Appendix I: Italian coolie ships, by flag, ownership, captain and consignee.

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319

APPENDICES

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Appendix I: Italian coolie ships, by flag, ownership, captain and consignee.

n. Owner Consignee Ship name T.r. Flag Captain Departing

from

Date of

departure Date of arrival Coolies

embarked Deaths Coolies

arrived Destination Notes

1 Denegri* W.M Robinet Santiago 300 Peruvian Loutano Rosa Macao 10 June 1854 58 ? ? Peru

2 Denegri* Santiago Peruvian Macao August 1855 ? ? ? Peru

3 Denegri Carmen 343 Peruvian Luigi Camogli Swatow 1 March 1857 - 260 260 0 no, Peru Revolt, 8 March 1857, ship sank, crew escapes on

lifeboats

4 Giuseppe Rocca 750 Italian Lavagna Macao 28 June 1858 300 ? Peru?

5 Bollo Teresa 189 Chilean Bollo Hong Kong 17 February 1859 ? ? ? Peru Gio Andrea Bollo (father), most likely

6 Canevaro Canevaro y

Cía Empresa 446 Peruvian Stefano Garavagno November 1861 ? ? 273 Peru This ship may have performed another passage in

the previous year

7 Bollo Teresa Chilean Bollo Macao 24 October 1861 ? ? ? Peru

8 Canevaro Dagnino e

Hijos Empresa 446 Peruvian Stefano Garavagno Macao 29 May 1862 July 1862 ? ? 299 Peru

9 Bollo Teresa 240 Chilean Bollo Macao 12 January 1863 23 May 1863 132 2 130 Peru

Cía Camillo Cavour 1326 Peruvian Stefano Garavagno Macao 9 December 1863 25 February 1864 700 118 582 Peru

11 Bollo Teresa 240 Peruvian Bollo Macao 21 December 1863 29 April 1864 218 90 128 Peru

12 Larco, Francesco Canevaro y

Cía Perseverancia 648 Peruvian Alberto Tetens Macao 31 December 1863 6 April 1864 400 129 271 Peru

13 Bollo Bianchi e

Profumo Clotilde 357 Peruvian Sebastiano Bollo Macao 17 January 1864 1 May 1864 220 102 218 Peru

14 Castagnola?* Figari e Hijos Lima 328 Peruvian Gio. Batta Castagnola Macao 7 April 1864 22 September 1864 184 32 152 Peru

15 Denegri e Figari Figari e Hijos Mandarina 258 Peruvian F.S. Rossi Macao 13 May 1864 152 6 146 Peru Coolies transferred on the British steamer Argo at

Honolulu 16 Canevaro Canevaro y

Cía Napoleone Canevaro 1215 Peruvian Raffaele Demoro Macao 8 June 1864 September 1864 300 10 290 Peru 17 Canevaro Canevaro y

Cía Camillo Cavour 1326 Peruvian Landabaso Macao 11 August 1864 14 December 1864 603 65 537 Peru

18 Dagnino e

Hijos Aurora 668 Peruvian J. Uril Macao 12 November 1864 24 February 1865 377 10 367 Peru

19 Bollo Teresa 240 Peruvian J. Serafino Macao 24 December 1864 10 April 1865 143 2 141 Peru

20 Figari Figari e Hijos Providenza 660 Italian Alberto Nattini Macao 2 January 1865 10 April 1865 395 3 392 Peru

21 Bollo Etienne y co Clotilde 367 Italian Bollo Macao 8 January 1865 23 April 1865 220 2 218 Peru

22 Valente, Andrea Avon 1086 Italian G. Falcone Macao 24 January 1865 543 21 522 Cuba

23 Valente, Andrea Queen of England 1169 Italian R. Fortunati* Macao 12 February 1865 584 24 560 Cuba

24 Bianchi Colombo 775 Italian Stefano Chiappara Macao 6 March 1865 17 June 1865 495 68 427 Peru Directly from Genoa

Cía Napoleone Canevaro 1327 Italian Raffaele Demoro Macao 10 March 1865 23 June 1865 641 39 602 Peru

26 Castagnola Figari e Hijos Lima 328 Italian Gio. Batta Castagnola Macao 19 March 1865 19 July 1865 200 77 133 Peru

27 Bianchi D. Josè 796 Italian J. Gervasoni Macao 14 May 1865 21 December 1865 505 244 261 Peru

Cía Camillo Cavour 1326 Italian Landabaso Macao 31 May 1865 22 September 1865 632 49 583 Peru

29 Fray Bentos 618 Hamburg Gio. Batta Castagnola Hong Kong 300 Vancouver Unclear destination

30 R.Pratolongo R.Pratolongo Rocco Pratolongo 890 Italian L. Profumo Macao 23 June 1865 13 October 1865 503 247 256 Peru

31 Canevaro y

Cía Falcon 462 Peruvian Sullivan Macao 20 July 1865 30 October 1865 249 31 218 Peru

32 R.Pratolongo Liguria 843 Italian A. Pezzolo Macao 30 July 1865 3 February 1866 513* ? 72 Peru 54 coolies left at Thaiti

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321

33 Canevaro y

Cía Aurora 668 Peruvian G. Hill Macao 6 August 1865 18 November 1865 399 10 389 Peru

34 Canevaro y

Cía Dea del mar 794 Italian Giacomo Ansaldo Macao 8 September 1865 21 January 1866 612* (506?) 344 268 Peru Revolt

