Subject Index

(1)

Subject Index

A

abdomen 219–230, 233–243, 249 abdominal aorta 358

ABER position 262, 266 acceleration

– factor 15, 39, 50, 497 – – high 497

– – two-dimensional 249 – – ultra-high 497

– of the image acquisition 15 accessory nerve 205 acquisition – time 16

– three dimensional 33 – – g-factor 42 adenosine stress 410 adnexal masses 271, 273 adrenal glands 473 adventitia 343 aliasing – artefact 12

– in the reconstructed images 30 – process 25

ALPSA, see anterior labroligamentous periostal sleeve avulsion

alveolar blood vessel 421 AMBRI 264

anaplastic astrocytoma 187 anastomosis 335

aneurysm 190, 287 aneurysmal disease 334, 343 AngioSURF 453, 431 ankle coil 164 anterior

– cruciate ligament (ACL) 259, 260

– labroligamentous periostal sleeve avulsion (ALPSA) 266 APAOD, see atherosclerotic peripheral arterial occlusive disease

apodization 74 – correction 75

apparant diffusion coefﬁ cient (ADC) 372, 379 – lesion 372

arbitrary k-space – sampling 71 – trajectory 71 area stenosis 320 array

– 2D coil 46 – coil 37, 155

– – optimal combination of signals 38 artefact

– correction 63

– reduction 63 – – coil-based 66, 67 – removal

– – consistency-based 67, 68 arterial

– angiogram 360 – ﬁ brodysplasia 343

– input function (AIF) 195, 421 – occlusive disease 330

– spin labeling (ASL) 195, 376, 441 – – perfusion measurements 442 – stenosis 330

arteriovenous – ﬁ stula 338

– malformation (AVM) 338, 539 ascending aorta 492

ASL, see arterial spin labeling atalectasis 472, 474, 490 atherosclerosis 302, 320 atherosclerotic – changes 296 – disease 335, 359, 362 – occlusive disease 333

– peripheral arterial occlusive disease (APAOD) 341 – plaque 291

– stenosis 319 – vessel – – disease 292 – – wall lesion 362

atresia of the main pulmonary artery 350 atrial ﬁ brillation 335

auto-align 380

auto-calibration 30, 108, 109, 275, 524 – (AUTO)-SMASH 23

– signal (ACS) 108, 125, 211, 399, 434, 435 – signal-to-noise ration (SNR) 109 – TSENSE 144

Auto-SENSE 410 AUTO-SMASH 28, 108 – liver imaging 221 – reconstruction 30 – variable density 29 averaging 64 axillary artery 331 B

B1 ﬁ eld inhomogeneity 512 background signal 50, 57

balanced fast-ﬁ eld echo (B-FFE) 203 – skull base 203

Behçet’s disease 334

benign stenosing disease 234

(2)

bile-duct bifurcation 236 biliary

– stenosis 234 – stone 234 – surgery 235

bilio-digestive anastomosis 234 biopsy breast coil 164

birdcage coil 44

Blalock-Taussig shunt 315, 349

block regional off-resonance correction (BRORC) 81 blood

– in-ﬂ ow effect 64

– pool contrast agent 359, 535 – volume 375

blurring 119, 184, 372 – of the image 64 – reduction 122, 174

body-noise dominance 498, 505 BodySURF 453, 461

bowel neoplastic disease 251 brachial plexus 272 brachiocephalic vein 333 brain 285

– array

– – 32-channel 504 – – 90-channel 504, 506, 508 – coil 164

– metastasis 373 – MR imaging 183 breast

– cancer/carcinoma 224, 279, 280, 467 – coil 164

breath-hold examinations of the liver 220 bronchial carcinoma 432, 471

– M stage 473 bronchiectases 215 bronchoscopy 472 bucket-handle tear 258 Buerger’s disease 334, 343 butterﬂ y loop coil 44, 45 butylscopolamine 248 C

CAIPIRINHA, see controlled aliasing in parallel imaging results in higher acceleration

calibration 288 – line 108

CAP, see cerebellopontine angle cardiac

– function 393, 404

– magnetic resonance imaging 393, 535 – – 3D 536

– – 4D cine assessment 404 – – cine 3D imaging 149 – – cine MRI 393

– – dedicated multi-channel coils 402 – – ﬂ ow measurements 485

– – post-processing 404 – – real-time MRI 536 – – right ventricle 484 – – 3 Tesla 400 – – TSENSE 146

– – wall-motion analysis 394

– – wall-thickness assessment 394 – perfusion 407

– 2D real time MRI 147 cardiac-perfusion MRI 147 – pulse sequences 408 – SNR and CNR 408 cardiomyopathy 395

cardiopulmonary hemodynamics 310 cardiovascular

– coil 165 – disease 451

– screening of the whole body 451 CARE algorithm 527

carotid

– artery 291, 294 – – disease 299

– – stenoses (CAS) 293, 296, 456 – emboli 291

– energy 205

Cartesian acquisition 293 cartilage lesion 261 cascade of ischemia 408 catheter

– angiography 362 – tracking 138 cellulitis 338

CENTRA, see contrast-enhanced timing robust angiography central slice theorem 72

cerebellopontine angle (CAP) 203 cerebral blood ﬂ ow (CBF) 195, 376 cerebral blood volume (CBV) 195 cerebrovascular disease 191 cervical spine 272

chemical shift effect 250

chemical-shift-based water-fat separation 270 chest

– plain ﬁ lm (CXR) 212 – trauma 334

cholangiocarcinoma 240 cholangio-cellular carcinoma 241 cholangitis 237, 238

cholecystectomy 234, 237, 238 cholecystolithiasis 234 choledochal duct 236 choledocholithiasis 235 cholelithiasis 234 chondrocalcinosis 260 chronic

– critical ischemia 338, 341, 344 – embolic PH (CTEPH) 421 – lung disease 312

– lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) 214 – myocardial infarction 402

– obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 417, 416 circle of Willis (COW) 190, 287

circular polarized (CP) signal 155 claudication 363

coal workers’ pneumoconiosis 215 coil

– 2D array 46 – 32-channel 504

– 64-channel linear array 508

– 90-channel 504, 506, 508

(3)

– ankle 164

– arrangement of elements 162 – array 37, 155, 161

– available products 164 – biopsy breast 164 – birdcage 44 – brain 164, 285 – – 32-channel 504 – – 90-channel 504, 506, 508 – breast 164

– butterﬂ y loop 44, 45 – calibration, 38, 107

– – autocalibration method 108 – – data 108

– – dynamic imaging 110 – – external reference scan 110 – – image distortion 110 – – pre-scan method 108 – – radial sampling 112 – – reconstruction artefact 110 – – self-calibration methods 110 – – sequence-based pre-scan method 110 – cardiovascular 165

– concentric synergy 200 – coupling 46

– dedicated multi-channel cardiac 402 – dedicated system 161

– design 162 – – 1D/2D arrays 44

– – arrangement of elements 43 – – complex phase 44

– – diffraction limit 503 – – high-ﬁ eld strength 503

– – high-impedance pre-ampliﬁ er 46 – – noise correlation matrix 505 – – number of elements 43 – – parallel imaging 42 – – SENSE vs. GRAPPA 163 – – SNR considerations 498 – – SNR limitations 166 – – spatially varying phase 44 – – speed-up limits 42 – detuning 157 – element 14

– eigencoil concept 156 – elbow 164

– ﬁ ll factor 16 – foot 164

– future directions 497 – hand 164

– head 164 – hip 164 – knee 164

– large N-array 502, 503 – layout 163

– linear array 64-channel 508 – loop-coil transmit array 518 – mapping procedure 25 – matrix 158, 453

– multi-element coil system 177 – multiple small surface elements 500 – number of elements 162

– orthopedic 164

– overlapped 45, 47 – phased-array 44, 155 – planar array model 500 – plugs 158

– quadrature 44 – quality factor (Q) 498 – RF transmit arrays 517 – selection 158

