The Modern Age HISTORICAL BACKGROUND:
Political Reforms: The Children’s Charter, Old Age Pensions Act, National Insurance Act.
Social Protest: strikes, Easter Rising in Ireland, Suffraggettes.
World War I: fought in the trenches, great masses of people died.
English painting: Paul Nash The Menin Road. The effects of war on nature: a waste land.
A cultural crisis:
• the system of Victorian values collapsed: lack of certainties, sense of emptiness.
• new theories about time by James and Bergson
• new theories on the subconscious by Freud
• new scientific theories (relativity by Einstein).
new interest in the inner world of the individual
Modernism: international
movement of the 1920s and 30s that involved all forms of art. Main
features:
Experimentation: new styles, rejection of conventions.
Fragmentation: reality seen
simultaneously from different points of view.
Subjectivity: subjective perception of reality; there isn’t only one truth.
Picasso:
Weeping Woman
Modernist Novel vs traditional novel: moral and psychological uncertainty of the writer, no omniscent narrator, no plot. New narrative technique: the interior monologue (verbal
expression of the stream of consciousness), importance of single intense moments.
James Joyce Virginia Woolf
Modern Poetry:
Georgian poets: conventional style, emphasis on English elements, patriotism.
Rupert Brooke The Soldier:sonnet. He presents an idealized view of war, death as honorable action, he uses images connected to the English landscape and to the English character. Comparison with Italia by Ungaretti: same feeling of patriotism but different style.
War poets: unconventional style, strong images to emphasize the horror of war. Wilfred Owen Dulce et Decorum Est
Imagist poets:use of concise images on any subject matter (Ezra Pound).
Symbolist poets: influenced by Baudelaire, importance of the language of the senses, use of symbols (TS Eliot, the “mythical method” and the “objective correlative” in The Waste Land). TS Eliot vs Montale.
James Joyce
He left Dublin when he was 22 but Dublin remained at the centre of his works, which are realistic portraits of ordinary people’s lives (especially Dubliners and Ulysses).
• He wanted to render life objectively; no omniscent narrator; no moral aim
• Importance of the inner world of the characters
• New narrative techniques, based on a subjective perception of time (free direct speech and interior monologue; epiphany)
• Dubliners: afflicted people, feeling of paralyses vs escape. Importance of epiphanies (= sudden spiritual revelations)
• Mixture of realism and symbolism (see Eveline)
• Joyce and Svevo: similar narrative techniques.
Virginia Woolf
• Mental instability, due to difficult childhood experiences. Attempts to commit suicide, and final suicide by drowning herself.
• She was a member of the Bloomsbury group, great experimentalist, literary critic and feminist (she wrote a lot of essays).
• In her novels (a lot of titles connected to water): emphasis on the inner world of her characters, she wasn’t interested in external events but on the impressions that these events left on the characters; importance of “moments of being”
(intense moments that make us understand reality beyond its surface)
• Woolf vs Joyce: they both used interior monologue but with different levels of experimentation; epiphanies/ moments of being
• Mrs Dalloway: Clarissa and Septimus: similarities and differences; presence of social changes and innovations; external time (Big Ben) vs interior time (flow of thoughts and associations of ideas of the characters)