35 Canevaro Cia. Maritima Rosina 487 Italian Fermann Macao 14 December 1865 14 April 1866 370 102 268 Peru

36 Figari Figari e Hijos Providenza 660 Italian Stefano Nattini Macao 17 December 1865 413 8 405 Peru

37 R.Pratolongo Karl Hamburg 27 April 1866 200 3 197 Peru

Cía Italia 986 Italian Oate Macao 6 January 1866 486 ? ? Cuba

Cía Catalina 309 Italian Francesco Demoro Macao 17 February 1866 29 May 1866 193 4 189 Peru

Cía Napoleone Canevaro 1215 Italian Raffaele Demoro Macao 8 March 1866 663* (562?) 663* - Peru Revolt, ship took fire and sank. Possibly a handful of survivors

41 Cia Maritima Uncowah 988 Italian Rosciano Macao 10 April 1866 29 June 1866 572 116 456 Peru

42 Bollo* Estienne y co Amalia 344 Italian Giovanni Bollo Macao 10 April 1866 26 August 1866 241 92 149 Peru

Cía Luisa Canevaro 1206 Italian Cavessa Macao 10 April 1866 698 ? Cuba

44 Chiarella Bianchi Colombo 775 Italian Stefano Chiappara Macao 20 April 1866 11 September 1866 370 6 364 Peru

45 Canevaro Dagnino e

Hijos Camillo Cavour 1326 Italian Landabaso Macao 10 May 1866 17 August 1866 634 131 503 Peru

46 Hurtado Lima 328 Italian A. Munhart* Macao 31 May 1866 22 October 1866 148 7 141 Peru

47 Bollo Molfino Teresa 1094 Italian Sebastiano Bollo Macao 3 June 1866 2 October 1866 631 116 497 Peru

48 Cia Maritima Asia 820 Italian Timosci Macao 9 June 1866 1 November 1866 500 103 397 Peru

49 Figari Figari e Hijos Fray Bentos 471 Italian Gio Batta Castagnola Macao 20 June 1866 9 November 1866 360 9 351 Peru

50 R.Pratolongo Marcone Rocco Pratolongo 860 Italian L.Profumo Macao 21 June 1866 20 October 1866 455 7 448 Peru

51 Cia Maritima America 1454 Italian Evans Macao 10 November 1866 6 March 1867 622 38 584 Peru

52 Canevaro y

Cía Aurora 660 Italian W.C. Linscott Macao 14 December 1866 6 April 1867 272 13 259 Peru

Cía Hong Kong French Canton 23 January 1866 260 ? Cuba Revolt, ship returns to China

Cía Hong Kong 470 Spanish Yribar Macao 4 January 1867 16 April 1867 314 314 Cuba

55 Canevaro y

Cía Marie Laure 393 French E. Auril Macao 5 May 1867 285 Peru

56 R.Pratolongo R.Pratolongo Rocco Pratolongo 890 Italian L. Profumo Macao 9 July 1867 7 October 1867 403* 96* 307 Peru

57 Figari Figari e Hijos Providenza 660 Italian Alberto Nattini Macao 5 July 1867 6 November 1867 364 18 346 Peru

59 Canevaro y

Cía Johanna 1326 Austrian Landabaso Macao 21 July 1867 2 December 1867 619 90 288 Peru Other 241 coolies in precarious healt transborded at Paita on the British ship Panama

60 Nicola Larco Cia Maritima Galileo 1076 Italian Splivalo Macao 23 July 1867 13 December 1867 413 111 302 Peru

Cía Luisa Canevaro 1206 Italian Raffaele Demoro Macao 22 September 1867 3 March 1868 663 205 458 Peru

62 Nicola Larco Cia Maritima Uncowah 988 Italian Rosciano Macao 21 October 1867 29 January 1868 498 7 491 Peru

63 Canevaro y

Cía Blanche 533 French Buttot Macao 15 November 1867 8 March 1868 311 27 284 Peru

Cía Camillo Cavour 1394 Italian Macao 20 September 1867 590 4 586 Peru

Cía Hong Kong 470 Spanish Yribar Macao 9 January 1868 316 Cuba

66 Canevaro y

Cía Aurora 668 Salvadorean García y García Macao 11 January 1868 14 April 1868 400 8 392 Peru

67 Bollo Teresa 1091 Italian Sebastiano Bollo Macao 3 February 1868 293 ? - no, Peru Revolt, ship turns back to China

68 Figari Figari e Hijos Fray Bentos 561 Italian A. Bollo* Macao 13 March 1868 3 July 1868 320 4 318 Peru

69 R.Pratolongo R.Pratolongo Rocco Pratolongo 890 Italian L. Profumo Macao 27 May 1868 29 September 1868 464 21 443 Peru

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Cía Camillo Cavour 1326 Salvadorean A. Astorquia Macao 1 July 1868 555 Peru

71 Figari Hurtado Providenza 660 Spanish A. Nattini Macao 23 July 1868 23 December 1868 382 6 376 Peru

72 Nicola Larco Cia Maritima Uncowah 988 Salvadorean Rosciano Macao 31 August 1868 1 January 1869 499 21 478 Peru

73 Canevaro y

Cía Aurora 668 Salvadorean García y García Macao 24 November 1868 19 March 1869 419 39 380 Cuba