– sensitivity 20, 37, 39, 162 – – pattern 20

– shoulder 164

– spherical array model 502 – stationary 157

– superconductors 499 – surface 155 – synergy – – concentric 200 – – neck 207 – – surface 199, 202 – torso 165

– transmit arrays 514, 517 – transmit/receive (T/R) 166, 167 – ultimate SNR 502

– ultra-high number of elements 534 – underlapped 45, 47

– wrist 164

coil-sensitivity mapping 26, 27, 30, 408 – adaptive ﬁ lter 27

– background noise 27 – image domain 26

– measurement in the image space 27 – polynomial ﬁ t 26

– problems of determination 27 – measurement 107

– pre-scan method 108 colorectal carcinoma 228 common femoral artery (CFA) 337 comprehensive protocol

– diabetes 536

– non-small-cell lung cancer 536

– pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) 536 computed tomography (CT) angiography 486 concentric synergy coil 200

condition number 525, 529 congenital

– cardiovascular disease 352 – heart disease 312 – vascular shunt 313 conglomerate tumor 251

conjugate-gradient algorithm 77, 78 conjugate-gradient techniques 24, 527

constant level appearance (CLEAR) reconstruction 199 constant-angular

– rate spiral 71 – velocity spiral 88 constrictor muscle 208

continuous-arterial-spin-labeling (CASL) perfusion 376 continuously moving table (CMT) 361, 363, 462 – scanning 534

contrast – agent 322, 353 – injection

– – dynamic phase 360

– – steady state 360

(4)

contrast-enhanced (CE)

– magnetic resonance angiography 329 – – brain 192

– – brain vessels 286 – – carotid arteries 293 – – of the whole body 355, 356

– – pediatric congenital cardiovascular disease 349 – – pulmonary circulation 307

– – renal arteries 319

– timing robust angiography (CENTRA) 286 – – keyhole imaging 288

contrast-to-noise ration (CNR) 293

controlled aliasing in parallel imaging results in higher accel- eration (CAIPIRINHA) 24, 33, 34

COPD, see obstructive pulmonary disease coronary artery stenosis (CAS) 407, 412, 413 cortical brain activity 185

cranial nerve 189 craniotomy 375 Crohn’s disease 247–249 curved reformats (CR) 250, 252 CXR, see chest ﬁ lm plain cyanotic heart disease 349 cystic

– adventitial disease 343 – ﬁ brosis 424, 432 – neoplasm 243 D

dashboard injury 260 data

– acquisition 8, 9 – pulling 72

data-driven interpolation 73 data overload 541

data-reduction concept 156 deconvolution 443

delayed-contrast enhanced (DCE) imaging 451 diabetes mellitus 338, 364, 365, 536

– type 2 345 diabetic foot 365 diameter stenosis 321 diaphragm movement 220

diffusion-spectrum imaging 379, 382 diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI) 371 – brain 185, 379

– clinical applications 388 – protocols 386

diffusion-tensor visualization 382

diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) 82, 193, 371 – black-blood echo-planar imaging (BB-EPI) 242 – brain 185

– geometric distortions 195 – of the whole body 539 – spiral MRI 82

– susceptibility artefacts 195 – 3 Tesla 373

digital subtraction angiography (DSA) 291, 292, 321, 486 – renal arteries 321

disease-dependent imaging 536, 537 – diabetes 536

– rheumatologic joint disease 536 disease-speciﬁ c imaging 536

distal artery 338 distortion 84 – artefact 380 – correction 527 – reduction 124, 174

Dixon fat-water separation 270 dobutamine stress MRI 408 DRIVE 201

driven-equilibrium (DRIVE) technique 203 – skull base 203

DSA, see digital subtraction angiography dual echo in the steady state (DESS) 256 duct system 234

ductal adenocarcinoma 243 duodenal perforation 234 duplex ultrasound 362 dynamic

– contrast-enhanced (DCE) imaging 280 – – liver 280, 281

– detuning 157

– magnetic resonance imaging 24, 509 – – sequence design 127

– – view sharing 95

– magnetic resonance urography 319 dyspnea 397, 488

dystelectasis 490 E

ECG triggering 434 echocardiography 404, 488

echo-planar imaging (EPI) 119, 133, 193, 321, 371 – abdominal 225

– black blood 225, 242 – brain 185, 193 – cardiac perfusion 409 – coil calibration techniques 125 – image distortion 124, 134 – liver imaging 225, 228

– reduction of distortion 124, 135 – segmented technique 134 – – image acquisition time 135 – susceptibility artefacts 124, 134 – T2* relaxation 134

echo-train length 119, 371 eddy-current

– artefact 379 – damping 498 EGG triggering 433 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome 343 eigencoil concept 156 eigenvector 382, 386

Eisenmenger’s reaction 421, 489 elbow coil 164

electric coupling 498

elliptical centric view-ordering 99 end-diastole 484

endometriosis 271

endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreaticography (ERCP) 233

end-systole 484

end-systolic volume (ESV) 394 entropy measure 79

epicardial coronary artery stenosis 408

(5)

ERCP, see endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatico- graphy

error propagation 525 external reference scan 110, 211 extrahepatic cholestasis 234 extreme encoding 507 F

facial nerve 203

FACT, see ﬁ ber assignment by continuous tracking FAIR, see ﬂ ow-sensitive alternating inversion-recovery

method

fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm 137 fast gradient-echo sequence 116

– calibration techniques 116 – dynamic imaging 116 – temporal resolution 116

fast imaging with steady precession (FISP) 128 – lung imaging 213

fast low-angle shot (FLASH) 128 – signal equation 128

– knee imaging 256 – lung imaging 213 – ultra-fast 483

fast-ﬁ eld echo (FFE) 128, 257 – balanced 128

fast-imaging employing steady state acquisition (FIESTA) 129, 205

fast-spin-echo (FSE) sequence, see turbo-spin echo (TSE) sequence

fast-spoiled gradient echo sequence 116 fat

– saturation 271 – – liver parenchyma 220 – suppression 269 fat-water saturation 277 – IDEAL technique 271 – SNR considerations 271 FFE, see fast-ﬁ eld echo

FFT, see fast Fourier transform algorithm FFE-T1/FFE-T2 128

ﬁ ber asignment by continuous tracking (FACT) 387 ﬁ bertracking 379, 380, 386, 387

– of the corona radiata 373

ﬁ bromuscular dysplasia (FMD) 298, 319, 323, 324 ﬁ brostenosis 234

ﬁ eld of view (FOV) 12, 16 – g-factor 42

– limitation 222

FIESTA, see fast-imaging employing steady-state acquisition ﬁ rst-pass

– myocardial perfusion imaging 407 – perfusion imaging 441

– – kidney 442

FISP, see fast imaging with steady precession ﬁ tting of k-space data 29

FLASH, see fast low-angle shot ﬂ icker artefact 142

ﬂ ow-sensitive alternating inversion-recovery method (FAIR) 442

focal liver lesion 225 folding process 25 fold-over artefact 12 Fontan shunt 315

foot coil 164 Fourier – analysis 4 – coefﬁ cient 4, 6 – encoding 186 – partial imaging 12 – transform 4, 6, 8 – – discrete 4 – – fast 137 – – symmetry 11

fractional anisotropy (FA) 379 – color-coded 381, 385

fracture of the osseous glenoid 264 frame-to-frame correlation 142 frequency

– domain 4, 9, 10 – encoding 6–9 – spectrum 4, 5

frequency-segmented of-resonance correction (FSORC) 80 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 193, 195, 196,

509 – brain 185 fusion image 539 G

gall stone 241

Gaussian distribution 51

generalized autocalibrated partially parallel acquisition (GRAPPA) 15, 21, 24, 28, 31, 58, 108, 191, 213, 221, 222, 249, 321, 437, 474

