41
Bibliografia
1. “Infectious History”. Lederberg, Joshua. Science, April 14, 2000, pp. 287-293.
2. Combating antimicrobial resistance: policy recommendations to save
lives. Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), Spellberg B, Blaser M,
Guidos RJ, Boucher HW, Bradley JS, Eisenstein BI, Gerding D, Lynfield R, Reller LB, Rex J, Schwartz D, Septimus E, Tenover FC, Gilbert DN. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 May;52 Suppl 5:S397-428.
3. European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption (ESAC): quality
indicators for outpatient antibiotic use in Europe.Coenen S1, Ferech M, Haaijer-Ruskamp FM, Butler CC, Vander Stichele RH, Verheij TJ, Monnet DL, Little P, Goossens H; ESACProject Group. Qual Saf Health Care. 2007 Dec;16(6):440-5.
4. The changing epidemiology of resistance.Hawkey PM, Jones AM. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009 Sep;64 Suppl 1:i3-10.
5. Has the era of untreatable infections arrived? Livermore DMJ Antimicrob Chemother. 2009 Sep;64 Suppl 1:i29-36.
6. Inadequate antimicrobial treatment of infections: a risk factor for
hospital mortality among critically ill patients.Kollef MH1, Sherman G, Ward S, Fraser VJ.Chest. 1999 Feb;115(2):462-74.
7. Effect of antibiotic prescribing in primary care on antimicrobial
resistance in individual patients: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Costelloe C1, Metcalfe C, Lovering A, Mant D, Hay AD.BMJ. 2010 May 18;340:c2096.
8. Pharmacodynamic evaluation of factors associated with the development
of bacterial resistance in acutely ill patients during therapy.Thomas JK1, Forrest A, Bhavnani SM, Hyatt JM, Cheng A, Ballow CH, Schentag JJAntimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998 Mar;42(3):521-7.
9. CTX-M: changing the face of ESBLs in the UK. Livermore DM, Hawkey PM.J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005 Sep;56(3):451-4.
42 10. The effect of antibiotics on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
aureus.Dancer SJ.J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008 Feb;61(2):246-53.
11. Does antibiotic exposure increase the risk of methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolation? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Tacconelli E1, De Angelis G, Cataldo MA, Pozzi E, Cauda R.J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008 Jan;61(1):26-38.
12. Modification in prescribing practices for third-generation
cephalosporins and ciprofloxacin is associated with a reduction in meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia rate.Liebowitz
LD1, Blunt MCJ Hosp Infect. 2008 Aug;69(4):328-36.
13. Temporal effects of antibiotic use and hand rub consumption on the
incidence of MRSA and Clostridium difficile.Vernaz N1, Sax H, Pittet D, Bonnabry P, Schrenzel J, Harbarth S.J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008 Sep;62(3):601-7.
14. Prevalence and risk factors for carriage of methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus at admission to the intensive care unit: results of a multicenter study. Lucet JC1, Chevret S, Durand-Zaleski I, Chastang C, Régnier B; Multicenter Study Group.Arch Intern Med. 2003 Jan 27;163(2):181-8.
15. Risk factors for nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
aureus among patients with end-stage renal disease in Taiwan.Wang
CY1, Wu VC, Wang WJ, Lin YF, Lin YH, Chen YM, Su CT, Wang JY, Wu KD, Hsueh PR.J Formos Med Assoc. 2012 Jan;111(1):14-8.
16. The changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infections.Freeman J1, Bauer MP, Baines SD, Corver J, Fawley WN, Goorhuis B, Kuijper EJ, Wilcox MH.Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010 Jul;23(3):529-49.
17. Frequency of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in 2462 antibiotic-treated
hospitalized patients: a prospective study.Wiström J1, Norrby SR, Myhre EB, Eriksson S, Granström G, Lagergren L, Englund G, Nord CE, Svenungsson B.J Antimicrob Chemother. 2001 Jan;47(1):43-50.
43 18. Antimicrobial-associated risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection. Owens RC Jr1, Donskey CJ, Gaynes RP, Loo VG, Muto CA.Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Jan 15;46 Suppl 1:S19-31.
19. Clostridium difficile infection: how to deal with the problem. A board to ard approach. A report to the department of health from the steering group on healthcare associated infection. Feb 2008.
20. Antimicrobial stewardship: an evidence-based, antimicrobial
self-assessment toolkit (ASAT) for acute hospitals Cooke J1, JAlexander K, Charani E, Hand K, Hills T, Howard P, Jamieson C, Lawson W, Richardson J, Wade P. Antimicrob Chemother. 2010 Dec;65(12):2669-73.
21. Antimicrobial stewardship: “start smart –then focus” 2011
22. Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare
Epidemiology of America guidelines for developing an institutional program to enhance antimicrobial stewardship.Dellit TH1, Owens RC, McGowan JE Jr, Gerding DN, Weinstein RA, Burke JP, Huskins WC, Paterson DL, Fishman NO, Carpenter CF, Brennan PJ, Billeter M, Hooton TM; Infectious Diseases Society of America; Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America.Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Jan 15;44(2):159-77. Epub 2006 Dec 13.
23. Improving the quality of antibiotic prescribing in the NHS by developing
a new Antimicrobial Stewardship Programme: Start Smart--Then Focus.
Ashiru-Oredope D1, Sharland M, Charani E, McNulty C, Cooke J; ARHAI Antimicrobial Stewardship Group.J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012 Jul;67 Suppl 1:i51-63.
24. Outcomes of early switching from intravenous to oral antibiotics on
medical wards.Mertz D1, Koller M, Haller P, Lampert ML, Plagge H, Hug B, Koch G, Battegay M, Flückiger U, Bassetti SJ Antimicrob Chemother. 2009 Jul;64(1):188-99.
25. The commonality of risk factors for nosocomial colonization and
infection with antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, enterococcus, gram-negative bacilli, Clostridium difficile, and Candida.Safdar N1, Maki DG.Ann Intern Med. 2002 Jun 4;136(11):834-44.
44 26. Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital
inpatients.Davey P1, Brown E, Charani E, Fenelon L, Gould IM, Holmes A, Ramsay CR, Wiffen PJ, Wilcox M.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Apr 30;
27. The impact of policy guidelines on hospital antibiotic use over a decade:
a segmented time series analysis.Chandy SJ1, Naik GS2, Charles R3, Jeyaseelan V4, Naumova EN5, Thomas K6, Lundborg CS7PLoS One. 2014 Mar 19;9(3)
28. Broad-spectrum antimicrobials and the treatment of serious bacterial
infections: getting it right up front.Kollef MHClin Infect Dis. 2008 Sep
15;47 Suppl 1:S3-13.
29. Inadequate antimicrobial treatment: an important determinant of
outcome for hospitalized patients.Kollef MH.Clin Infect Dis. 2000 Sep;31
Suppl 4:S131-8.
30. Reducing healthcare associated infections in hospitals in England, national audit office
31. Antimicrobial Stewardship – Annual Report 2013-2014. Dr M. Ashcroft. Apr. 2014.