74 G.Fraschieri Canevaro y

Cía Italia 1086 Italian Zolueta Macao 26 March 1869 520 ? ? Cuba

Cía Camillo Cavour 1326 Salvadorean A. Astorquia Macao 17 June 1869 19 September 1869 586 19 567 Peru

76 Cia Maritima Callao 1552 Salvadorean L. Lavarello Macao 19 June 1869 1 November 1869 653 31 622 Peru

77 Figari Figari e Hijos Fray Bentos 561 Salvadorean Raimondo Mota Macao 7 July 1869 23 October 1869 352 8 343 Peru

78 Figari Figari e Hijos Providenza 660 Salvadorean Vidaurrazaga Macao 2 August 1869 24 November 1869 386 8 378 Peru

79 Canevaro y

Cía Joardain 440 French L. Arnardeau Macao 2 October 1869 16 January 1870 242 4 238 Peru

Cía Luisa Canevaro 1026 Salvadorean Raffaele Demoro Macao 3 October 1869 15 January 1870 721 27 694 Peru

81 Nicola Larco Cia Maritima Uncowah 988 Salvadorean Rosciano Macao 1 March 1870 536 3 533 Peru

Cía Camillo Cavour 1326 Salvadorean A. Astorquia Macao 12 February 1870 26 April 1870 662 12 650 Peru

83 Figari Figari e Hijos Fray Bentos 561 Salvadorean Raimondo Mota Macao 28 February 1870 4 June 1870 353 30 323 Peru

84 G. Fraschieri Canevaro y

Cía Italia 1086 Italian Vidaurrazaga Macao 19 March 1870 527 ? - No, Cuba Hits reef; Shipwreck at Anjer

85 Figari Figari e Hijos Providenza 660 Salvadorean Vidaurrazaga Macao 7 May 1870 29 August 1870 416 4 410 Peru

86 Cia Maritima Callao 1552 Salvadorean L. Lavarello Macao 26 May 1870 5 September 1870 671 22 549 Peru

Cía Luisa Canevaro 1026 Salvadorean Raffaele Demoro Macao 4 July 1870 10 December 1870 705 22 583 Peru

88 Nicola Larco Cia Maritima Uncowah 988 Salvadorean Rosciano Macao 14 October 1870 537 425 - No, Peru Revolt, coast of Australia, 112 survivors shipped to

Java

89 Figari Figari e Hijos Fray Bentos 561 Salvadorean Raimondo Mota Macao 20 October 1870 21 January 1871 365 2 362 Peru

Cía Camillo Cavour 1326 Salvadorean A. Astorquia Macao 7 November 1870 25 January 1871 661 9 652 Peru 91 Canevaro Canevaro y

Cía Hong Kong 470 Peruvian Yribar Macao 20 December 1870 10 April 1871 313 14 299 Peru

92 Figari Figari e Hijos Providenza 660 Salvadorean Vidaurrazaga Macao 26 December 1870 11 April 1871 416 10 406 Peru

93 Cia Maritima Callao 1552 Salvadorean L. Lavarello Macao 14 January 1871 7 April 1871 691 29 662 Peru

94 Figari e Hijos Peru 690 Salvadorean A. Basgoite Macao 20 January 1871 28 April 1871 580 30 350 Peru

95 Canevaro y

Cía Villa de Granada 471 French M. Chansel Macao 15 February 1871 253 83 170 Peru

96 Figari Figari e Hijos Fray Bentos 561 Peruvian Raimondo Mota Macao 28 April 1871 16 August 1871 372 12 360 Peru

Cía Luisa Canevaro 1206 Peruvian Raffaele Demoro Macao 19 June 1871 2 November 1871 733 8 725 Peru

98 Canevaro y

Cía Mille Jonnes 735 French J. Menard Macao 8 October 1871 21 January 1872 432 39 393 Peru

Cía Hong Kong 470 Peruvian Yribar Macao 12 October 1871 21 January 1872 314 8 306 Peru

100 Figari Figari e Hijos Providenza 660 Peruvian Vidaurrazaga Macao 15 October 1871 24 January 1872 420 5 415 Peru

101 Figari e Hijos Peru 690 Peruvian A. Basgoite Macao 5 November 1871 12 February 1872 404 10 394 Peru

Cía Camillo Cavour 1326 Peruvian A. Astorquia Macao 29 July 1871 632 ? - no, Peru Typhoon, the ship returns to Macao

103 Figari Figari e Hijos Fray Bentos 553 Peruvian C.A. de Mesquita Macao 6 January 1872 12 April 1872 371 6 565 Peru

104 Canevaro y

Cía Johanna Willem 494 Dutch Bakker Macao 31 January 1872 16 May 1872 260 13 247 Peru

Cía Luisa Canevaro 1208 Peruvian Venturini Macao 18 February 1872 11 May 1872 739 192 547 Peru

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323

Cía Emigrante 899 Portuguese Do Santos Macao 26 February 1872 11 June 1872 499 107 392 Peru

107 Cia Maritima America 1454 Peruvian G. de Gregorio Macao 17 March 1872 13 June 1872 690 105 585 Peru

108 Canevaro y

Cía Antares 401 French G. Nolte Macao 21 March 1872 20 June 1872 263 82 181 Peru

109 Canevaro y

Cía Inrust 836 Dutch A.L. Haffman Macao 8 May 1872 28 September 1872 455 45 410 Peru