– 2D 187

– cardiac function 397 – cardiac perfusion 409 – lung imaging 211

– musculoskeletal system 256 – non-Cartesian variant 86 – principle 31

– radial 86–88 – reconstruction 32 – renal arteries 321 – spiral 88, 89

generalized encoding matrix (GEM) 275 geometric decoupling 44

g-factor 37, 39, 51, 56, 179, 189, 274, 308, 322, 403 – 3D acquisition 42

– calculation 57 – ﬁ eld of view 42 – images 55 – map 40, 55

– radial k-space sampling 42 giant cell arteritis 334 Gibbs ringing 93

GLAD, see glenolabral articular disruption Glenn shunt 349, 351

glenohumeral instability 262

glenolabral articular disruption (GLAD) 266 glioblastoma multiforme 186

glomus tumor 287 glossopharyngeal nerve 206 glucagon 248

gradient 4 – ﬁ eld 4

– frequency-encoding 6, 8

– phase-encoding 7, 22, 28, 29

(6)

gradient echo (GRE) 113, 128 – fat suppression 269 – fully balanced 131 – – banding artefacts 131 – – ﬁ eld inhomogeneities 131 – lung imaging 211

– pulse sequence 307 – sequence 113 – – 3D liver imaging 219 – technique 128

– – naming conventions 128

gradient-recalled echo, see gradient echo

gradient-recalled acquisition in the steady state (GRASS) 128 gradient-warp phenomenon 362

GRAPPA, see generalized autocalibrated partially parallel acquisition

GRE, see gradient echo gridding 73

– kernel 74 – k-space 74 – reconstruction 73

grid-driven interpolation 72, 73 gyromagnetic ratio 3

H

haemangioma 455

HAGL, see humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament half-Fourier-acquisition single-shot turbo-spin-echo

(HASTE) 119, 120, 237 – blurring 122, 239 – echo-train length 120 – liver imaging 221, 224, 227, – lung imaging 210, 212, 434, 476 – MRCP 236, 39

– pancreas 234 – tumor staging 466 hand coil 164

HARDI, see high-angular-resolution diffusion imaging harmonic oscillation 4, 9, 10

HASTE, see half-Fourier-acquisition single-shot turbo-spin- echo

head coil 164 heart failure 311 helium MRI 429 hemi-Fontan 351 hemihepatectomy 230 hemodialysis access – failure 335 – ﬁ stula 337 hemorrhage 234 hepatic parenchyma 234 hepatocellular carcinoma 228, 280 Hermitian symmetry 12, 93

high-angular-resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) 379, 386 high-ﬁ eld magnetic resonance imaging

– improved g-factor 176

highly constrained back projection (HYPR) 100

highly parallel magnetic resonance acquisition strategy 497 high-order output signal 157

high-resolution

– computed tomography (HRCT) 211 – lung imaging 212

– neuroimaging 183

high-temporal resolution MRA 294 – carotid arteries 294

hilar lymphadenography 215 hip coil 164

hippocampus 189 homocysteinurea 343

homodyne reconstruction 93, 94

HRCT, see high-resolution computed tomography

humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament (HAGL) 266 hybrid method 21, 23

hyperecho technique 184, 227, 243 hypoglossal nerve 205

hypothenar hammer syndrome 335, 336 hypoxic vasoconstriction 417

I

IAC, see internal auditory canal

IDEAL, see iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least-squares estimation

ill-conditioned – problem 78 – system 39, 40 illiar artery 330 image

– acquisition 4 – – acceleration 15 – – non-Cartesian 24 – artefact 15 – blurring 63, 122 – detail 11

– distortion 124, 379 – domain 25 – – coil sensitivity 20

– – parallel-imaging methods 21 – fusion 539

– interpolation 93 – noise 15, 49 – quality 49, 174, 178 – reconstruction 4, 8, 9 – – new algorithms 526 – – system 178, 530

impingement syndrome 262, 266 impulse-response function 76, 77 indicator-dilution theory 420

inferior glenohumeral ligament (IGHL) 265 inﬂ ammatory pseudo-tumor 261

infra-hyoid neck 199 infrarenal aorta 336 infraspinatus 263

inhaled molecular oxygen 430 inhomogeneous B1 transmit ﬁ eld 511 ink artefact 250

intensity roll-off 74

intermittent claudication 339, 341, 344 internal

– auditory canal (IAC) 203 – carotid artery (ICA) 291 – – aneurysm 300 – ophthalmic artery 291 interpolation

– data-driven 73

– grid-driven 72, 73

(7)

intestinal hemorrhage 248 intima 343

intracranial – aneurysm 190, 191 – artery 285

intraarterial subtraction angiography (IA-DSA) 338 intraductal papillary mucinous tumor 243

intra-hepatic – biliary duct 236 – – stenosis 240 – cholestasis 242

intra-luminal contrast media 248 intravascular

– contrast agent 359 – ultrasound (IVUS) 301

invasive pulmonary aspergillosis 214 inverse matrix 40, 254

ipsilateral vertebral artery 333 ischaemia 195, 372

– heart disease 454 ischemic lesion 194 iterative

– decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least-squares estimation (IDEAL) 270

– – FSE 278 – – SPGR 278

– reconstruction 77, 529

J jugular – foramen 205 – glomus tumor 455

juvenile nasoangioﬁ broma 287

K keyhole

– imaging 97, 98, 288, 308

– magnetic resonance angiography 331 – magnetic resonance imaging 132 – – combination with parallel imaging 132 kidney 319, 441, 455

Klatskin tumor 230 knee 255, 256 – acute trauma 259 – coil 164

– ligamentous injury 260 – sports injuries 256

k-space 8, 9, 10, 31, 188, 209, 274 – autocalibration 29

– center 11 – coordinates 9 – data 10

– – inconsistency 84

– – non-equidistantly sampled 72 – distribution of noise 41 – domain 28

– Hermitian symmetry 12, 131 – parallel-imaging methods 21 – non-Cartesian sampling 71, 136 – parallel imaging 13, 32 – periphery 11

– point symmetry 12, 131 – sampling

– – pattern 13, 41 – – schemes 13, 41 – – variable rate 98 – segmented acquisition 95 – spiral sampling 13 – symmetry 12, 131 – trajectory 13, 76 – velocity 193 – view sharing 132 k-t BLAST 99, 100, 102, 299 – acquisition stage 101 – training stage 101 k-t SENSE 99, 100 L

lacunar infarction 195 large vessel vasculitis 363 large-N array 502, 507 Larmor frequency 3, 8, 429 larynx 200, 206

L-curve criterion 79

least-squares (LS) problem 524 left ventricular

– dysfunction 407 – function 394

linear array 64-channel 508 linear polarized (LP) signal 155 liver 455

– cyst 224 – lesion 280 – imaging 219 – metastasis 468 – resection 237

– transplantation 235, 237

loaded-to-unloaded-Q ratio, see unloaded-to-loaded-Q ratio localized image artefacts 178

locust beam gum solution 248 Look-Locker acquisition 442 loop-coil transmit array 518 lower extremity 336 low-ﬁ eld system 167 low-periodicity ghost 64 lung

– artery 485 – cancer 215, 432 – emphysema 417, 432

– function, see oxygen-enhanced MRI – nodule 455

– parenchyma 209, 210, 310, 424, 429, 431, 466 – perfusion, see pulmonary perfusion – tissue 491

– tumor 313 lymph node – imaging 539 – in the neck 200 – staging 207 M

magic-angle artefact 263

magnetic ﬁ eld gradient 4

(8)

magnetic resonance (MR) – 96-channel system 534 – angiography 190 – – abdomen 360, 454 – – brain 190 – – lung 474, 482 – –whole body 453

