[4] – L Baxter; Biomass-coal co-combustion: opportunity for affordable renewable energy; Fuel 84 (2005) 1295–1302.

(1)

REFERENCES

[1] – http://www.ieabcc.nl/database/cofiring.html.

[2] – Kyoto protocol to the United Nation framework convention on climate change, 1998.

[3] – European Union climate and energy package.

[4] – L Baxter; Biomass-coal co-combustion: opportunity for affordable renewable energy; Fuel 84 (2005) 1295–1302.

[5] – D.A. Tillman; Biomass Co-firing: the technology, the experience, the combustion consequences; Biomass and Bioenergy 19 (2000) 365-384.

[6] – P. Basu, J. Butler, M.A. Leon; Biomass co-firing options for the emission reduction and electricity generation costs in coal-fired power plants; Renewable Energy 36 (2011) 282-288.

[7] – F. Al-Mansour, J. Zuwala; An evaluation of biomass co-firing in Europe; Biomass and Bioenergy 34 (2010) 620-629.

[8] – IEA Clean Coal Centre; Cofiring coal with other fuels; 2007.

[9] – G.R. Simader (E.V.A), G. Moritz (Verbundgesellschaft); THE ANALYSIS REPORT OF PLANT NO. 16; Cofiring of biomass - evaluation of fuel procurement and handling in selected existing plants and exchange of information (COFIRING) - Part 2 ,St. Andrä Austria.

[10] – J. Nieminen, M. Kivelä; Biomass CFB gasifier connected to a 350 MW

th

steam boiler fired with coal and natural gas – THERMIE demonstration project in Lathi in Finland; Biomass and Bioenergy 15 (1998) 251-257.

[11] – A. Mory, T. Zotter; EU-demonstration project BioCoComb for biomass gasification and co-combustion of the product-gas in a coal-fired power plant in Austria; Biomass and Bioenergy 15 (1998) 239-244.

[12] – P. Ottosen, L. Gullev; Avedøre unit 2 – the world's largest biomass-fuelled CHP plant; News from DBDH 3/2005.

[13] – The Centre of Biomass Technology (www.videncenter

.

dk); Wood for Energy Production, Chapter 9 pp. 50 ; 2002.

[14] – M. Griffin; The Development of the 500MW Co-firing facility at Drax Power Station;

Cofiring biomass with coal workshop, Drax Power Station, 25-26 January 2011.

[15] – P. Savat; Activities at Rodenhuize Power Plant, Advanced and Max Green projects; IFRF, TOTeM 35, Pisa, 23-24 September 2010.

[16] – M.F.G Cremers et al.; IEA Bioenergy Task 32, D4, Technical status of biomass

co-firing; Arnhem 2009.

(2)

[17] – S. van Loo, J. Koppejan; The handbook of biomass combustion & co-firing, 64-96;

Earthscan 2008.

[18] – C.N. Hamenlinck, R.A.A. Suurs, A.P.C.Faaij; International bioenergy transport costs and energy balance; Biomass and Bioenergy 29 (2005) 114-134.

[19] – International Energy Agency; Key World Energy Statistics; 2010.

[20] – M. Hoogwijk et al.; Exploration of the ranges of the global potential of biomass energy; Biomass and Bioenergy 25 (2003) 119-133.

[21] – M.F. Demirbas, M. Balat, H. Balat; Potential contribution of biomass to the

sustainable energy development; Energy Conversion and Management 50 (2009) 1746- 1760.

[22] – D. Thrän, T. Seidenberg, J. Zeddies, R. Offermann; Global biomass potentials – Resources, drivers and scenario results; Energy for Sustainable Development 14 (2010) 200-205.

[23] – M. de Wit, A. Faaij; European biomass resources potential and costs; Biomass and Bioenergy 34 (2010) 188-202.

[24] – L. Wright, Worldwide commercial development of bioenergy with a focus on energy crop-based projects; Biomass and Bioenergy 30 (2006) 706-714.

[25] – Uslu, A.P.C Faaij, P.C.A. Bergman; Pre-treatment technologies, and their effect on international bioenergy supply chain logistics. Techno-economic evaluation of torrefaction, fast pyrolysis and pelletisation; Energy 33 (2008) 1206-1233.

