Article
Observation of structure in the J/ w -pair mass spectrum
LHCb collaboration
1a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 1 July 2020
Received in revised form 28 July 2020 Accepted 19 August 2020
Available online 29 August 2020
Keywords:
QCD Exotics Tetraquark Spectroscopy Quarkonium
Particle and resonance production
a b s t r a c t
Using proton-proton collision data at centre-of-mass energies of ffiffi ps
¼ 7; 8 and 13 TeV recorded by the LHCb experiment at the Large Hadron Collider, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 9 fb1, the invariant mass spectrum of J/wpairs is studied. A narrow structure around 6:9 GeV=c2matching the line- shape of a resonance and a broad structure just above twice the J/wmass are observed. The deviation of the data from nonresonant J/w-pair production is above five standard deviations in the mass region between 6:2 and 7:4 GeV=c2, covering predicted masses of states composed of four charm quarks. The mass and natural width of the narrow X 6900ð Þ structure are measured assuming a Breit-Wigner lineshape.
Ó 2020 Science China Press. Published by Elsevier B.V. and Science China Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
1. Introduction
The strong interaction is one of the fundamental forces of nat- ure and it governs the dynamics of quarks and gluons. According to quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the theory describing the strong interaction, quarks are confined into hadrons, in agreement with experimental observations. The quark model[1,2]classifies hadrons into conventional mesons (qq) and baryons (qqq or qqq), and also allows for the existence of exotic hadrons such as tetra- quarks (qqqq) and pentaquarks (qqqqq). Exotic states provide a unique environment to study the strong interaction and the con- finement mechanism[3]. The first experimental evidence for an exotic hadron candidate was the
v
c1ð3872Þ state observed in 2003 by the Belle collaboration[4]. Since then a series of novel states consistent with containing four quarks have been discovered [5]. Recently, the LHCb collaboration observed resonances inter- preted to be pentaquark states[6–9]. All hadrons observed to date, including those of exotic nature, contain at most two heavy charm (c) or bottom (b) quarks, whereas many QCD-motivated phe- nomenological models also predict the existence of states consist- ing of four heavy quarks, i.e. TQ1Q2Q3Q4, where Qiis a c or a b quark [10–35]. Theoretically, the interpretation of the internal structure of such states usually assumes the formation of a Q1Q2 diquark and a Q3Q4antidiquark attracting each other. Application of this diquark model successfully predicts the mass of the doubly
charmed baryonNþþcc [36,37]and helps to explain the relative rates of bottom baryon decays[38].
Tetraquark states comprising only bottom quarks, Tbbbb, have been searched for by the LHCb and CMS collaborations in the
l
þl
decay[39,40], with the state consisting of a bb pair. How- ever, the four-charm states, have not yet been studied in detail experimentally. A state could disintegrate into a pair of charmo- nium states such as J/wmesons, with each consisting of a cc pair.Decays to a J/wmeson plus a heavier charmonium state, or two heavier charmonium states, with the heavier states decaying sub- sequently into a J/wmeson and accompanying particles, are also possible. Predictions for the masses of states vary from 5:8 to 7:4 GeV=c2[10–26], which are above the masses of known charmo- nia and charmonium-like exotic states and below those of bot- tomonium hadrons. 2 This mass range guarantees a clean experimental environment to identify possible states in the J/w- pair (also referred to as di-J/w) invariant mass (Mdi-J=w) spectrum.
In proton-proton (pp) collisions, a pair of J/wmesons can be pro- duced in two separate interactions of gluons or quarks, named double-parton scattering (DPS)[41–43], or in a single interaction, named single-parton scattering (SPS) [44–51]. The SPS process includes both resonant production via intermediate states, which could be tetraquarks, and nonresonant production. Within the DPS process, the two J/wmesons are usually assumed to be pro- duced independently, thus the distribution of any di-J/wobserv-
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2020.08.032
2095-9273/Ó 2020 Science China Press. Published by Elsevier B.V. and Science China Press.
This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
1 Authors are listed at the end of this paper.
2Energy units MeV¼ 106eV, GeV¼ 109eV and TeV¼ 1012eV are used in this paper.