– cholangiopancreaticography (MRCP) 233 – colonoscopy 252

– enteroclysis (MRE) 248 – imaging (MRI) 4

– – dedicated parallel-imaging systems 155 – – high-ﬁ eld 175

– – moving table 70 – – multi-channel system 14 – – of the whole body 454 – – of the whole body 461 – – PETgraphy 468, 539 – – reconstruction 6 – – T2*-based perfusion 375 – – 7-Tesla 511

– – three-dimensional turbo-spin-echo 116 – inverse imaging (MRInI) 508

– parallel imaging 14 – PETography 468, 539 – spectroscopy 3 – urography 319 – venography 191, 310

magnetization-transfer contrast (MTC) 442 magnitude image 50

malignant stenosing disease 234 mangafodipir trisodium 243, 245 Marfan’s syndrome 343

Margosian reconstruction 93 matrix

– 1024 matrix 200 – inversion 25, 39, 47 – – overdetermination 43 matrix coil

– concept 156 – mode 156 – system 453

maximum intensity projection (MIP) 59, 238, 484 mean transit time (MTT) 421

measurement slab 236 medial

– collateral ligament (MCL) 261 – temporal sclerosis 184 mediastinal lung tumor 313 mediastinoscopy 472

MEG/EEG source localization 508 membranous labyrinth 203 meningioma 185

meniscal tear 258 meniscus 257, 258 mesenteric – angina 363

– lymphadenopathy 249

methylcellulose aqueous solution 248 mode matrix 156

motion

– artefact 63, 174 – – correction 81

– correction – – detect-correct 66 – – detect-reject 64

– – non-localized artefacts 67 – – non-rigid motion 69 – – technique 527 – ghost 64 movement effect 64

moving table 356, 361, 462, 534 – continuous data acquisition 361 – magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 70 – technique 534

MPRAGE sequence 189 MR, see magnetic resonance mSENSE algorithm 222, 256

MTC, see magnetization-transfer contrast mucosal

– ﬁ ssure 251 – lesion 249 multiband pulse 33 multi-channel – MRI system 14 – receiver hardware 177 multi-coil image 50

multi-detector CT (MDCT) 422 multi-echo sequence 184 – blurring 115, 184

multi-element coil system 177

multi-frequency reconstruction (MFR) 80, 81 multi-level disease 338

multi-planar reformats (MPR) 238 multiple

– aortopulmonary collateral artery (MAPCA) 349 – cyst 455

– ischemic lesion 194 – liver metastases 228

– periphery vessel occlusion 455 – sclerosis 185, 186

– stenosis 324

multislice imaging 33, 39 mural

– edema 364 – thrombus 334 – vascularity 364

musculoskeletal system 255 mycotic aneurysm 334 myelodysplasia 213 myocardial – infarction 394 – ischemia 408 – perfusion 408 myocardium 401, 489 N

nasal

– cavity 206

– septum 202

NASCET trial 293

navigator

– image 81, 82

– sequence 220

– triggering 220

neoplasm 183

(9)

neoplastic disease of the bowel 251 neurodegenerative disease 375 neuroendocrine tumor 243 neuroﬁ bromatosis 343

neuropathy of the suprascapular nerve 266 nodule 455

noise 15

– ampliﬁ cation 40, 51, 179 – correlation matrix 505 – distribution in k-space 41 – enhancement 40, 41 – Gaussian distribution 50 – inhomogeneous distribution 52 – level 15, 16

– reduction

– – regularization 525 non-Cartesian – acquisition 529 – imaging 24

– k-space sampling 136 – sampling 72

non-equidistantly sampled k-space data 72 non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma 467

non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) 417, 471 – M stage 473

– N stage 472 – staging 471 – T stage 471

– TNM classiﬁ cation 471 non-speciﬁ c aortoarteritis 343 NSA, see number of signal average nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 3 number of signal average (NSA) 16, 273 Nyquist criterion 137

O

₂

, see oxygen occlusion 412 oculomotor nerve 202 off-resonance artefact 80 olfactory nerve 202 oligoastrocytoma 389, 390 one-molar agent 322 ophthalmic nerve 202 optic nerve 202 oral cavity 203 orbito-frontal area 196 oropharynx 201 orthopedic coil 164 overlapped coils 45, 47 oversampling factor 75

oxygen-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging 432, 476 – block paradigm 431

– multi-slice techniques 432 – of the lung 429, 477, 490

– – minimizing end-expiration duration 434 – – triggering 433

– pulse sequences 430 – T1/T2* effects 430 P

pancreatic

– duct system 235, 238

– imaging 243

pancreatico-biliary system 233, 237 pancreatitis 234, 235, 243, 245 paralabral

– cyst 263, 266 – ganglia 266 parallel

– acquisition technique (PAT) 14, 323 – computing 77, 529

– excitation 166, 514–516, 527 – – large-ﬂ ip-angles pulse 517 – – pulse calculation 517 – – RF pulse design 517 – – SAR considerations 516 – imaging 13, 19

– – 3-Tesla 175 – – acceleration 14, 15 – – advantages 173 – – artefacts 178 – – disadvantages 177 – – hardware 38, 177 – – high-ﬁ eld MRI 175 – – history 21

– – image-domain reconstruction 22 – – increased spatial resolution 173 – – increased temporal resolution 173 – – limitations 177

– – phase-encoding steps 14 – – reconstruction algorithm 15 – – SAR limitations 175

– – signal-to-noise ration (SNR) 16 – – SNR consideration 175 – – synergy effects 175 – – technical requirements 177 – – with localized sensitivities (PILS) 19 – transmission 516

parotid gland 203 partial Fourier – reconstruction 93, 94 – – iterative solution 93 – technique 13, 92, 93, 131

– – combination with parallel imaging 132 – – phase corrections 132

partial thickness tear 263

partially parallel acquisition (PPA) 14 patella

– osteochondral fracture 262 – traumatic luxation 258 patent bronchus 476

patient motion, involuntary 81 pediatric

– congenital cardiovascular disease 349 – neuroimaging 196

penetration depth 37

perceptual-difference model (PDM) 80

percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) 233 perfusion

– magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 98, 371, 375 – – brain 185, 195

– – kidney 441

– – lung 418, 482

– – myocardium 407

– – quantiﬁ cation 421

– scintigraphy 418, 487

(10)

pericarditis 395 pericardium 213, 472 periductal edema 237 periodic

– data 5 – oscillation 5 – signal 5 peripheral

– arterial disease 334

– – non-atherosclerotic causes 343 – vascular disease 454

– vascular tree 330 perpendicular echo 271 Perthes lesion 266 phase encoding 7, 8 – direction 9, 46 – – ghosting 64 – gradient 23, 28, 29 – modulation 28 – step 14, 16

– – parallel imaging 14 – – reduced number 20 phase error 31

phase-contrast (PC) magnetic resonance angiography 191 – brain vessels 184, 191, 286

– carotid arteries 292 phased-array coil 44, 155 phase-error map 81 physiologic brain motion 81 Pneumocytis jiroveci pneumonia 213 pneumonia 210, 214

POCS, see projection onto convex sets point symmetry 12, 131

polyarteritis nodosa 325, 336 polycystic kidney disease 337 polyethylene glycol 248

polynomial ﬁ t (coil sensitivity) 26 popliteal

– artery 337

– entrapment syndrome 343 porta hepatis 238

posterior

– cruciate ligament (PCL) 259 – – tear 260

– fossa 195 postprocessing – future directions 539 – image fusion 539 post-weighting 76, 77

preampliﬁ er decoupling 504, 517 precession frequency 3 pre-compensation 76 pre-conditioning 528 pre-scan method 108 pre-weighting 76, 77 primary

– pulmonary hypertension (PPH) 421 – sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) 234, 240, 241 probability density function (PDF) 387, 386 projection onto convex sets (POCS) 194 protocol