Cía Camillo Cavour 1326 Peruvian A. Astorquia Macao 15 May 1872 31 August 1872 650 57 593 Peru

111 Figari e Hijos Peru 690 Peruvian A. Basgoite Macao 17 May 1872 27 September 1872 406 54 352 Peru

Cía Hong Kong 470 Peruvian Yribar Macao 22 May 1872 12 September 1872 314 37 277 Peru

113 Figari Figari e Hijos Providenza 660 Peruvian Vidaurrazaga Macao 12 June 1872 23 September 1872 422 10 412 Peru

114 Canevaro y

Cía Radama 550 French F. Maumus Macao 21 June 1872 28 September 1872 305 4 301 Peru

115 Canevaro y

Cía N.Orange 763 Dutch W.C. Phapp Macao 29 June 1872 29 October 1872 396 44 352 Peru

116 Canevaro y

Cía Bengali (Belgolar?) 759 French B. Noge Macao 22 July 1872 15 December 1872 375 39 336 Peru

117 Figari Figari e Hijos Fray Bentos 561 Peruvian Raimondo Mota Macao 2 August 1872 16 December 1872 366 21 345 Peru

118 Lloyd Italiano di

Genova Glensannox 1251 Italian Domenico Copello Macao 17 November 1872 30 January 1873 683 31 652 Costa Rica Attempt to establish a new coolie route

119 Canevaro y

Cía Blanche Marie 462 French C. Balais Macao 25 November 1872 1 April 1873 315 40 275 Peru

120 Figari e Hijos* Peru 690 Peruvian A. Basgoite Macao 28 February 1873 June 1873 406 99 307 Peru

Cía Hong Kong 470 Peruvian D. Borainca Macao 20 March 1873 August 1873 316 21 295 Peru

122 Figari Figari e Hijos Providenza 660 Peruvian I. Yzaurieta Macao 5 May 1873 4 September 1873 422 37 385 Peru

Cía Emigrante 965 Peruvian P. Boeto Macao 28 May 1873 26 October 1873 502 75 427 Peru

124 Bressani Guillermo 328 Peruvian J.B.Taboaga Macao 28 July 1873 10 January 1874 223 32 191 Peru

Cía Camillo Cavour 1326 Peruvian Yribar Macao 6 August 1873 7 November 1873 683 22 661 Peru

126 Lloyd Italiano di

Genova Glensannox 1251 Italian Domenico Copello Macao 24 September 1873 730 ? ? Cuba

Cía Luisa Canevaro 1206 Peruvian Venturini Macao 11 January 1874 4 April 1874 759 3 756 Peru

128 Figari Figari e Hijos Nuova Providenza 947 Peruvian Vidaurrazaga Macao 11 January 1874 1 May 1874 524 11 513 Peru

N.B. I have underlined the names of people of ships of Italian nationality; asterisks indicate uncertainty.

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Appendix II: Garibaldi and the coolie trade

As we mentioned in the body of our thesis, the coolie trade was raised for the first time to the wider attention of the Italian historians during the 1980s. The reason was the mounting controversy about the possible involvement of Giuseppe Garibaldi in the traffic during the early 1850s. This debate, however, remained confined in the perimeter of a purely biographical interest, and failed to raise deeper questions about the historical context in which Garibaldi’s supposed expedition took place.

The original source for this so-called “black legend” dated back to 1882, when the novelist Augusto Vittorio Vecchi (later known with the pen name of Jack La Bolina) recounted in his biography of the General a fortuitous encounter he had in the mid- 1860s with the Italo-Peruvian merchant Pietro Denegri, established coolie trafficker in Peru. Denegri had effectively employed Garibaldi as captain for his ship Carmen in a journey to and from China in the years 1852-1853. The content of that ship’s return cargo, however, was not confirmed by any other source at the time. According to Vecchi, Denegri had told him in an informal dinner with other guests, that Garibaldi had been one of his best captains in the coolie trade, because, “m’ha sempre portati i Chinesi nel numero imbarcato e tutti grassi ed in buon salute; perché li trattava come uomini e

non come bestie”.

¹

From this fragment Vecchi and others concluded that Garibaldi had indeed carried coolies to Peru in his return voyage from Canton to Callao in 1853.

²

In a bid to debunk this claim, Philip Cowie, a scholar and biographer of Garibaldi, was the first historian to actually tackle this problem and conduct a systematical and praiseworthy archival research. Cowie’s findings were presented in two subsequent interventions in a conference in Pavia (Italy) in 1982,

³

organized by some of the major scholars of East

1

Vittorio Vecchj, La vita e le gesta di Giuseppe Garibaldi narrate da Jack La Bolina (Bologna: Nicola Zanichelli, 1882), 94–95.

2

For example, among others, Fortini, Audacie sui mari. In 1982 the voice had been reported by Giorgio Candeloro in an article on La Repubblica, a major Italian national newspaper: “Ma di Garibaldi bisogna parlare bene?”, La Repubblica, 20 January 1982; According to Candeloro the Carmen “all’andata trasportava guano […] al ritorno trasportava cinesi per lavorare il guano: la schiavitù in Perù era stata abolita e il guano non voleva lavorarlo più nessuno. Insomma, un lavoretto un po’ da negriero.” Quoted in Philip K. Cowie, “Garibaldi in Oriente, Aprile-Settebre 1982: Alcune Precisazioni”, in Garibaldi, Mazzini

e il Risorgimento nel risveglio dell’Asia e dell’Africa, eds. Giorgio Borsa and Paolo Beonio Brocchieri,

(Milano: Franco Angeli, 1984), 429.