Contents lists available atScienceDirect
Science Bulletin
j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / s c i b
able can be constructed using the kinematics from single J/wpro- duction. Evidence of DPS has been found in studies at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) experiments[52–61]and the AFS experi- ment[62]in pp collisions, and at the Tevatron experiments[63–
67]and the UA2 experiment[68]in proton-antiproton collisions.
The LHCb experiment has measured the di-J/wproduction in pp collisions at centre-of-mass energies of ffiffi
ps
¼ 7 [69] and 13 TeV [70]. The DPS contribution is found to dominate the high Mdi-J=w region, in agreement with expectation.
In this paper, fully charmed tetraquark states are searched for in the di-J/w invariant mass spectrum, using pp collision data col- lected by LHCb at ffiffi
ps
¼ 7; 8 and 13 TeV, corresponding to an inte- grated luminosity of 9 fb1. The two J/wcandidates in a pair are reconstructed through the J=w!
l
þl
decay, and are labelled ran- domly as either J=w1or J=w2.2. Detector and data set
The LHCb detector is designed to study particles containing b or c quarks at the LHC. It is a single-arm forward spectrometer cover- ing the pseudorapidity range 2<
g
< 5, described in detail in Refs.[71,72]. The online event selection is performed by a trigger, which consists of a hardware stage, based on information from the calorimeter and muon systems, followed by a software stage, which applies a full event reconstruction. At the hardware stage, events are required to have at least one muon with high momen- tum transverse to the beamline, pT. At the software stage, two oppositely charged muon candidates are required to have high pT and to form a common vertex. Events are retained if there is at least one J/wcandidate passing both the hardware and software trigger requirements. Imperfections in the description of the mag- netic field and misalignment of subdetectors lead to a bias in the momentum measurement of charged particles, which is calibrated using reconstructed J/w and B+ mesons [73], with well-known masses.
Simulated J=w!
l
þl
decays are used to study the signal prop- erties, including the invariant mass resolution and the reconstruc- tion efficiency. In the simulation, pp collisions are generated usingPYTHIA[74]with a specific LHCb configuration[75]. Decays of unsta- ble particles are described byEVTGEN[76], in which final-state radi- ation is generated using PHOTOS [77]. The interaction of the generated particles with the detector and its response are imple- mented using theGEANT4toolkit[78], as described in Ref.[79].
3. Candidate selection
In the offline selection, two pairs of oppositely charged muon candidate tracks are reconstructed, with each pair forming a vertex of a J/wcandidate. Each muon track must have pT> 0:65 GeV=c and momentum p> 6 GeV=c. The J/wcandidates are required to have a dimuon invariant mass in the range 3:0 <
Mll< 3:2 GeV=c2. A kinematic fit is performed for each J/wcandi- date constraining its vertex to coincide with a primary pp collision vertex (PV)[80]. The requirement of a good kinematic fit quality strongly suppresses the contamination of di-J/wcandidates stem- ming from feed-down of b-hadrons, which decay at displaced ver- tices. The four muon tracks in a J/w-pair candidate are required to originate from the same PV, reducing to a negligible level the num- ber of pile-up candidates with the two J/wcandidates produced in separated pp collisions. Fake di-J/w candidates, comprising two muon-track candidates reconstructed from the same real particle, are rejected by requiring muons of the same charge to have trajec- tories separated by an angle inconsistent with zero. For events with more than one reconstructed di-J/wcandidate, accounting
for about 0.8% of the total sample, only one pair is randomly chosen.
The di-J/wsignal yield is extracted by performing an extended unbinned maximum-likelihood fit to the two-dimensional distri- bution of J=w1and J=w2invariant masses, Mð Þll1; Mð Þll2
, as displayed inFig. 1, where projections of the data and the fit result are shown.
For both J/wcandidates, the signal mass shape is modelled by a Gaussian kernel with power-law tails [81]. Each component of combinatorial background, consisting of random combinations of muon tracks, is described by an exponential function. The total di-J/wsignal yield is measured to be 33ð :57 0:23Þ 103, where the uncertainty is statistical.