– design 162, 169 – – acceleration factor 169

– – clinical requirements 169 – – coil selection 169

– – parallel-imaging parameters 169 – – phase-encoding direction 169 – – signal-to-noise ratio 169 – – spatial resolution 169 – – temporal resolution 169 – parameter 169, 483 – suggestions 169

PSC, see primary sclerosing cholangitis

pseudoocclusion of the internal carotid artery 297 pseudoxanthoma elasticum 343

PSIF, see time-reversed fast imaging with steady precession psychophysical image quality 79

PTC, see percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography pulmonary

– arterial hypertension (PAH) 312 – blood ﬂ ow (PBF) 421

– blood volume (PBV) 421 – circulation 307

– edema 215

– embolism (PE) 310, 417, 422, 432 – hemorrhage 215

– hxpertension (PH) 311, 417, 422, 423, 481 – – oxygen-enhanced imaging 489

– magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) 482 – – MR protocol 484

– metastasis 215 – parenchyma 475, 483

– perfusion 417, 418, 420, 424, 474, 482, 485 – – absolute quantiﬁ cation 420

– – breath-holding, inﬂ uence of 421 – – contrast-agent dosage 421 – – in children 425

– – MR protocol 483 – – pulse sequences 418 – – quantiﬁ cation 420, 474, 491 – – 3 Tesla 424

– thromboembolism 488 – trunk 492

– vasculature 310 – venous mapping 315 pulsatile CSF ﬂ ow 81 pulse sequence 430 – design 105 pure oxygen 430

pyriform sinus tumour 208 Q

q-ball imaging 379, 382 q-space imaging 379, 382 quadrature coil 44 quality factor (Q) 498 quantitive MRI 193 R

radial

– acquisition 24, 136

– data sampling 137

– GRAPPA 88

– k-space sampling

– – g-factor 42

– sampling 112

(11)

– scanning 71 – trajectory 71 radio frequency (RF) – coil, see coil – excitation – – non-uniform 511 – – spatially tailored 512 – ﬁ eld 3

– hardware

– – future directions 497 – pulse 3

– switching matrix 157 – transmit array 517 RADISH study 319 ramp sampling 72

rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement (RARE) 119, 120

– blurring artefact 236 – MRCP 236

– pancreas 234

– thick-slab single shot 236

RARE, see rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement raw data 7, 10–12

– reduction factors 14 Rayleigh distribution 50, 51 real-time

– cine imaging 394 – g-factor maps 539 – image reconstruction 137 receiver

– bandwidth 16 – channel 402, 403 – coil 20

RECIST criteria 472 reconstruction – algorithm 15, 19 – grid size 74 – iterative 77

– SNR-optimized 23, 25, 26 reduced distortion 63 reduction

– factor 14, 39, 50 – – high 497 – – ultra-high 497 – of data overload 541 reference line 29 refocusing pulse 243

regularisation 47, 189, 528, 529 Reinle edema 208

renal – artery 325

– – stenosis 319, 321, 443, 455 – cell carcinoma 455 – ﬁ ltration MRI 446

– ﬁ rst-pass perfusion MRI 442 – parenchyma 321, 324, 325 – perfusion 441

– – arterial spin labeling 442 – – contrast-agent dosage 443 – – post-processing 443 – – quantiﬁ cation 443 – – 3 Tesla 443 replica

– artefacts 75 – cross talk 74 respiratory – gating 237 – monitoring 210 – triggering 220, 433 RF, see radio frequency rheumatoid arthritis 335 rheumatologic joint disease 537 right-heart catheterization 489 right-ventricular (RV) – dysfunction 482 – heart failure 484 – hypertrophy 484 rigid-body translation 84 ringing artefact 93

rolling-platform MRI 356, 453, 461

rolling-table-platform technique 356, 453, 461 rotational motion 84

rotator cuff 263 – tear 262 S

saline-silicone implant 273 sampling density ('k) 14 – compensation 72 – correction 73, 76, 77 – variation 72, 73

sampling perfection with application-optimized contrasts using different ﬂ ip-angle evolutions (SPACE) 540 sampling scheme 33, 71

– three dimensional 33 SAR, see speciﬁ c absorption rate scala

– tympani 201, 205 – vestibuli 201, 205 schwannoma 185 scimitar syndrome 351 scleroderma 335 segmented – cine imaging 396 – k-space acquisition 95 self-calibration 110, 275 – techniques 524

SENSE, see sensitivity encoding

sensitivity encoding (SENSE) 15, 21, 22, 25 – ﬁ eld-of-view limitation 222

– generalized (GSENSE) 21, 24 – – convergence 78

– – motion-corrected 91 – – phase-navigated 81 – – reconstruction 78, 79 – – termination 78 – ghost 222

– incorporating temporal ﬁ ltering (TSENSE) 100 – musculoskeletal system 256

– reconstruction 26 – spiral SENSE 196

serious misregistration fact 237 serum albumin 356

Shinar-LeRoux algorithm 517 short TI inversion recovery (STIR) 466 – fat suppression 269

– lung imaging 211

(12)

short-axis slice 393 shoulder 255 – coil 164 – imaging 262 – instability 264 shunt anastomosis 349 signal 15

signal-intensity-versus-time curve 443, 446 signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) 15, 16, 20, 31, 37, 49, 178 – AUTO-SMASH 30

– fat suppression 269 – g-factor 39 – measurement 49, 50 – – difference method 55, 56 – – dynamic MRI 59 – – multi-phase MRI 59

– – multiple-acquisition method 52 – methods 57

– parallel imaging 16, 50 – – equation 39 – – g-factor 39 – SMASH 30 – ultimate 502 – units 57

silicone breast implant rupture 272 silicone-water separation 272 Simpson’s rule 393

simultaneous acquisition of spatial harmonics (SMASH) 15, 22, 23, 28, 29

– generalized 21, 23 – navigator 66, 67 – reconstruction 29, 30 single-echo

– acquisition 507

single-shot pulse sequences – blurring 119

– coil calibration 122 – echo-train length 119 – effective echo time 120 – increased spatial resolution 121 – k-space ordering 120

– minimal echo time 121 – reduction of blurring 121 – sample scheme 120 – spin-echo technique 119 – SNR consideration 121 – three-dimensional 119 – transversal relaxation 119 sinus 206

skull base 199, 201, 202, 373 slab 220

sliding-window reconstruction 96, 97 small embolic lesion 195

small-bowel imaging 247 – biphasic contrast 248 – contrast media 248 – ischemia 248

– negative intraluminal contrast 248 – positive intraluminal contrast 248

SMASH, see simultaneous acquisition of spatial harmonics snapshot-FLASH sequence 126

SPACE, see sampling perfection with application-optimized contrasts using different ﬂ ip-angle evolutions

SPACE-RIP 21, 23 spatial

– encoding 5 – – one dimensional 6 – – two- or three dimensional 6 – frequency 8, 9

– – high 11 – – low 10 – harmonics 23

– – simultaneous acquisition 29 – oscillation 9

– resolution 11

spatio-temporal correlation 144

speciﬁ c absorption rate (SAR) 120, 176, 227, 243, 303 speed-up limit coil design 42

spin dephasing 292 spinal cord 372

spin-echo pulse sequence 113 – coil calibration 114 spiral

– acquisition 24, 136 – DTI 83

– GRAPPA 88, 89 – scanning 71 – trajectory 71 spiral-on navigator 84 spoiled

– gradient echo 128 – GRASS (SPGR) 128 – – fat suppression 269 – – knee imaging 256 static

– detuning 157 – magnetic ﬁ eld B0/B1 3 stationary coil 157

statistical noise distribution 15 steady state

– imaging 361

– magnetic resonance angiography 535 – free precession (SSFP) 116, 128, 203, 393, 484 – – cardiac perfusion 409

– – cine images 278 – – fat suppression 269 – – knee imaging 256 – – lung imaging 211 – – skull base 203 steatohepatitis 280 stenosis 251, 287, 298, 408