3

Whose acts are published as Giorgio Borsa, Paolo Beonio Brocchieri (eds.), Garibaldi, Mazzini e il

Risorgimento nel risveglio dell’Asia e dell’Africa, (Milano: Franco Angeli, 1984). See Cowie’s

interventions “Garibaldi in Oriente, Aprile-Settembre 1852”, and “Garibaldi in Oriente, Aprile-Settembre

1982: Alcune Precisazioni”; See also Cowie, “Nuova luce su Garibaldi in Perù.”

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325 Asian history of the time (Borsa, Bertuccioli, Brocchieri). He further discussed the issue several years later in an article on the Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento,

⁴

and in a web-based controversy against marginal neo-Borbonic political movements who had appropriated the “black legend” of the Italian national hero for their obvious political ends.

⁵

Cowie’s evidences to deny Garibaldi’s connection with the coolie traffic are relatively weak, but have so far established the historiographical consensus on the subject. In the next lines we address briefly this issue, despite its only tangential relevance for the objective of our study. To summarize his various contributions on the topic, Cowie’s defense of Garibaldi can be articulated in 3 points. The first is a linguistic remark over the use, in the aforementioned statement of Denegri, of the word

“chinesi”. According to Cowie, it is probable that in his discourse Denegri had spoken in a mixture of Spanish and Genoese, and used the Spanish word “chinos” instead of the Italian one. But, Cowie adds, a “chino” in the nineteenth-century Peruvian language indicated not only a Chinese, but also a category of mestizo—the son of an Indian and a black. In other words, Cowie concluded, Denegri was speaking to Vecchi of how well Garibaldi had treated his mixed-blood sailors.

⁶

This is the weakest of the three arguments proposed by Cowie. It is true that the two meanings of the word “chino”

overlapped at the time, but the Chinese coolie trade was by far a stronger concern for Denegri and it is certain that the Italo-Peruvian merchant would have not left his guests to equivocate the meaning of his words. Why talk about the treatment of irrelevant mestizo sailors, when the topic every European in Peru wanted to know about was the infamous coolie trade? And why stress that Garibaldi had returned them in the number embarked, and “all fat and in good health”, if they were just replaceable sailors, and not a precious cargo to profit from?

As second and more convincing evidence, Cowie presented the transcription of a Peruvian parliamentary document, listing the ships which were granted the subsidy of 30$ for the introduction of contract emigrants in the years 1849-1853. The absence of Denegri’s ship Carmen in this list demonstrate that Denegri had not been licensed to import coolies under the terms of the so called “ley china” of 1849, but it does not rule

4

Philip K. Cowie, “Contro la tesi di Garibaldi negriero”, Rassegna storica del Risorgimento, LXXXV, 1998.

5

“Garibaldi, negriero: un po’ di luce sull’omertà degli storici”:

http://www.eleaml.org/sud/storia/negriero.html

(accessed 05/2014); Cowie’s response on

http://digilander.libero.it/pkcowie/ (accessed 05/2014).

6

Cowie, “Contro la tesi di Garibaldi negriero”.

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out completely the possibility of an unlicensed transportation.

The third document, finally, is a note of the return cargo of the Carmen, taken from the Peruvian journal El Comercio of 25 January 1853. This note, Cowie observed, did not signal the presence of coolies, but only a cargo of sundries.

⁷

Here Cowie proved his superficial knowledge of the mechanisms of the coolie trade. Never, in fact, the coolies were listed on the coolie ships as cargo, despite the stipulation of bill of ladings with the importing companies. On the other hand, the fact they were not signaled as passenger, is a more convincing clue of Garibaldi’s “innocence”, which Cowie correctly stressed.

⁸

In conclusion, Cowie’s evidences are valuable but they are not sufficient to exclude with absolute certainty Garibaldi’s participation in the traffic. Yet there are even less clues to argue in favor of it. Surprisingly, the plainest explanation of Denegri’s statement to Vecchi has been so far ignored: Denegri might well have fabricated his anecdote to entertain his guests mixing some elements of reality and fiction; in the end

his objective was to praise Garibaldi, not to harm his reputation.

From Cowie’s narrative of Garibaldi’s voyage, however, we can formulate a number of questions that remain largely unanswered. The importing firm of Garibaldi’s voyage was Zaracondegui y Cía, which will be later active in the coolie trade. That does not seem the case of the Carmen’s contact in Canton, Mr. King and Co, as Cowie rightly noted; but the Carmen’s long stay in China raise some doubts on the real objectives of

the voyage.

⁹

It is likely that Garibaldi’s voyage was used by Denegri to explore the practical possibility of entering the coolie trade, which he did with the same Carmen a few years afterwards.

¹⁰

In light of these doubts further exploration of the Peruvian sources is definitely needed to write off this controversy.