[26] – J.H.A. Kiel et al.; BO

2

-technology for biomass upgrading into solid fuel – pilot- scale testing and market implementation; 16

^th

European Biomass Conference &

Exibition, 2-6 June 2008, Valencia, Spain.

[27] – http://www.torrcoal.com/nieuws/71-eerste-steenlegging-fabriek.

[28] – http://www.topellenergy.com/company/topell-nederland/.

[29] – http://www.pellet.org/linked/melin%20torrefaction.pdf.

[30] – J.C. Clausen, I. Rasmussen; Co-firing of coal and straw in large boilers;

International conference on renewable energy -clean power 2001. London, UK, 17-19 Nov 1993.

[31] – I. Gulyurtlu, C. Bordalo, E. Penha, I. Calabrita; Cocombustion of coals with various types of biomass in a circulating fluidized bed combustor; APAS Clean Coal

Technologies Programme 1992-1994.

[32] – S.C.K. Petersen, K.E. Hansen, Co-firing of straw and design study and test co-

firing of wood in pulverised coal fired boiler I/S Vestkraft, Unit 1; APAS Clean Coal

Technologies Programme 1992-1994.

(3)

[33] – W.L. van de Kamp et al.; Effects on SO

x

and NO

x

emissions by co-firing straw and pulverized coal; Energy Fuels 11 (1997), 439-446.

[34] – T. Abbas et al.; Combined combustion of biomass, municipal sewage sludge and coal in a pulverized fuel plant; APAS Clean Coal Technologies Programme 1992-1994.

[35] – D.M. Boylan; Southern company tests of wood/coal cofiring in pulverized coal units; Biomass and Bioenergy (1996), 139-147.

[36] – E.F. Hunt et al.; The shawville coal/biomass cofiring test: a cola/power industry cooperative test of direct fossil-fuel CO

2

mitigation; Energy Conversion and Management 38 (Suppl.1996), S551-S556.

[37] – O.O. Olhsson; Results of performance and emissions testing when cofiring blends of dRDF/coal in a 440 MWe cyclone fired combustor; In.: "10

^th

Annual international Pittsburgh coal conference", Pittsburgh, USA, 20-24 September 1993.

[38] – T. Gerhardt, R. Cenni, H. Spliethoff, K.R.G. Hein; Combustion behavior of coal- waste flames in pulverized fuel firing systems; In: "22

^nd

international conference on coal utilization and fuel systems", Clearwater (FL), USA, 16-19 March 1997.

[39] – T. Abbas et al.; The energy and environmental implications of using sewage sludge as a co-firing fuel applied to boilers; 26

^th

Symposium (International) on Combustion / The Combustion Institute (1996), 2487-2493.

[40] – T. Billotet; Combustion tests with dried sewage sludge in a coal-fired power plant;

APAS Clean Coal Technologies Programme 1992-1994.

[41] – J.A. Kostamo; Co-firing of Sawdust in a Col Fired Utility Boiler; IFRF Combustion Journal, 2000.

[42] – Electabel; Project Awirs 4 Wood Pellets; 24 May 2003 Liège.

[43] – T. Kristensen (Vattenfal); Fuel flexibility in the new coal, biomass and oil CHP plant Amager Unit 1 in Copenhagen; 2009.

[44] – SES 6; New and advanced concepts in renewable energy technology, Biomass, D14: First state-of-art report, NETBIOCOF, 22 September 2006.

[45] – K. Veijonen, P. Vainikka, T. Järvinen, E. Alakagas; Biomass co-firing – an efficiënt way to reduce greenhouse gas emission; EUBIONET, Altener.

[46] – F.J. Frandsen; Assessment of Ash Characteristic and Properties of Ashes from Fuel Mixture: Impact on Slagging/Fouling and Corrosion behavior; IFRF TOTeM 35 "Co- firing secondary fuels in power generation: from fuel characterization to full-scale testing", Pisa, 23-24 September 2010.

[47] – L.A. Hansen et al.; Influence of deposit formation on corrosion at a straw-fired boiler; Fuel Process Technology 64 (2000), 189-209.

[48] – Energy from co-firing of biofuel and coal: Idbäcksverket CHP plant. Brussels,

Belgium, European Commission Directorate General for Energy (DG XVII), 4 pp (Oct

(4)

[49] – J. Maier, E. Miller, A. Fuller; Biomass combustion and co-combustion: lab, pilot and large scale studies; IFRF TOTeM 35 "Co-firing secondary fuels in power generation:

from fuel characterization to full-scale testing", Pisa, 23-24 September 2010.