STIR, see short TI inversion recovery streak artefact 136

strip-line transmit area 518 stroke 191, 195

subacromial-subdeltoid bursa 264 subchondral edema 261

subclavian – artery 330, 331 – – occlusion 333 – steal 333 – – syndrome 296

submucosal edema wall 249 subscapularis 263

sum of squares (SoS)

– approximation 499

(13)

– combination 38 – reconstruction 31, 524 superconducting coil 499 superior vena cava 333, 349, 351

superparamagnetic iron-oxide contrast agent 473 supra-aortic artery 193

supra-hyoid neck 199 supraorbital branch 202 supraspinatus 263 supratrochlear branch 202 surface coil 155

susceptibility – artefact 380 – effect 63

– reduced artefacts 63, 124 swirl artefact 89

symptomatic angina 408 synergy

– neck coil 207 – surface coil 199, 202

systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE) 334, 335 T

tailored excitation pulse 513 Takayashu’s disease 334, 343, 363 TC-99m sestamibi 407

TCPC, see total cavo-pulmonary connection temporal

– bone 201

– ﬁ ltering 24, 57, 142, 151 – interpolation 98, 100 – – ﬂ icker artefact 142 – lobe 195

– undersampling 98

temporoparietal glioblastoma 372 tendinopathy 263

tendonitis 263 tensor visualization 382 teres minor muscle 263 tetralogy of Fallot 314, 349 TGRAPPA 24

Thallium-201 407 thoracic tumor 314

thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm 337 thorax 307, 360, 453

three-dimensional imaging 33 – phase-encoding directions 33 three-point fat-water separation 270 thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) 334, 343 thromboembolism 312, 423

Tikhonov regularization 529 time domain 5, 9

time-reversed fast imaging with steady precession (PSIF) 128 time-of-ﬂ ight (TOF) magnetic resonance angiography – brain vessels 184, 190, 285

– carotid arteries 292

time-resolved 3D contrast-enhanced (CE) MRA 98 – infants 353

– post-processing 353 – renal arteries 325

time-resolved echo-shared angiographic technique (TREAT) 99, 133, 418, 446, 474, 537

– carotid arteries 296

– pulmonary circulation 308 – renal arteries 326

time-resolved imaging of contrast kinetics (TRICKS) 100, 132

– carotid arteries 296 – peripheral 331

– pulmonary circulation 308 – three dimensional 33

time-resolved MRA technique 295 – pulmonary circulation 310 – sequence design 127 tissue perfusion 491

TL-SENSE, see total least-squares SENSE total least-squares SENSE 524, 525 torso coil 165

total cavo-pulmonary connection (TCPC) 351 total imaging matrix (TIM) 158, 226

tracer-kinetic MRI 375 tractography 379

transesophageal echocardiography 352 transmit

– channel 515 – coil 514

– SENSE, see parallel excitation transmit/receive (T/R)

– array 167 – coil 166

traumatic luxation of the patella 258

TREAT, see time-resolved echo-shared angiographic tech- nique

TRICKS, see time-resolved imaging of contrast kinetics triggering threshold 221

triple mode 226

TRSE, see twice-refocused spin echo trueFISP 128, 129, 205, 250, 462 truncated

– meniscus 257

– singular-value decomposition 529 TSENSE 24, 39, 57, 58, 395, 141 – 2D 146

– alias ghost artefacts 144 – application examples 146 – auto-calibration 143 – cardiac MRI 146 – cardiac perfusion 409, 411 – spatio-temporal correlation 144 – temporal ﬁ ltering 142

– temporal interpolation 142 – temporal low-pass ﬁ lter 145 – temporal spectra 144 tuberculum majus fracture 264 TUBS 264

tumor

– of the gastrointestinal tract 465 – staging 461

– – comparison to PET-CT 465, 468

turbo-spin-echo (TSE) sequence 114, 116, 184, 210 – 3D 237, 540

– – liver imaging 219

– averaging and parallel imaging 115 – brain 184

– echo-train length 115

– fat suppression 269

(14)

turbo-spin-echo (TSE) sequence (Continued) – knee imaging 256

– reduction of blurring 115 – three-dimensional 119, 237, 540 – – pancreas 237, 238

twice-refocused spin echo (TRSE) 81 two-point fat-water separation 278 U

ulcera 251

ultra-high-ﬁ eld MRI 511

– parallel excitation techniques 511 underlapped coils 45, 47

UNFOLD method 24, 99, 142 – cardiac perfusion 411 uniformity correction 163

unloaded-to-loaded-Q ratio 499, 505, 506 upper extremity 331, 333

USPIO 473 V

vagus nerve 205 Valsalva maneuver 395 variable

– density

– – AUTO-SMASH (VD-AUTO-SMASH) 23, 31 – – k-space sampling methods 58

– – sampling 23 – – spiral (VDS) 81, 82

– rate selective excitation (VERSE) 184 vascular

– disease 183, 356 – hemodynamics 295 vasculitis 325, 334, 335

vastly undersampled isotropic projection reconstruction (VIPR) 72

VD-AUTO-SMASH, see variable-density AUTO SMASH VDS, see variable-density spiral

venography 314

venoocclusive disease 417 ventilation

– oxygen-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging 430 – scintigraphy 476

ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy 422 ventriculography 404

VERSE, see variable-rate selective excitation vessel conspicuity 457, 458

vessel-to-background contrast 330 view sharing 95, 98, 100, 132, 296 – acquisition 97

– cardiac MRI 97

– ECG-gated scans 133

VIPR, see vastly undersampled isotropic projection recon- struction

vocal cord 208

volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (VIBE) sequence 220

– liver imaging 219 voxel

– anisotropy 188 – size 16

voxel-based morphometry 184 W

wall-motion analysis 394 wall-thickness assessment 394 water-fat decomposition 270 – acquisition 273

water-fat separation, see fat-water separation wavelet

– denoising 27 – smoothing 27 white matter – disease 183, 185 – ﬁ ber tracts 379 – structure 372 white noise 50 whole-body

– magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 454, 461 – – comparison to PET-CT 465, 468

– – diffusion MRI 468 – – examination time 455, 462 – – metastasis screening 461 – – STIR 462

– – T1-weighted 464 – – tumor protocol 462 – – tumor staging 461 – oncological imaging 462 – scanner 256

whole-brain – angiography 286 – venography 286, 287 wrist coil 164 X

xenon MRI 429 Z

zero-ﬁ lling 93, 98

– reconstruction 94

zero-padding 93

(15)

List of Contributors

Elfar Adalsteinsson , PhD

Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging Department of Radiology

Massachusetts General Hospital

Harvard Medical School and Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology

Charlestown, MA 02129-2060 USA

and

Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA

USA

Murat Aksoy , MSc Department of Radiology Lucas Center

Stanford University 1201 Welch Road Stanford, CA 94305-5488 USA

David Atkinson , PhD University College London Department of Medical Physics London, WC1E 6BT

United Kingdom

Roland Bammer , PhD

Assistant Professor of Radiology Stanford University

Department of Radiology Lucas Center

1201 Welch Road Stanford, CA 94305-5488 USA

Philip G. Batchelor , PhD

Medical Physics and Bioengineering Malet Place Eng. Building

University College London London WC1E 6BT UK

Thomas Benner , PhD

MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Functional and Structural Biomedical Imaging Charlestown Navy Yard

Building 149 13th Street (2301) Charlestown, MA 02129-2060 USA

Michael Bock , PhD

Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (dkfz) Abt. Medizinische Physik in der Radiologie (E020) Im Neuenheimer Feld 280

69120 Heidelberg Germany

Jan W. Casselman , MD, PhD

Chairman of the Department of Radiology AZ St-Jan Brugge AV

Ruddershove 10 8000 Brugge Belgium

Olaf Dietrich , PhD

Department of Clinical Radiology University Hospitals – Grosshadern Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Marchioninistrasse 15