7

“Efectos venidos per la barca peruana Carmen, procedente de Canton – A Zaracondegui y Cia: 532 quintales de alumbre, 585 idem, idem cera,200 idem idem cola, 6000 cajones idem cobetes, 1086 rollos idem petate, 4 cajones idem esencia de anis, 30 idem idem, 15000 g[rue]sas bottones concha de perla, 6 juegos idem con 12 juegos mesitas para te, 6 cajones id.,6 silletas poltronas, 22 idem idem, 11 mesas de comer, 500 juegos idem baules, 12 sofas de muelle, 24 roperos de alcanfor, 66 quintales canela, 849 idem Jarcia, 150,000 cigarros, 6,000 peyayitos de Manila, 425 cajones de té con 12,200 libras, 51 idem con 1,816 panuelos vapor bordados, 12 idem 608 idem idem llanos, 2 idem, 51 docenas panuelos tafetan,5 idem 129 idem cenidores vapor ,8 idem 250 piezas raso, 2 idem 101 docenas panuelos pongues,2 idem 26 piezas brocatel,12 idem 402 panuelos de chapa,1 idem 26 libras de seda, 4 idem 104 docenas corbatas de lastrin,4 idem 101 idem idem raso, 12 idem 602 panuelos levantina, 1 idem 25 piezas raso de dos colores, 2 idem 52 idem tafetan, 1 idem 9 raso de panquin.” El Comercio, 25 January 1853, quoted by Cowie, “Contro la tesi di Garibaldi Negriero,” 396.

8

“Garibaldi in Oriente, Aprile-Settembre 1982: Alcune Precisazioni,” 430.

9

“Garibaldi in Oriente, Aprile-Settembre 1982,” 336.

10

We can only speculate about the voice reported by Consul Canevaro that Garibaldi was expected to

conduct a second voyage to China right after his return in Lima: Canevaro to MAE, Lima, 11 March

1853, ASTO, Materie Politiche per Rapporto all’Estero, Consolati Nazionali, Lima 1840-1859.

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327 Appendix III: Sample of a coolie contract

Contract to board the ship “Providencia”, 1871, consignee Fernando Tuton on behalf of Figari & Hijos.

Courtesy of Prof. Ricardo La Torre Silva, former director of the Raimondi Museum in Lima.

Transcription:

EMIGRACION CHINA PARA EL PERU

CONTRATA

no. ……

C

ONVENIO

celebrado en M

ACAO

, China, hoy día 11 de octubre del año de Nuestro Señor de 1871 entre el Sñr. FERNANDO TUTON, a nombre de los Sres. JUAN FIGARI &

HIJOS, de Lima, por una parte; y por la otra de ………. natural del districto do ……….. en China, edad de ….. años y de oficio

C

ONSTE

, solemnemente por el presente contrato que yo ………. libre y espontáneamente declaro haber convenido con el Sñr. FERNANDO TUTON en embarcarme en la Fragata Peruana Providencia con el objeto de translarme al Peru, obligándome desde mi llegada á ponerme a las órdenes de los espresados Sñr para llenar cuyo objecto, entraré a servir en clase de cultivador, hortelano, pastor, criado ó trabajador en jeneral, por espacio de ocho años, contados desde el día en que entre á servir ; durante tal periodo araré los campos, desmontaré terrenos, cuidaré ganados, atenderé a las huertas, y en suma haré cualquiera otra clase de trabajos, cuando para ello sea requerido haciéndome útil además con aquellos conocimientos de mecánico y artesano que pudiera poseer. Menos en el trabajo de las I

SLAS

H

UANERAS

C

ONSTE

que convengo de mi voluntad, que el mencionado periodo de ocho años, comenzará á contarse desde el día que entre a servir come se ha dicho, y que tengo perfectamente entendido; que la palabra mes se tomará y se toma como como significado de un mes del calendario y que la palabra año se tomará y se toma como significado de doce de dichos meses.

C

ONSTE

que concluido el dicho periodo de ocho años me será libre el disponer de mi trabajo, ne pudiendo cualquiera deuda que haya contraído servir de pretexto para prolongar el tiempo de mi compromiso, debiendo tales deudas ser reclamadas según las leyes del país.

C

ONSTE

que no dispenso los beneficios que las leyes del país me concedan.

C

ONSTE

que durante el referido periodo de ocho años no trabajaré para mi, ni para ninguna otra persona, sino solo en beneficio de los Sres. JUAN FIGARI & HIJOS, ó a la persona a quien hubiesen traspasado este Contrato y que no me ausentaré de la casa de estos sin un permiso por escrito.

C

ONSTE

así mismo que convengo se me descuente un peso fuerte ó su equivalente en moneda del país todos los meses, del salario, que hemos convenido recibir por mi trabajo hasta el reembolso total de la suma de ocho pesos que confieso haber recibido aquí del Sñr.

FERNANDO TUTON como por vía de préstamo adelantado sobre mis salarios.

C

ONSTE

que solo tendré una hora para cada una de mis comidas diarias, y que el tiempo y duración de mi trabajo cada día será el mismo de costumbre del lugar ó pueblo á que se me destinare.

C

ONSTE

finalmente, para lo que pudiera haber lugar, que me obligo á la observancia de todas y cada una de las cláusulas arriba espresada, no solo con los Sñrs. JUAN FIGARI &

HIJOS, sus herederos, legatarios, apoderados ó agentes, sino con todas las personas á quienes fuere traspasado el presente contrato, con arreglo al decreto de 7 de Enero 1859, para lo cual, los autorizo desde hoy entara y completamente sin que después de hecho esto pueda ligaries ninguna responsabilidad hacía mi.