[50] – H.H. Krause et al.; Corrosion and deposit from combustion of solid wastes. Part VI: processed refuse as a supplementary fuel in a stoker-fired boiler; Journal of Engineering for Power 101 (1979), 592-597.

[51] – S. Lattanzi; Activities at ENEL Fusina Power Plant; IFRF TOTeM 35 "Co-firing secondary fuels in power generation: from fuel characterization to full-scale testing", Pisa, 23-24 September 2010.

[52] – H. Spliethoff, K.R.G Hein; Effect of co-combustion of biomass on emissions in pulverized fuel furnaces; Fuel Processing Technology 54 (1998), 189-205.

[53] – W.L. van de Kamp, D.J. Morgan; the co-firing of pulverized bituminous coals with biomass and municipal sewage sludge for application to the power industry; APAS Clean Coal Technologies Programme 1992-1994.

[54] – P. Overgaard, P.F.B Hansen, Co-firing coal and straw in a 150MWe boiler; Power- Gen Europe '97, Madrid, Spain 17-19 Jun 1997.

[55] – D.A. Tillman, N.S. Harding; Fuels of opportunity; Chapter 4, 129-188, 2004.

[56] – L.S. Pedersen et al.; Full-scale co-firing of straw and coal; Fuel 75 (1996), 1584- 1590.

[57] – C.H. Gast, J. G. Visser; The combustion of waste wood with coal. Effect on emissions and fly-ash composition; APAS Clean Coal Technologies Programme 1992- 1994.

[58] – Kazagic, I. Smajevic; Synergy effects of co-firing wooden biomass with Bosnian coal; Energy 34 (2009), 699-707.

[59] – E.M. Fitzpatrick et al.; The mechanism of formation of soot and other pollutants during the co-firing of coal and pine wood in a fixed bed combustor; Fuel 88 (2009), 2409-2417.

[60] – H. Spliethoff; Biomass co-firing applications: state of art and research

requirements; IFRF TOTeM 35 "Co-firing secondary fuels in power generation: from fuel characterization to full-scale testing", Pisa, 23-24 September 2010.

[61] – E. Desroches et al.; Co-combustion of coal and MSW in a Circulating Fluidized Bed; Fuel 77 (1998), 1311-1315.

[62] – H.P. Wan et al.; Emissions during co-firing of RDF-5 with bituminous coal, paper sludge anbd waste tires in a commercial circulating fluidized bed co-generation boiler;

Fuel 87 (2008), 761,767.

(5)

[63] – H.P. Wan et al.; Emissions during co-firing of RDF-5 with bituminous coal, paper sludge anbd waste tires in a commercial circulating fluidized bed co-generation boiler;

Fuel 87 (2008), 761,767.

[64] – G. Di Nola; Biomass fuel characterization for NO

x

emissions in CO-firing application; Doctoral Thesis, TU Delft, The Netherlands, 2007.

[65] – K. Wieck-Hansen et al.; Cofiring coal and straw in a 150 MW

e

power boiler experiences; Biomass and Bioenergy 19 (2000), 395-409.

[66] – B.A. Gold, D.A. Tillman; Wood cofiring evaluation at TVA power plants; Biomass and Bioenergy 10 (1996), 71-78.

[67] – V. Siegle et. al.; Biomass co-combustion for the pollutant control in pulverized coal units; In: “3

^rd

International conference on combustion technologies for a clean

environment”, Lisbon, Portugal, 3-6 July 1995.

[68] – VDI-WÄRMEATLAS, section Ke 3-4; 8

^th

Edition; Springer, 1997.

[69] – VDI-WÄRMEATLAS, section Gg 2; 8

^th

Edition; Springer, 1997.

[70] – A. Bejan; Heat Transfer ; Ch. 9, Wiley, 1993.

[71] – W.S. Janna; Design of Fluid Thermal Systems; Ch 8, PWS, 1993.

[72] – The Babcock & Wilcox Company; STEAM, its generation and use; Ch. 19-20, 41

^st

edition, 2005.

[73] – B. Leckner; Spectral and Total Emissivity of Water Vapor and Carbon Dioxide;

Combustion and Flame (19), 33-48, 1972.

(6)