81377 Munich Germany

Randy Duensing , PhD

Department of Diagnostic Imaging Invivo Corporation

3545 SW 47th Avenue Gainesville, FL 32608 USA

Roger Eibel , MD

Department of Clinical Radiology University Hospitals – Innenstadt Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Ziemssenstrasse 1

80336 Munich

Germany

(16)

Marco Essig , MD

Abt. Radiologische Diagnostik und Therapie Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 280

69120 Heidelberg Germany

Christian Fink , MD

Department of Clinical Radiology University Hospitals – Grosshadern Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Marchioninistrasse 15

81377 Munich Germany

J. Paul Finn , MD Professor of Radiology

David Geffen School of Medicine UCLA Radiol Sci

BOX 957206, 3371 PVUB Los Angeles, CA 90095-7206 USA

Bastian Fischer

Department of Clinical Radiology University Hospitals – Grosshadern Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Marchioninistrasse 15

81377 Munich Germany

Mark A. Griswold , PhD Department of Radiology Case Center for Imaging Research

Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine 11100 Euclid Ave

Cleveland, OH 44106 USA

Karin A. Herrmann , MD Department of Clinical Radiology University Hospitals – Grosshadern Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Marchioninistrasse 15

81377 Munich Germany

Romhild M. Hoogeveen , PhD

Philips Medical Systems, Clinical Scientist, QR0113 - PO Box 10000

5680 DA Best The Netherlands

Armin Huber , MD

Department of Clinical Radiology University Hospitals – Grosshadern Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Marchioninistrasse 15

81377 Munich Germany

Peter Kellman , PhD

Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics National Institutes of Health/NHLBI NIH Building 10/B1D-416

10 Center Drive, msc-1061 Bethesda, MD 20892-1061 USA

Harald Kramer , MD

Department of Clinical Radiology University Hospitals – Grosshadern Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Marchioninistrasse 15

81377 Munich Germany

Karl-Friedrich Kreitner , MD Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology

Johannes-Gutenberg-University of Mainz Langenbeckstrasse 1

55131 Mainz Germany

David J. Larkman, PhD

Magnetic Resonance Physics and Engineering Group Robert Steiner MRI Unit

Imaging Sciences Department

Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine Imperial College of Science

Technology and Medicine Hammersmith Hospital Campus Du Cane Road

London W12 0NN UK

Tim Leiner , MD, PhD

Maastricht University Hospital

Department of Radiology

Peter Debijelaan 25

NL-6229HX

Maastricht

The Netherlands

(17)

Chunlei Liu , PhD Stanford University Department of Radiology Lucas Center

1201 Welch Road Stanford, CA 94305-5488 Charles A. McKenzie , PhD Department of Radiology,

Beth Israel-Deaconess Medical Center Boston, MA

USA

Henrik J. Michaely , MD Department of Clinical Radiology University Hospitals – Grosshadern Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Marchioninistrasse 15

81377 Munich Germany

Kambiz Nael , MD

Department of Radiological Sciences David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA 10945 LeConte Ave, Suite 3371

Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA

Scott Nagle , MD, PhD Lucas MRS/I Center Department of Radiology Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-5488 USA

Konstantin Nikolaou , MD Department of Clinical Radiology University Hospitals – Grosshadern Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Marchioninistrasse 15

81377 Munich Germany

Mathias Nittka , PhD Siemens AG

Medical Solutions MREA Karl-Schall-Strasse 6 91052 Erlangen Germany

Niels Oesingmann , PhD

Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc.

MR R&D Collaboration NYU CBI 660 First Avenue

New York, NY 10016 USA

Scott B. Reeder , MD, PhD

Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics E3/311 CSC

University of Wisconsin 600 Highland Avenue Madison, WI 53792-3252 USA

Maximilian F. Reiser , MD

Director of the Department of Clinical Radiology University Hospitals

Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Marchioninistrasse 15

81377 Munich Germany

Wolfgang Reith , MD

Professor, Radiologische Universitätsklinik Abt. für Neuroradiologie

Kirrbergerstrasse 1 66421 Homburg/Saar Germany

Arne Reykowski , PhD Invivo Corporation 3545 SW 47th Ave Gainesville, FL 32608 USA

Johannes Rieger , MD

Department of Clinical Radiology University Hospitals – Innenstadt Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Pettenkoferstrasse 8a

80336 Munich Germany

Bernd Romaneehsen , MD Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology

Johannes-Gutenberg-University of Mainz Langenbeckstrasse 1

55131 Mainz Germany

Gerwin P. Schmidt , MD

Department of Clinical Radiology University Hospitals – Grosshadern Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Marchioninistrasse 15

81377 Munich

Germany

(18)

Stefan O. Schoenberg , MD Department of Clinical Radiology University Hospitals – Grosshadern Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Marchioninistrasse 15

81377 Munich Germany

Bram Stieltjes , MD

Abt. Radiologische Diagnostik und Therapie Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 280

69120 Heidelberg Germany

Lawrence L. Wald , PhD

MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Functional and Structural Biomedical Imaging Charlestown Navy Yard

Building 149 13th Street (2301) Charlestown, MA 02129-2060 USA

Ruopeng Wang, MS

MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Functional and Structural Biomedical Imaging Charlestown Navy Yard

Building 149 13th Street (2301) Charlestown, MA 02129–2060 USA

Astrid M. Wallnoefer , MD Department of Clinical Radiology University Hospitals – Grosshadern Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Marchioninistrasse 15

81377 Munich Germany

Van J. Wedeen , MD

MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Functional and Structural Biomedical Imaging Charlestown Navy Yard

Building 149 13th Street (2301) Charlestown, MA 02129–2060 USA

Oliver Wieben , PhD

Depts. of Medical Physics & Radiology University of Wisconsin-Madison, J5/150 CSC 600 Highland Ave

Madison, WI 53792-1590 USA

Graham Wiggins , PhD

MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Functional and Structural Biomedical Imaging Charlestown Navy Yard

Building 149 13th Street (2301) Charlestown, MA 02129-2060 USA

Bernd J. Wintersperger , MD Department of Clinical Radiology University Hospitals – Grosshadern Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Marchioninistrasse 15

81377 Munich Germany

Christoph J. Zech , MD

Department of Clinical Radiology University Hospitals – Grosshadern Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Marchioninistrasse 15

81377 Munich

Germany

(19)

D i ag n o st i c Im ag i n g

Innovations in Diagnostic Imaging Edited by J. H. Anderson

Radiology of the Upper Urinary Tract Edited by E. K. Lang

The Thymus - Diagnostic Imaging, Functions, and Pathologic Anatomy Edited by E. Walter, E. Willich, and W. R. Webb

Interventional Neuroradiology Edited by A. Valavanis Radiology of the Pancreas Edited by A. L. Baert, co-edited by G. Delorme

Radiology of the Lower Urinary Tract Edited by E. K. Lang

Magnetic Resonance Angiography Edited by I. P. Arlart, G. M. Bongartz, and G. Marchal

Contrast-Enhanced MRI of the Breast S. Heywang-Köbrunner and R. Beck Spiral CT of the Chest

Edited by M. Rémy-Jardin and J. Rémy Radiological Diagnosis of Breast Diseases Edited by M. Friedrich and E.A. Sickles Radiology of the Trauma

Edited by M. Heller and A. Fink Biliary Tract Radiology

Edited by P. Rossi, co-edited by M. Brezi

Radiological Imaging of Sports Injuries Edited by C. Masciocchi

Modern Imaging of the Alimentary Tube Edited by A. R. Margulis

Diagnosis and Therapy of Spinal Tumors Edited by P. R. Algra, J. Valk, and J. J. Heimans

Interventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Edited by J. F. Debatin and G. Adam Abdominal and Pelvic MRI