C

ONSTE ASÍ MISMO POR MI PARTE

que yo el abajo firmado, FERNANDO TUTON, me obligo formalmente á que tan pronto como sea posible después de la llegada á su destino del buque arriba referido, dicho Sñrs. JUAN FIGARI & HIJOS, le pagaran mensualmente por su trabajo la suma de cuatro pesos fuertes ó su equivalente en moneda corrienda dándole además alojamiento, suficiente ración de alimento sano.

C

ONSTE

, que durante mi enfermedad se me proporcione en la enfermería la asistencia

(10)

que mi mal reclame; así como los ausilios, medecinas y facultativos que mis dolencia y conservación exijan por cualquier tiempo que duren. Y mi salario continuará así mismo, salvo que mi enfermedad hubiese sido adquirida por mi culpa. Que se me dè dos mudas de ropa, y una camisa de lana y una frazada anuales además de tres mudas gratis que me darán el día de mi embarque.

C

ONSTE

, que mi pasaje y manutención desde aquí al Peru será de cuenta de los Sñrs.

JUAN FIGARI & HIJOS, como así mismos cuantos gastos se viere en la necesidad de hacer el tránsito.

C

ONSTE

, que se concederán al mismo tres días de su año nuevo para cumplir sus funciónes religiosas.

Y EN CUMPLIIMENTO DE TODO LO ESPUESTO ARRIBA; declaramos ambas partes que antes de poner nuestra respectiva firma hemos leído por la ultima vez clara y detendamente todos y cada uno de los empeños á que mutuamente nos obligamos, a fin de que en ningún tiempo ni en ninguna circunstancia pueda arguirse ignorancia ni haber lugar á reclamo escepto en el caso de faltar al cumplimento de cualquiera de las condiciones arriba espressadas, con todas y cada una de las cuales estamos de perfecto acuerdo.

EN PRUEBA de todo lo cual firmamos hoy día de la fecha el presente solemne contrato de nuestro proprio puño.

………..

Procurador dos Negócios Sinicos ……….

Agente

………..………..

O Superintendente da Emigração Chineza

(11)

329 Appendix IV: Wages in mid-nineteenth-century China and the Americas

CATEGORY AND PLACE: WAGE PER MONTH

C

HINESE COOLIE

, C

UBA AND

P

ERU

$4 C

HINESE

(

HIRED

)

LABORER

, S

OUTH

C

HINA

$2-$4 C

HINESE LABORER

, H

ONG

K

ONG

$4-$6 C

HINESE SERVANT OF

E

UROPEAN

,

LOWEST GRADE

$6 C

HINESE HAWKER

, S

OUTH

C

HINA

(1840

S

) $5 C

HINESE MINOR OFFICIAL

,

OR SCHOLAR

, C

ANTON

(1880

S

) $6-$14

S

EAMEN

,

LOWEST GRADE

(1870

S

) $16-$20 S

AILOR ON OPIUM

(

OR COOLIE

)

CLIPPER

$30-$40 C

HINESE INTERPRETER

(1850

S

) $60-$75 C

HINESE PLANTATION WORKER

, H

AWAII

(1860

S

) $4.8 M

INER

, C

ALIFORNIA

(1850

S

) $48 R

AILROAD WORKER

, C

ALIFORNIA

(1860

S

) $36 L

ABORER

, N

EW

S

OUTH

W

ALES

, A

USTRALIA

(1860

S

) $9

J

ORNALERO

, L

IMA

, (1866) $17 ($0,77

PER DAY

) A

GRICULTURAL LABORER

(

FREE

), L

IMA

, (1877) $1-$2

PER DAY

S

OURCE

: A

UTHOR

’

S ELABORATION

,

DATA FROM

: C

HRISTOPHER

M

UNN

,

ANGLO-CHINA: CHINESE PEOPLE AND BRITISH RULE IN HONG KONG,1841-1880

(R

ICHMOND

, S

URREY

: C

URZON

P

RESS

, 2001); M

ICHAEL

W

ILLIAMS

, “D

ESTINATION QIAOXIANG

: P

EARL

R

IVER

D

ELTA

V

ILLAGES AND

P

ACIFIC PORTS

, 1849-1949” (U

NPUBLISHED

P

H

.D.

DISSERTATION

, T

HE

U

NIVERSITY OF

H

ONG

K

ONG

, 2002); S

HANE

J. H

UNT

, “G

ROWTH AND

G

UANO IN

N

INETEENTH

-C

ENTURY

P

ERU

,”

IN LATIN AMERICAN ECONOMIES: GROWTH AND THE EXPORT SECTOR

,

ED

. R

OBERTO

C

ORTÉS

C

ONDE AND

S

HANE

J. H

UNT

(N

EW

Y

ORK

: H

OLMES

& M

EIER

, 1985), 255–318.

(12)

Appendix V: List of barracoons in Macao, 1868:

Source: O Independente, 23 October 1868:

Relação dos estabelecimentos de Emigracão Chinesa, ora existentes nesta Cidade; dos Agentes a quem pertencem ; e dos seus empregados:

Estabelecimento Letra A, rua do Hospital, No.

47, Agente J, A. Tuton.

Empregados.

J . B. Corvett, encarregado.

A. M. Graça, escrivão.

C. Corvett, do.

C. M. do Rosario, guarda.

J. P. Rodrigues, do.

A. A. de Aquino, chiptú.

Damião Miguel, porteiro.

Estabelecimento Letra B, rua de Santo Antonio, No. 10, Agente J. A. Tuton.

Empregados.