The di-J/wtransverse momentum (pdi-J=wT ) in SPS production is expected to be, on average, higher than that in DPS [50]. The high-pdi-J=wT region is thus exploited to select a data sample with enhanced SPS production, which could include contributions from states. Two different approaches are applied. In the first approach (denoted as pdi-J=wT -threshold), J/w-pair candidates are selected with the requirement pdi-J=wT > 5:2 GeV=c, which maximises the statisti- cal significance of the SPS signal yield, NSPS= ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Ntotal
p . NSPSand Ntotal
are yields of the SPS component and total di-J/wcandidates in the Mdi-J=w range between 6:2 and 7:4 GeV=c2, respectively. This mass region covers the predicted masses of states decaying into a J/wpair. In the second approach (denoted as pdi-J=wT -binned), di- J/wcandidates are categorised into six pdi-J=wT intervals with bound- aries 0f ; 5; 6; 8; 9:5; 12; 50g GeV=c, defined to obtain equally popu- lated bins of SPS signal events in the 6:2 < Mdi-J=w< 7:4 GeV=c2 range. For both scenarios, the DPS yield in the signal region is extrapolated from the high-Mdi-J=wregion using the wide-range dis- tribution constructed from available double-differential J/wcross- sections[82–84]as performed in Ref.[70]. The high-Mdi-J=wregion is chosen so that the SPS yield is negligible compared to DPS. The SPS yield is obtained by subtracting the DPS contribution from the total number of J/w-pair signals.
The Mdi-J=w distribution for candidates with pdi-J=wT > 5:2 GeV=c and 3:065 < Mð Þ; 2ll1ð Þ< 3:135 GeV=c2 is shown inFig. 2. The di-J/w mass is calculated by constraining the reconstructed mass of each J/wcandidate to its known value[85]. The spectrum shows a broad structure just above twice the J/wmass threshold ranging from 6:2 to 6:8 GeV=c2(dubbed threshold enhancement in the following) and a narrower structure at about 6:9 GeV=c2, referred to hereafter as X 6900ð Þ. There is also a hint of another structure around 7:2 GeV=c2, whereas there are no evident structures at higher invari- ant mass. Several cross-checks are performed to investigate the ori- gin of these structures and to exclude that they are experimental artifacts. The threshold enhancement and the X 6900ð Þ structure become more pronounced in higher pdi-J=wT intervals, and they are present in subsamples split according to different beam or detector configurations for data collection. The structures are not caused by the experimental efficiency, since the efficiency variation across the whole Mdi-J=w range is found to be marginal. Residual back- ground, in which a muon track is reused or at least one J/wcandidate is produced from a b-hadron decay, is observed to have no structure.
The possible contribution of J/wpairs from decays is estimated to be negligible and distributed uniformly in the Mdi-J=wdistribution. In Fig. 2, the Mdi-J=wdistribution for background pairs with Mð Þ; 2ll1ð Þin the range 3:00—3:05 GeV=c2or 3:15—3:20 GeV=c2is also shown, with the yield normalised by interpolating the background into the J/w signal region, which accounts for around 15% of the total candidates.
There is no evidence of structures in the Mdi-J=wdistribution of back- ground candidates.
4. Investigation of theJ/w-pair invariant mass spectrum To remove background pairs that have at least one background J/wcandidate, the sPlot weighting method[86]is applied, where the weights are calculated from the fit to the two-dimensional
Mð Þll1; Mð Þll2
distribution. The background-subtracted di-J/wspec- tra in the range 6:2 < Mdi-J=w< 9:0 GeV=c2are shown inFig. 3for candidates with pdi-J=wT > 5:2 GeV=c and Fig. 4 for candidates in the six pdi-J=wT intervals, which are investigated by weighted unbinned maximum-likelihood fits [87]. The Mdi-J=w distribution of signal events is expected to be dominated by the sum of the non- resonant SPS (NRSPS) and DPS production, which have smooth shapes (referred to as continuum in the following). The DPS contin- uum is described by a two-body phase-space function multiplied by the product of an exponential function and a second order poly- nomial function, whose parameters are fixed according to the Mdi-J=w distribution constructed from J/w differential cross- sections. Its yield is determined by extrapolation from the Mdi-J=w> 12 GeV=c2region, which is dominated and well described by the DPS distribution. The continuum NRSPS is modelled by a two-body phase-space distribution multiplied by an exponential function determined from the data. The combination of continuum NRSPS and DPS does not provide a good description of the data, as is illustrated inFig. 3a. The MdiJ=wspectrum in the data is tested against the hypothesis that only NRSPS and DPS components are present in the range 6:2 < Mdi-J=w< 7:4 GeV=c2 (null hypothesis) using a
v
2test statistic. Pseudoexperiments are generated and fit- ted according to the null hypothesis, and the fraction of these fits with av
2value exceeding that in the data is converted into a sig- Fig. 2. Invariant mass spectrum of J/w-pair candidates passing thepdi-J=wT > 5:2 GeV=c requirement with reconstructed J/wmasses in the (black) signal and (blue) background regions, respectively.
