Series Editor: Jean-Louis Vincent

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Series Editor: Jean-Louis Vincent

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Berlin Heidelberg New York Hong Kong London Milan Paris Tokyo

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EVIDENCE-BASED MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS

WITH RESPIRATORY FAILURE

Volume Editors:

Andrés Esteban, MD, PhD Antonio Anzueto, MD

Chief, Intensive Care Service Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine Getafe University Hospital University of Texas

Getafe, Madrid, Spain Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio, Texas, USA Deborah J. Cook, MD

Academic Chair, Critical Care Professor of Medicine & Epidemiology

St. Joseph’s Hospital McMaster University Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Series Editor:

Jean-Louis Vincent, MD, PhD Head, Department of Intensive Care

Erasme University Hospital Brussels, Belgium

With 9 Figures and 18 Tables

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Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek

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detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.ddb.de Printed on acid-free paper.

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While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.

Production managed by A. Gösling, Heidelberg, Germany Typeset by Satz & Druckservice, Leimen, Germany Printed and bound by Mercedes-Druck, Berlin, Germany Printed in Germany

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISSN 1610-4056

ISBN 3-540-20947-6 SPIN 10974971

Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg A member of Springer Science+Business Media

Andrés Esteban, M.D, Ph.D. Antonio Anzueto, M.D.

Chief, Intensive Care Service Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine Getafe University Hospital University of Texas

Carretera de Toledo Km 12,500 Health Science Center at San Antonio 28905 Getafe, Madrid, Spain 7703 Floyd Curl Drive

San Antonio TX 78229-3900, USA Deborah J. Cook, M.D.

Academic Chair, Critical Care Professor of Medicine & Epidemiology St. Joseph’s Hospital

McMaster University

Hamilton, Ontario L8N 325, Canada

Series Editor

Prof. Jean-Louis Vincent

Head, Department of Intensive Care Erasme University Hospital

Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium

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Evidence-based Management of Patients

with Respiratory Failure: An Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . 1 A. Esteban, A. Anzueto, and D.J. Cook

Mechanical Ventilation: Epidemiology and Outcomes . . . . . . . 5 A. Esteban, N. D. Ferguson, and F. Frutos-Vivar

Ventilator Modes:

Which do we use and how should we use them? . . . . . . . . 15 F. Frutos-Vivar, N. D. Ferguson, and A. Esteban

Management of Patients with Respiratory Failure . . . . . . . 21 L. Gattinoni, D. Chiumello, and F. Vagginelli

What is the Utility of Monitoring Pulmonary Mechanics

in the Treatment of Patients with Acute Respiratory Failure? . . . 29 S. Benito, M. Subirana, J. M. García

What are the Best Methods for Weaning Patients

from Mechanical Ventilation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 S. K. Epstein

Venous Thromboembolism in the ICU: What is the Epidemiology and What are the Consequences? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

D. Cook, M. Crowther, and M. Meade

Non-invasive Ventilation: How, When, for Whom,

and What Outcome? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 L. Brochard

Pulmonary Recruitment in Acute Lung Injury . . . . . . . . . 67 L. Blanch, A. Villagra, and J. Lopez-Aguilar

Lung-Protective Ventilation Trials: A Comparison

of Physiologic Effects and Patient-important Outcomes . . . . . . 73 M. O. Meade, N. Adhikari, and K. E. Burns

List of Contributors

Adhikari N

Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine

Sunnybrook and Womens College Health Sciences Centre

2075 Bayview Ave Toronto Ontario M5S 1B2 Canada

Anzueto A

Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine University of Texas

Health Science Center at San Antonio 7703 Floyd Curl Drive

San Antonio TX 78229-3900 USA

Apezteguía C

Dept of Intensive Care Medicine Hospital Prof A Posadas Illia y Marconi El Palomar 1684 Buenos Aires Argentina

Benito S

Dept of Emergency Medicine Hospital de la Santa Crue i Sant Pau Avgda. San Antoni María Claret 167 08025 Barcelona

Spain

Blanch L

Critical Care Center Sabadell Hospital

Institut Universitari Parc Tauli (U.A.B.)

