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Air quality – EU Legislation and EU best practices Valeria Rizza, Francesco Petracchini, Valerio Paolini, Laura Tomassetti CNR-IIA 21 Gennaio 2020

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(1)

Air quality – EU Legislation and EU best practices

Valeria Rizza, Francesco Petracchini, Valerio Paolini, Laura Tomassetti CNR-IIA

21 Gennaio 2020

(2)

Why is air pollution in Europe still a problem?

(3)

Air pollutants

Effects on human health Pollutant

Can cause respiratory problems, leading to chronic bronchitis, can cause narrowing of the airways and can affect asthmatics.

Sulphur dioxide (SO

2

)

Interferes with blood's capacity to absorb and circulate oxygen. Worsens emphysema, chronic bronchitis and other lung disease. Can affect those suffering from heart disease and can have impacts on the central nervous system.

Carbon monoxide (CO)

Can cause respiratory disorders such as altered lung function, lung tissue damage, increased prevalence of acute respiratory illness. Young children and asthmatics are most at risk.

Nitrogen dioxide (NO

2

)

Can aggravate chronic respiratory diseases and can cause permanent lung damage. Can affect the eyes, nose and throat, as well as causing chest discomfort, coughing and headaches.

Ozone (O

3

)

Can cause cancer, anemia and injury to bone marrow.

Benzene (C

6

H

6

)

Can cause mental retardation, drowsiness and problems with the kidneys and reproduction system. Long term exposure interferes with normal development and functioning of the brain.

Lead (Pb)

Can cause acute respiratory disorders and decrements in lung function and can lead to premature death.

Particulate Matter (PM)

Health effects are dependent upon the specific VOC, however a number of VOCs are known or suspected to cause cancer.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

(4)

Health impact of air pollution

(5)

Health impact of air pollution

(6)
(7)
(8)

Clean Air Policies in Europe – An Overview The main European Union air policy instruments

• Ambient Air Quality Directives (AAQD): Maximum concentrations to be attained across the EU (SO2, NO2, PM10, benzene, lead, CO, O3, arsenic, cadmium, nickel, PM2.5 and BaP)

• National Emission Ceilings Directive (NECD): National emission inventories and caps to limit transboundary pollution (SOx, NOx, NMVOC, and NH3)

The main Member States air policy instruments

• Air Quality Plans & Programmes (AAQD)

• National Emission Inventories, Projections, and Measures, NAPCP (NECD)

(9)

Clean Air Policies in Europe – An Overview

(10)

Clean Air Policies in Europe – An Overview

(11)

Where is air pollution a problem?

(12)

Where is air pollution a problem?

(13)

Where is air pollution a problem?

(14)

Where is air pollution a problem?

(15)

Where is air pollution a problem?

(16)

Where is air pollution a problem?

(17)

Urban population exposure

(18)

Clean air for all… there are effective measures

(19)

Clean air for all… there are effective measures

(20)

Clean air for all… there are effective measures

(21)

Valeria Rizza

Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto sull’Inquinamento Atmosferico

Via Salaria km 29.300

Monterotondo (RM)

(22)

Clean Air Policies in Europe – An Overview

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