Fig. 1. (Bottom right) Two-dimensional Mð Þll1; Mð Þll2
distribution of di-J/wcandidates and its projections on (bottom left) Mð Þll1 and (top) Mð Þll2. Four components are present as each projection consists of signal and background J/wcandidates. The labels J=w1;2and bkg1,2represent the signal and background contributions, respectively, in the Mð Þ; 2ll1ð Þ distribution.
nificance. Considering the sample in the pdi-J=wT > 5:2 GeV=c region, the null hypothesis is inconsistent with the data at 3:4 standard deviations (
r
). A test performed simultaneously in the aforemen- tioned six pdi-J=wT regions yields a discrepancy of 6:0r
with the null hypothesis. A higher value is obtained in the latter case attributed to the presence of the structure at the same Mdi-J=wlocation in dif- ferent pdi-J=wT intervals. A cross-check is performed by dividing the data into five or seven pdi-J=wT regions instead, which results in sig- nificance values consistent with the nominal 6:0r
. The significance values are summarised in Table 1(any structure beyond NRSPS plus DPS).The structures in the Mdi-J=wdistribution can have various inter- pretations. There may be one or more resonant states decaying directly into a pair of J/wmesons, or states decaying into a pair of J/wmesons through feed-down of heavier quarkonia, for exam- ple Tcc cc!
v
cð! J=wc
ÞJ=wwhere the photon escapes detection. In the latter case, such a state would be expected to peak at a lower Mdi-J=wposition, close to the di-J/wmass threshold, and its structure would be broader compared to that from a direct decay. This feed- down is unlikely an explanation for the narrow X 6900ð Þ structure.Rescattering of two charmonium states produced by SPS close to their mass threshold may also generate a narrow structure[88–
91]. The two thresholds close to the X 6900ð Þ structure could be formed by
v
c0v
c0 pairs at 6829:4 MeV=c2 andv
c1v
c0 pairs at 6925:4 MeV=c2, respectively. Whereas a resonance is often described by a relativistic Breit-Wigner (BW) function [85], the lineshape of a structure with rescattering effects taken into account is more complex. In principle, resonant production can interfere with NRSPS of the same spin-parity quantum numbers (JPC), resulting in a coherent sum of the two components and thus a modification of the total Mdi-J=wdistribution.Two different models of the structure lineshape providing a reasonable description of the data are investigated. The X 6900ð Þ
lineshape parameters and yields are derived from fits to the pdi-J=wT -threshold sample. Simultaneous pdi-J=wT -binned fits are also performed as a cross-check and the variation of lineshape param- eters is considered as a source of systematic uncertainties. Due to its low significance, the structure around 7:2 GeV=c2 has been neglected.
In model I, the X 6900ð Þ structure is considered as a resonance, whereas the threshold enhancement is described through a super- position of two resonances. The lineshapes of these resonances are described by S-wave relativistic BW functions multiplied by a two- body phase-space distribution. The experimental resolution on Mdi-J=wis below 5 MeV=c2 over the full mass range and negligible compared to the widths of the structures. The projections of the pdi-J=wT -threshold fit using this model are shown inFig. 3b. The mass, natural width and yield are determined to be m X 6900½ ð Þ ¼ 6905 11 MeV=c2, C½X 6900ð Þ ¼ 80 19 MeV and Nsig¼ 252 63, where biases on the statistical uncertainties have been corrected using a bootstrap method[92]. The goodness of fit is studied using a
v
2 test statistic and found to bev
2=ndof ¼ 112:7=89, corresponding to a probability of 4:6%. The fit is also performed assuming the threshold enhancement as due to a single wide resonance (see the Supplementary materials);the fit quality is found significantly poorer and thus this model is not further investigated.