J. P, de Campos, encarregado.

E. V. A. Xaxier, escrivão, J . V. Pereira, do.

Z. Robarts, guarda.

R. Gracias, do.

P. Gardentornio, do.

J . da Cruz, do.

Bronu M. Rozario, chiptú.

Estabelecimento Letra C, praça de Camoes, No.

7, Agente J . A. Tuton.

Empregados.

E. F. Marçal, encarregado.

D. Tavares, escrivão.

Emerigo de Pinna, do.

A. de Souza, guarda.

J. Dias, do.

V. Pereira, do.

L. Pinto, do.

A. Botelho, chiptú.

J. de Souza, do.

Estabelecimento Letra ,D, Covao, No. 9, Agente J. A. Tuton.

Empregados.

F. V. Ribeiro, encarregado.

D. C. Barros, escrivão, R. F. Pereira, chiptú.

Estabelecimento Letra E, Tarrafeiro, No. 9, Agente J. A. Tuton.

Empregados.

F. P, Xavier, encarregado.

Cosme Xavier, guarda.

J. B. da Silva, do.

L. do Rozario, chiptú.

Estabelecimento Letra F, Prainha, No. 12, Agente J.A. Tuton.

F. B. Mattos, encarregado.

J. da Luz, guardião.

A. Tino, do.

Francisco Filomeno, guarda.

F. Ozorio, do.

A. Luiz, do.

D. da Cruz, chiptú.

Estabelecimento Letra M, Prainha, No. 16, Agente J.A. Tuton.

Empregados.

E. Lopes, encarregado.

P. Encarnacão, escrivão F. da Cruz, do.

D. Xavier, guardião.

L. Couto, fiel.

N. de Souza, guarda.

J . d’Almeida, do.

M. Pinto, do.

F. Xavier, chiptú.

A. Cruz, do.

Estabelecimento Letra L, praça de Camoes, No.

2, Agente J. A. Tuton.

Empregados.

L. G. M. Marques, encarregado.

C. A. Sanches, escrivão.

P. da Silva, guarda.

D. da Roza, do.

J. V. de Jesus, chiptú.

C. Carion, do.

Estabelecimento Letra R, Ponta de Rede, No, 30, Agente J. A. Tuton.

Empregados.

L. Barretto, encarregado.

A. M. Gutierrez, escrivão.

E. Pina, guarda.

Luiz Pinto, do.

X. da Silva, do.

J. Gomes, guardião.

J. de Souza, chiptú.

(13)

331 Estabelecimento Letra G, Ponta de Rede, No, 20, Agente N. T. Armero.

Empregados.

A. G. Marques, encarregado.

A. G. Marques, escrivão.

T. Marques, do.

Damião Botelho, guardião, L. da Silva, guarda.

A. Rego, do,

J. M. Batalha, chiptú,

Estabelecimento Letra H, Becco de Colonos, No.

2, Agente N. T. Armero.

Empregados

F. d’Oliveira, encarregado.

C. da Silva, escrivão.

J. do Rozario, do.

V. Nogueira, guardião.

J. Britto, guarda.

R. do Rozario, chiptú.

Estabelecimento Letra I, Tarrafeiro, No. 48, Agente N.T. Armero.

Empregados.

G. Marques, encarregado.

M. Lopes, escrivão.

D. P. Marques, do.

F. do Rozario, guardião, H. Rodrigues, guarda.

T. Remedios, do.

C. J. Pereira, chiptú.

Estabelecimento Letra K, Calçada de Sto.

Agostinho No. 11, Agente N. T. Armem.

Empregados.

A. G. Bubly, encarregado.

M. Victal, escrivão.

J. da Silva, do.

J. Cordeiro, guardião.

M. Pereira, guarda.

J. de Souza, do.

J. Fernandes, do.

M. da Silva, do.

M. Victal Jr., do.

Estabelecimento Letra N, Tarrafeiro, No. 6 e 7, Agente B. Solares.

Empregados.

J. M, Vieira, encarregado.

A. da Roza, escrivão.

J . P. Leite, do.

M. do Rozario, guardião.

A. Sequeira, guarda.

L. do Rozario, do.

F. Fernandes, do, A. Fernandes, do.

P. do Rozario, chiptú.

L. Botelho, do.

Estabelecimento Letra O, Praia Manduco, No.

34, Agente B. Solares,

Empregados.

V. Favacho, encarregado.

T. J. do Rozario, guardião.

F. Moreira, guarda.

V. da Silva, do.

V. Pereira, do.

F. da Cunha, do.

P. Couto, chiptu.

J. Rozario, do.

Estabelecimento Letra P, Prainha, No. 20.

Agente F. Carricarte.

Empregados.

G. Tavares, encarregado.

F. P. Marques, escrivão.

F. N, da Penha, guarda.

P. da Rocha, do.

A. Ribeiro, chiptú.

Estabelecimento Letra Q, Prainha, No. 2, Agente F. Carricarte.

Empregados.

L. de Azevedo, encarregado.

J . Nunes, escrivao.

T. Robarts. do.

J. M. Robarts. do.

A. de Souza, guarda.

Cleozostimo, do.

Antonio do.

A. Xavier, chiptú.

Em cumprimento ao V. despacho de S. Exa. o Governador lançado no requerimento junto de J. da Silva, passei a relação supra, tirada do competente livro d’esta repartição, e a elle me reporto.