Edited by A. Heuck and M. Reiser Orthopedic Imaging

Techniques and Applications Edited by A. M. Davies and H. Pettersson

Radiology of the Female Pelvic Organs Edited by E. K.Lang

Magnetic Resonance of the Heart and Great Vessels

Clinical Applications

Edited by J. Bogaert, A.J. Duerinckx, and F. E. Rademakers

Modern Head and Neck Imaging Edited by S. K. Mukherji and J. A. Castelijns Radiological Imaging of Endocrine Diseases Edited by J. N. Bruneton

in collaboration with B. Padovani and M.-Y. Mourou

Trends in Contrast Media Edited by H. S. Thomsen, R. N. Muller, and R. F. Mattrey Functional MRI

Edited by C. T. W. Moonen and P. A. Bandettini Radiology of the Pancreas 2nd Revised Edition

Edited by A. L. Baert. Co-edited by G. Delorme and L. Van Hoe Emergency Pediatric Radiology Edited by H. Carty

Spiral CT of the Abdomen

Edited by F. Terrier, M. Grossholz, and C. D. Becker

Liver Malignancies Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Edited by C. Bartolozzi and R. Lencioni

Medical Imaging of the Spleen Edited by A. M. De Schepper and F. Vanhoenacker

Radiology of Peripheral Vascular Diseases Edited by E. Zeitler

Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine Edited by C. Schiepers

Radiology of Blunt Trauma of the Chest P. Schnyder and M. Wintermark Portal Hypertension

Diagnostic Imaging-Guided Therapy Edited by P. Rossi

Co-edited by P. Ricci and L. Broglia Recent Advances in

Diagnostic Neuroradiology Edited by Ph. Demaerel

Virtual Endoscopy and Related 3D Techniques Edited by P. Rogalla, J. Terwisscha Van Scheltinga, and B. Hamm Multislice CT

Edited by M. F. Reiser, M. Takahashi, M. Modic, and R. Bruening Pediatric Uroradiology Edited by R. Fotter

Transfontanellar Doppler Imaging in Neonates

A. Couture and C. Veyrac Radiology of AIDS A Practical Approach Edited by J.W.A.J. Reeders and P.C. Goodman CT of the Peritoneum

Armando Rossi and Giorgio Rossi Magnetic Resonance Angiography 2nd Revised Edition

Edited by I. P. Arlart,

G. M. Bongratz, and G. Marchal Pediatric Chest Imaging Edited by Javier Lucaya and Janet L. Strife Applications of Sonography in Head and Neck Pathology Edited by J. N. Bruneton in collaboration with C. Raffaelli and O. Dassonville

Imaging of the Larynx Edited by R. Hermans 3D Image Processing

Techniques and Clinical Applications Edited by D. Caramella

and C. Bartolozzi Imaging of Orbital and Visual Pathway Pathology Edited by W. S. Müller-Forell Pediatric ENT Radiology

Edited by S. J. King and A. E. Boothroyd Radiological Imaging of the Small Intestine Edited by N. C. Gourtsoyiannis Imaging of the Knee

Techniques and Applications Edited by A. M. Davies and V. N. Cassar-Pullicino Perinatal Imaging

From Ultrasound to MR Imaging Edited by Fred E. Avni

M e d i c a l R a d i o l o g y Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation Oncology

Titles in the series already published

(20)

Radiological Imaging of the Neonatal Chest Edited by V. Donoghue

Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology in Liver Transplantation Edited by E. Bücheler, V. Nicolas, C. E. Broelsch, X. Rogiers, and G. Krupski

Radiology of Osteoporosis Edited by S. Grampp Imaging Pelvic Floor Disorders Edited by C. I. Bartram and J. O. L. DeLancey Associate Editors: S. Halligan, F. M. Kelvin, and J. Stoker Imaging of the Pancreas Cystic and Rare Tumors Edited by C. Procacci and A. J. Megibow High Resolution Sonography of the Peripheral Nervous System Edited by S. Peer and G. Bodner Imaging of the Foot and Ankle Techniques and Applications

Edited by A. M. Davies, R. W. Whitehouse, and J. P. R. Jenkins

Radiology Imaging of the Ureter Edited by F. Joffre, Ph. Otal, and M. Soulie

Imaging of the Shoulder Techniques and Applications Edited by A. M. Davies and J. Hodler Radiology of the Petrous Bone Edited by M. Lemmerling and S. S. Kollias

Interventional Radiology in Cancer Edited by A. Adam, R. F. Dondelinger, and P. R. Mueller

Duplex and Color Doppler Imaging of the Venous System

Edited by G. H. Mostbeck Multidetector-Row CT of the Thorax Edited by U. J. Schoepf

Functional Imaging of the Chest Edited by H.-U. Kauczor Radiology of the Pharynx and the Esophagus Edited by O. Ekberg Radiological Imaging in Hematological Malignancies Edited by A. Guermazi Imaging and Intervention in Abdominal Trauma Edited by R. F. Dondelinger Multislice CT

2nd Revised Edition

Edited by M. F. Reiser, M. Takahashi, M. Modic, and C. R. Becker

Intracranial Vascular Malformations and Aneurysms

From Diagnostic Work-Up to Endovascular Therapy Edited by M. Forsting

Radiology and Imaging of the Colon Edited by A. H. Chapman Coronary Radiology Edited by M. Oudkerk

Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Oncology Edited by A. Jackson, D. L. Buckley, and G. J. M. Parker

Imaging in Treatment Planning for Sinonasal Diseases

Edited by R. Maroldi and P. Nicolai Clinical Cardiac MRI

With Interactive CD-ROM Edited by J. Bogaert,

S. Dymarkowski, and A. M. Taylor Focal Liver Lesions

Detection, Characterization, Ablation

Edited by R. Lencioni, D. Cioni, and C. Bartolozzi

Multidetector-Row CT Angiography Edited by C. Catalano

and R. Passariello

Paediatric Musculoskeletal Diseases With an Emphasis on Ultrasound Edited by D. Wilson

Contrast Media in Ultrasonography Basic Principles and Clinical Applications Edited by Emilio Quaia

MR Imaging in White Matter Diseases of the Brain and Spinal Cord

Edited by M. Filippi, N. De Stefano, V. Dousset, and J. C. McGowan Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine 2nd Revised Edition Edited by C. Schiepers Imaging of the Kidney Cancer Edited by A. Guermazi Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Ischemic Stroke

Edited by R. von Kummer and T. Back Imaging of the Hip & Bony Pelvis Techniques and Applications Edited by A. M. Davies, K. J. Johnson, and R. W. Whitehouse

Imaging of Occupational and Environmental Disorders of the Chest Edited by P. A. Gevenois and P. De Vuyst

Contrast Media

Safety Issues and ESUR Guidelines Edited by H. S. Thomsen

Virtual Colonoscopy A Practical Guide

Edited by P. Lefere and S. Gryspeerdt Vascular Embolotherapy

A Comprehensive Approach Volume 1

Edited by J. Golzarian. Co-edited by S. Sun and M. J. Sharafuddin Vascular Embolotherapy A Comprehensive Approach Volume 2

Edited by J. Golzarian. Co-edited by S. Sun and M. J. Sharafuddin Head and Neck Cancer Imaging Edited by R. Hermans Vascular Interventional Radiology Current Evidence in Endovascular Surgery

Edited by M. G. Cowling

Ultrasound of the Gastrointestinal Tract Edited by G. Maconi and G. Bianchi Porro

Imaging of Orthopedic Sports Injuries Edited by F. M. Vanhoenacker, M. Maas, J. L. M. A. Gielen

Parallel Imaging in Clinical MR Applications Edited by S. O. Schoenberg, O. Dietrich, and F. M. Reiser

MR and CT of the Female Pelvis Edited by B. Hamm and R. Forstner Ultrasound of the Musculoskeletal System S. Bianchi and C. Martinoli

Radiology of the Stomach and Duodenum Edited by A. H. Freeman and E. Sala

123