A comparison between the best fit result of model I and the data reveals a tension around 6:75 GeV=c2, where the data shows a dip.
In an attempt to describe the dip, model II allows for interference between the NRSPS component and a resonance for the threshold enhancement. The coherent sum of the two components is defined as
Aei/
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi fnr Mdi-J=w
q
þ BW Mdi-J=w
2; ð1Þ
Fig. 3. Invariant mass spectra of weighted di-J/wcandidates with pdi-J=wT > 5:2 GeV=c and overlaid projections of the pdi-J=wT -threshold fit using (a) the NRSPS plus DPS model, (b) model I, and (c) model II.
where A and / are the magnitude and phase of the nonresonant component, relative to the BW lineshape for the resonance, assumed to be independent of Mdi-J=w, and fnrMdi-J=w
is an exponen- tial function. The interference term in Eq.(1)is then added incoher- ently to the BW function describing the X 6900ð Þ structure and the DPS description. The fit to the pdi-J=wT -threshold sample with this model has a probability of 15:5% (
v
2=ndf ¼ 104:7=91), and its pro- jections are illustrated inFig. 3c. In this case, the mass, natural width and yield are determined to be m X 6900½ ð Þ ¼ 6886 11 MeV=c2, C½X 6900ð Þ ¼ 168 33 MeV and Nsig¼ 784 148. A larger X 6900ð Þ width and yield are preferred in com- parison to model I. Here it is assumed that the whole NRSPS produc- tion is involved in the interference with the lower-mass resonance despite that there may be several components with different quan-tum numbers in the NRSPS and more than one resonance in the threshold enhancement.
Fits to the Mdi-J=w distributions in the six individual pdi-J=wT bins are shown inFig. 4for model I, while those for model II are given in the Supplementary materials. An additional model describing the dip and the X 6900ð Þ structure simultaneously by using the interference between the NRSPS and a BW resonance around 6:9 GeV=c2 is also considered, however the fit quality is clearly poorer, as illustrated in theSupplementary materials. Alternative lineshapes, other than the BW, may also be possible to describe these structures and will be the subject of future studies.
The increase of the likelihood between the fits with or without considering the X 6900ð Þ and the threshold enhancement structures on top of the continuum NRSPS plus DPS model is taken as the test statistic to calculate the combined global significance of the two structures[93]in the 6:2 < Mdi-J=w< 7:4 GeV=c2region, where pseu- doexperiments are also generated to evaluate the significance. Only model I is studied, where the interference between the NRSPS and the threshold enhancement is not included. Similarly, the signifi- cance for either the threshold enhancement or the X 6900ð Þ struc- ture is evaluated assuming the presence of the other along with the NRSPS and DPS continuum. The significance is determined from both pdi-J=wT -threshold and pdi-J=wT -binned fits, and summarised in Fig. 4. Invariant mass spectra of weighted di-J/wcandidates in bins of pdi-J=wT and overlaid projections of the pdi-J=wT -binned fit with model I.
Table 1
Global significance evaluated under the various assumptions described in the text.
Structure Significance
pdi-J=wT -threshold pdi-J=wT -binned Any structure beyond NRSPS plus DPS 3:4r 6:0r Threshold enhancement plus X 6900ð Þ 6:4r 6:9r
Threshold enhancement 6:0r 6:5r
X 6900ð Þ 5:1r 5:4r
Table 1. The results are above 5
r
for the two structures, with slightly higher significance for the pdi-J=wT -binned case.Systematic uncertainties on the measurements of the mass and natural width of the X 6900ð Þ structure are reported inTable 2.