Corporacio Sanitaria Parc Tauli Parc Tauli s/n

08208 Sabadell Spain

Brochard L

Dept of Intensive Care Henri Mondor Hospital 94010 Créteil Cedex France

Burns KE

Department of Critical Care Medicine London Health Sciences Centre London

Ontario Canada

Chiumello D

Dept of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico-IRCCS via Francesco Sforza 35

20122 Milan Italy

Cook DJ

Department of Medicine St. Josephs Hospital 50 Charlton Avenue East Hamilton

Ontario L8N 486 Canada

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Crowther M

Department of Medicine St. Josephs Hospital 50 Charlton Avenue East Hamilton

Ontario L8N 486 Canada

De Jonghe B

Dept of Intensive Care Centre Hospitalier de Poissy/Saint-Germain 10 rue du Champ-Gaillard 78300 Poissy

France

Dos Santos CC

Dept of Critical Care Medicine St. Michael’s Hospital 30, Bond St., Rm. 4-042, Toronto

Ontario M5B 1W8 Canada

Epstein SK

Pulmonary and Critical Care Division New England Medical Center Box 369

750 Washington St Boston MA 02111 USA

Esteban A

Dept of Intensive Care Getafe University Hospital Carretera de Toledo Km 12,500 28905 Getafe

Madrid Spain

Ewig S

Dept of Pneumonology Ruhr University Universitätsstr. 150 44801 Bochum Germany

Ferguson ND

Division of Respirology and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care

Department of Medicine Toronto Western Hospital 399 Bathurst Street EC2-024

Toronto Ontario M5T 2S8 Canada

Frutos-Vivar F Dept of Intensive Care Getafe University Hospital Carretera de Toledo Km 12,500 28905 Getafe

Madrid Spain

García JM

IberoAmerican Cochrane Center Hospital de la Santa Crue i Sant Pau Avgda. San Antoni María Claret 167 08025 Barcelona

Spain

Gattinoni L

20122 Milan Italy

Girou E

Infection Control Unit Henri Mondor Hospital 51 avenue du Maréchal De Lattre de Tassigny

94010 Créteil France

López-Aguilar J Critical Care Center Sabadell Hospital

VIII List of Contributors

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Meade MO

Department of Medicine Room 2C10

McMaster University Medical Center 1200 Main Street West

Hamilton Ontario L8N 3Z5 Canada

Outin H

Dept of Intensive Care Centre Hospitalier de Poissy/Saint-Germain 10 rue du Champ-Gaillard 78300 Poissy

France

Pezzola D

Plaud B

Dept of Anesthesiology

Adolphe de Rothschild Foundation 25 rue Manin

75019 Paris France

Ríos F

Slutsky AS

Dept of Critical Care Medicine St. Michael’s Hospital 30, Bond St., Rm. 4-042, Toronto

Ontario M5B 1W8 Canada

Subirana M

Dept of Epidemiology and Public Health

Hospital de la Santa Crue i Sant Pau Avgda. San Antoni María Claret 167 08025 Barcelona

Spain

Torres A

Dept of Pneumonology and Thoracic Surgery

Hospital Clinic i Provincial de Barcelona

C/Villaroel 170 08036 Barcelona Spain

Vagginelli F

20122 Milan Italy

Villagra A Critical Care Center Sabadell Hospital

List of Contributors IX

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Common Abbreviations

ALI Acute lung injury

APACHE Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation ARDS Acute respiratory distress syndrome

COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CPAP Continuous positive airways pressure FRC Functional residual capacity

HFOV High frequency oscillatory ventilation ICU Intensive care unit

IMV Intermittent mandatory ventilation LIP Lower inflection point

NAVA Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist NIV Non-invasive ventilation

PEEP Positive end-expiratory pressure PSV Pressure support ventilation SBT Spontaneous breathing trial UIP Upper inflection point

VILI Ventilator-induced lung injury

VT Tidal volume

Series Editor: Jean-Louis Vincent

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EVIDENCE-BASED MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS

WITH RESPIRATORY FAILURE

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Contents

List of Contributors

Common Abbreviations