) (

++

)

− + +

+

= −

d d w

w d a d d w

w d E a

1 1

2

2 , 1

1 1

2

2

1 2 2

3 ! "

E3 0 2 0 *2 *

1

* p p

p = = *

0 p* J0 ;" "#

J0 ,"# 0 0

# =

(

w

) (

ad d

)

q = + + −

1 1

2

* # "

( )

( ) ( )

[ ]

2

2 2

*

1 1

2 1

d d w

w d a

− + +

+

= −

π ;"

$ 5 1 G"

# M ;1,

0 0 # 2

0 E3 G" 1

# d =0#

1 2

0 F # #

2 A1* A + - !"#

+ ; ;;"#

0

% - + F d "

0 " α =0.5# a=1.2 w=0.5"

(32)

% . 2 A1* A H d

" 0 " α =0.5# a=1.2 w=0.5"

( #

& ) 3 * 4 *4 4 2 2 2 5

E3 - - 8 ( " !( # " 0( # 2 % 1 " # " :#

- %2 d =0 2 * 4- 4 - - % *

1 2 ( ( 2 d 0 1 2 2 , 17 2

84 - 4 E3 ; 4 * 1 4- * - 4 4

84 2 4 (

& * 3 * 4 *4 4 2 2 2 5

E3 - - 8 ( " !( # " 0( # 2 % 1 " # " :#

- %2 d =0 2 * - % *

1 2 ( ( 2 d 0 −1 2 2 , 1

7 2 84 - 4 E3 ; 4 * 1 4- * - 4

4 84 2 4 (

(33)

% !/ d F = 2

.

0 0

,

1 =

p p2,0 =0.3 9 = α =0.5# a=1.2 w=0.5"

% !! d 0 F =

2 .

0 0

,

1 =

p p2,0 =0.3 9 = α =0.5# a=1.2 w=0.5"

'"

(34)

, !"#

A

* .

.

A # = " #

0 5 = ;" # "

60 1 7 # "

5 6 7 "8 "

# A

A # #

A A

# A 0 ; 3 # 5

1 # #

0 # A

A

&

L # C 2 # J # L L # 2 )

9 L # /; ./ ,

L # C 2 # J # L L # , )

L 3 ) ;,!# -, .-:

L # L L # 4 # J L # ? # F J # 3 # L ? # ;!G; ( (

% * 9 2 ' A 2'"=

# $ # ;-- ( N N 0 $

* ,-# ,!!./ -

N# 9 # 9 # ' # @ # ) # ;!-: K ) (

% L ( 2 ' A 2'"= 1F

# ? F # ? # 4 # ?

% % 2 * /#

;,!.;:

# ? F # 2 # L # ;!!! ?

L % ? L # /

A #

# ? F # ? # 3 # 2 # L # ;!!! * 1 A

L K M -!#

/ . G

# ? F # * # 4 # ? # 4 # ;!!- * #

3 ) * ,,# //!.

/-/

) # J # ;! ( ( 3 ) ) 3L"=

C E 9

) 14I # 3 # 2 # M L # , ( ) 1 =

J J

M ,-# :-;.:!:

; 6 7 6 7

!"

(35)

/

) # $ # ' A # $ # ;!GG L C =

5 M F = ( * L % * #

* 2 3 # ::-# ,-./:

% 5 # L O # ;!G! L

$ J ; # .

% 5 # L O # ;!-: ) F J M

G# ; G.;

J D # * # $ ) # - L 1% 0 0 1

F $ P ) # ;/:G.;/GG

J D # * # $ ) # ; & = F =

1% & 3 1% K%J * = L M L *

* 2 * * L

+ # 4 # 3 # 2 # ;; ( ) 1

J

;# . ,,

+ # 3 $ # O # 4 9 # * A # * $ # ;!- &

= 9 %# G . -:

? # ? # ; J % + J C = *

? # L # 3 # 3 # ; ) ) 5 A

J 4 ; !# G .G,

CH A # $ # L 0

$ J ( ! # . !

C # C # ;! ! * J $ !# ,;./G

& # 4 % # ;!!G K ) 0

$ J ( G/# ; . !

3 # L # ;!! ) % ( L J

) EO"= ) E 9

3 # C ( # ;!!G ( 1 0 d >3

9 M 4 G!# , ., :

M # % # ( A # + # ;!G; K )

3 9 # ;:G.;!

* A # 4 # * A # L # ( # % # ) # 4 # ; 3 &

( 2 % 9 FF * = *

* # 2 # @ # Q # ;!-, 9 0

ML2% $ J ;/# /,:.//,

@ # Q # ;!-/ K ) 0

$ J ( :# ;::.;G/

( # + # ! C

J 3 G# / . /G

# $ # % # & # # ' # G L

J 3 ,# ; -.;,-

# $ # % # & # # ' # ! (

) # * + !# ,-. //

Riferimenti

Documenti correlati

effect of an increase of the length of the retirement period on the pension benefit depends on the level of the existing age of retirement: when the age of

subsidy policies are not implemented at all. This rather counterintuitive effect occurs when the child rearing cost is sufficiently high. 11 In particular, we note that, while, on

(10) and (11) it can easily be seen that the standard results of the neoclassical growth theory hold for both cases: (i) an increased population growth will result in

To answer that question, we firstly set up a standard PAYG pension scheme and develop some analytical results as well as, to study more concretely, a numerical example. We find

From now on we assume ( and check) that the latter conditions always hold. Such conditions for the existence of a monetary economy with endogenous population deserve

In a simple OLG small open economy with endogenous fertility, endogenous labour supply and intra-family old-age support, we show, in contrast with the preceding

In contrast with models with exogenous labour supply where aspirations always reduce economic performance, we show that in a model with endogenous labour supply

In the present paper we study, in the basic OLG model (under different contexts such as a small open economy and a closed economy either with a linear