They include variations of the results obtained by: including an explicit component in the Mdi-J=w fits for the J/w combinatorial background rather than subtracting it using the weighting method (sPlot weights inTable 2); convolving the Mdi-J=wfit functions with a Gaussian function of 5 MeV=c2width to account for the invariant mass resolution (Experimental resolution); using alternative func- tions to describe the NRSPS component and varying the DPS yield (NRSPS plus DPS modelling); using an alternative P-wave BW func- tion for the X 6900ð Þ structure and varying the hadron radius in the BW function from 2 to 5 GeV1(X 6900ð Þ shape); obtaining results from a simultaneous fit to the Mdi-J=wdistributions in the six pdi-J=wT bins which covers the uncertainty due to variations of the NRSPS, DPS shapes and the NRSPS-resonance interference with respect to pdi-J=wT (Dependence on pdi-J=wT ); including an explicit contribution for J/wmesons from b-hadron feed-down (b-hadron feed-down) or adding a BW component for the 7:2 GeV=c2structure (Structure at 7:2 GeV=c2); modelling the threshold structure using an alternative Gaussian function with asymmetric power-law tails, or fitting in a reduced Mdi-J=wrange excluding the threshold structure (Threshold structure shape); allowing the relative phase in the NRSPS compo- nent to vary linearly with Mdi-J=w(NRSPS phase). The total uncer- tainties are determined to be 7 MeV=c2and 33 MeV for the mass and natural width, respectively, without considering any interfer- ence, and 11 MeV=c2and 69 MeV when the interference between NRSPS and the threshold structure is introduced.
For the scenario without interference, the production cross- section of the X 6900ð Þ structure relative to that of all J/wpairs (in- clusive), times the branching fractionB X 6900ð ð Þ ! J=wJ=wÞ, R, is determined in the pp collision data at ffiffi
ps
¼ 13 TeV. The measure- ment is obtained for both J/w mesons in the fiducial region of transverse momentum below 10 GeV=c and rapidity between 2:0 and 4:5. An event-by-event efficiency correction is performed to obtain the signal yield at production. The residual contamination from b-hadron feed-down is subtracted from inclusive J/w-pair production following Ref. [84]. The systematic uncertainties on the X 6900ð Þ yield are estimated in a similar way to that for the mass and natural width, while other systematic uncertainties mostly cancel in the ratio. The production ratio is measured to be R ¼ 1:1 0:4 stat½ ð Þ 0:3 systð Þ% without any pdi-J=wT requirement andR ¼ 2:6 0:6 stat½ ð Þ 0:8 systð Þ% for pdi-J=wT > 5:2 GeV=c.
5. Summary
In conclusion, using pp collision data at centre-of-mass energies of 7, 8 and 13 TeV collected with the LHCb detector, corresponding
to an integrated luminosity of 9 fb1, the J/w-pair invariant mass spectrum is studied. The data in the mass range between 6:2 and 7:4 GeV=c2 are found to be inconsistent with the hypothesis of NRSPS plus DPS continuum. A narrow structure, X 6900ð Þ, matching the lineshape of a resonance and a broad structure next to the di-J/wmass threshold are found. The global significance of either the broad or the X 6900ð Þ structure is determined to be larger than five standard deviations. Describing the X 6900ð Þ structure with a Breit-Wigner lineshape, its mass and natural width are determined to be
m X 6900½ ð Þ ¼ 6905 11 7 MeV=c2; ð2Þ and
C½X 6900ð Þ ¼ 80 19 33 MeV; ð3Þ
assuming no interference with the NRSPS continuum is present, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic.
When assuming the NRSPS continuum interferes with the broad structure close to the di-J/wmass threshold, they become
m X 6900½ ð Þ ¼ 6886 11 11 MeV=c2 ð4Þ and
C½X 6900ð Þ ¼ 168 33 69 MeV: ð5Þ
The X 6900ð Þ structure could originate from a hadron state consist- ing of four charm quarks, predicted in various tetraquark models.
The broad structure close to the di-J/wmass threshold could be due to a mixture of multiple four-charm quark states or have con- tributions from feed-down decays of four-charm states through heavier quarkonia. Other interpretations cannot presently be ruled out, for example the rescattering of two charmonium states pro- duced close to their mass threshold. More data along with addi- tional measurements, including determination of the spin-parity quantum numbers and pT dependence of the production cross- section, are needed to provide further information about the nature of the observed structure.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We express our gratitude to our colleagues in the CERN acceler- ator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC. We thank the technical and administrative staff at the LHCb institutes.
We acknowledge support from CERN and from the national agen- cies: CAPES, CNPq, FAPERJ and FINEP (Brazil); MOST and NSFC (China); CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG and MPG (Germany);
INFN (Italy); NWO (Netherlands); MNiSW and NCN (Poland);
MEN/IFA (Romania); MSHE (Russia); MinECo (Spain); SNSF and Table 2
Systematic uncertainties on the mass (m) and natural width (C) of the X 6900ð Þ structure.
Component Without interference With interference
m (MeV=c2) C(MeV) m (MeV=c2) C(MeV)
sPlot weights 0.8 10.3 4.4 36.9
Experimental resolution 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.6
NRSPS + DPS modelling 0.8 16.1 3.5 9.3
X 6900ð Þ shape 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.2
Dependence on pdi-J=wT 4.6 13.5 6.2 56.7
b-hadron feed-down 0.0 0.2 0.0 5.3
Structure at 7:2 GeV=c2 1.3 9.2 6.7 5.2
Threshold structure shape 5.2 20.5 – –
NRSPS phase – – 0.3 1.3
Total 7 33 11 69
SER (Switzerland); NASU (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE NP and NSF (USA). We acknowledge the computing resources that are provided by CERN, IN2P3 (France), KIT and DESY (Germany), INFN (Italy), SURF (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), GridPP (United King- dom), RRCKI and Yandex LLC (Russia), CSCS (Switzerland), IFIN-HH (Romania), CBPF (Brazil), PL-GRID (Poland) and OSC (USA). We are indebted to the communities behind the multiple open-source software packages on which we depend. Individual groups or members have received support from AvH Foundation (Germany);
EPLANET, Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions and ERC (European Union); A*MIDEX, ANR, Labex P2IO and OCEVU, and Région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (France); Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of CAS, CAS PIFI, and the Thousand Talents Program (China); RFBR, RSF and Yandex LLC (Russia); GVA, XuntaGal and GENCAT (Spain); the Royal Society and the Leverhulme Trust (Uni- ted Kingdom).
Appendix A. Supplementary materials
Supplementary materials to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2020.08.032.
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The LHCb experiment
LHCb is one of the four big experiments located on the most powerful particle accelerator in the world, the Larger Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. The LHCb detector includes a high-precision tracking system, particle identification detectors, electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters and muon detectors, that record particles produced in proton-proton or heavy-ion collisions with a center-of-mass energy up to 13 TeV. The LHCb experiment aims at studies of flavor physics and QCD through precision measurements of particles containing charm or beauty quarks, in order to answer fundamental questions in particle physics, for example the origin of the asymmetry between matter and anti-matter and how does the strong interaction behaves at both high and low energies. The LHCb collaboration consists of more than 1400 members from 19 countries in 6 continents, including both physicists and engineers.
LHCb collaboration
R. Aaij31, C. Abellán Beteta49, T. Ackernley59, B. Adeva45, M. Adinolfi53, H. Afsharnia9, C.A. Aidala82, S. Aiola25, Z. Ajaltouni9, S. Akar64, J.
Albrecht14, F. Alessio47, M. Alexander58, A. Alfonso Albero44, Z. Aliouche61, G. Alkhazov37, P. Alvarez Cartelle47, A.A. Alves Jr45, S. Amato2, Y. Amhis11, L. An21, L. Anderlini21, G. Andreassi48, A. Andreianov37, M. Andreotti20, F. Archilli16, A. Artamonov43, M. Artuso67, K. Arzymatov41, E. Aslanides10, M. Atzeni49, B. Audurier11, S. Bachmann16, M. Bachmayer48, J.J. Back55, S. Baker60, P. Baladron Rodriguez45, V. Balagura11, b, W.
Baldini20, J. Baptista Leite1, R.J. Barlow61, S. Barsuk11, W. Barter60, M. Bartolini23, 47, h, F. Baryshnikov79, J.M. Basels13, G. Bassi28, V.
Batozskaya35, B. Batsukh67, A. Battig14, A. Bay48, M. Becker14, F. Bedeschi28, I. Bediaga1, A. Beiter67, V. Belavin41, S. Belin26, V. Bellee48, K.
Belous43, I. Belyaev38, G. Bencivenni22, E. Ben-Haim12, A. Berezhnoy39, R. Bernet49, D. Berninghoff16, H.C. Bernstein67, C. Bertella47, E. Bert- holet12, A. Bertolin27, C. Betancourt49, F. Betti19, e, M.O. Bettler54, Ia. Bezshyiko49, S. Bhasin53, J. Bhom33, L. Bian72, M.S. Bieker14, S. Bifani52, P.
Billoir12, M. Birch60, F.C.R. Bishop54, A. Bizzeti21, t, M. Bjørn62, M.P. Blago47, T. Blake55, F. Blanc48, S. Blusk67, D. Bobulska58, V. Bocci30, J.A.
Boelhauve14, O. Boente Garcia45, T. Boettcher63, A. Boldyrev80, A. Bondar42, w, N. Bondar37, 47, S. Borghi61, M. Borisyak41, M. Borsato16, J.T.
Borsuk33, S.A. Bouchiba48, T.J.V. Bowcock59, A. Boyer47, C. Bozzi20, M.J. Bradley60, S. Braun65, A. Brea Rodriguez45, M. Brodski47, J. Brodzicka33, A. Brossa Gonzalo55, D. Brundu26, E. Buchanan53, A. Buonaura49, C. Burr47, A. Bursche26, A. Butkevich40, J.S. Butter31, J. Buytaert47, W. Byczyn- ski47, S. Cadeddu26, H. Cai72, R. Calabrese20, g, L. Calero Diaz22, S. Cali22, R. Calladine52, M. Calvi24, i, M. Calvo Gomez44, l, P. Camargo Magal- haes53, A. Camboni44, P. Campana22, D.H. Campora Perez47, A.F. Campoverde Quezada5, S. Capelli24, i, L. Capriotti19, e, A. Carbone19, e, G.
Carboni29, R. Cardinale23, h, A. Cardini26, I. Carli6, P. Carniti24, i, K. Carvalho Akiba31, A. Casais Vidal45, G. Casse59, M. Cattaneo47, G.
Cavallero47, S. Celani48, R. Cenci28, J. Cerasoli10, A.J. Chadwick59, M.G. Chapman53, M. Charles12, Ph. Charpentier47, G. Chatzikonstantinidis52, M. Chefdeville8, C. Chen3, S. Chen26, A. Chernov33, S.-G. Chitic47, V. Chobanova45, S. Cholak48, M. Chrzaszcz33, A. Chubykin37, V. Chulikov37, P.
Ciambrone22, M.F. Cicala55, X. Cid Vidal45, G. Ciezarek47, F. Cindolo19, P.E.L. Clarke57, M. Clemencic47, H.V. Cliff54, J. Closier47, J.L. Cob- bledick61, V. Coco47, J.A.B. Coelho11, J. Cogan10, E. Cogneras9, L. Cojocariu36, P. Collins47, T. Colombo47, A. Contu26, N. Cooke52, G. Coombs58, S. Coquereau44, G. Corti47, C.M. Costa Sobral55, B. Couturier47, D.C. Craik63, J. Crkovská66, M. Cruz Torres1, y, R. Currie57, C.L. Da Silva66, E.
Dall’Occo14, J. Dalseno45, C. D’Ambrosio47, A. Danilina38, P. d’Argent47, A. Davis61, O. De Aguiar Francisco47, K. De Bruyn47, S. De Capua61, M. De Cian48, J.M. De Miranda1, L. De Paula2, M. De Serio18, d, D. De Simone49, P. De Simone22, J.A. de Vries77, C.T. Dean66, W. Dean82, D.
Decamp8, L. Del Buono12, B. Delaney54, H.-P. Dembinski14, A. Dendek34, X. Denis72, V. Denysenko49, D. Derkach80, O. Deschamps9, F. Desse11, F. Dettori26, f, B. Dey7, A. Di Canto47, P. Di Nezza22, S. Didenko79, H. Dijkstra47, V. Dobishuk51, A.M. Donohoe17, F. Dordei26, M. Dorigo28, x, A.C.
dos Reis1, L. Douglas58, A. Dovbnya50, A.G. Downes8, K. Dreimanis59, M.W. Dudek33, L. Dufour47, P. Durante47, J.M. Durham66, D. Dutta61, M.
Dziewiecki16, A. Dziurda33, A. Dzyuba37, S. Easo56, U. Egede69, V. Egorychev38, S. Eidelman42, w, S. Eisenhardt57, S. Ek-In48, L. Eklund58, S.
Ely67, A. Ene36, E. Epple66, S. Escher13, J. Eschle49, S. Esen31, T. Evans47, A. Falabella19, J. Fan3, Y. Fan5, B. Fang72, N. Farley52, S. Farry59, D. Fazz-
