!"# $ %&'$( ) *+ &',&)&--./'0(#%", ('&
1' 2 $4)&5- *$6) ) 7(-(5'"
899 8::;<=>: ?@@AB?@@C
:<>
<=> >9:><
<=> <:9;>
9
Central processing unit (CPU)
Control unit
Arithmetic logical unit (ALU)
Registers
Main
memory Disk Printer
Bus I/O devices
… …
I
89:< ;< >:<
< ;< :: <
I
9>9< < ;> <<
< > ==>;
=<=> >9:>< < ;> <<> < < <>
< >>9>9
I
:= ; < > ;>>9<
I
!"#$ %" & $' !(' !)%'*+ ", &!! ##"' &%'# ,,&", !% $"-
I
./01 2314.2 )5* ! "$'+ ",,))' $' $"'%' %'# , ! )%'*+ ", -
I
6 037 ##"' & !%8 (!" %8 %,5"," %' &' )*!%% %#$"' , ,9"'#+ ", & ",%'"!!"-
I
< <>>
9 > > :=<9< >= 9>
I
6! ' 5 )%'" : ; " <34/ 1=0>",% , ! ,& ' ++"&!! $'")) # )%'*+ ",& )5* '-
I
6! '5 )%'" ?@; " 7=1 0370>",% , ! )%'*+ ",
A + B A + B
A
A
B
B
Registers
ALU input register
ALU output register ALU
ALU input bus
I
<<< 9> >>9< :=><9; 9 <> < ;> >::>
> ><> ><>
=<9<
- '!( ! )%'*+ ",* $*,% "$ ! , 6-
- "& $'9'!" $*,%' !! )%'*+ ", )5*,%-
- %'# , !% $" &!! )%'*+ ", , 6-
- ! )%'*+ ", *) *, $'"!& ##"' &%'# , &"( )
%' "(-
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-
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I
< :>:
><9< ;<
!
"# < $%&'% (!
"#
I
&<<< < :> :) > :9:>= > *
I
=; > <=>:< < <> < +9>* ;>:9 :9><
9< :> :=< 9 :> :> ;< :=>>< :9 9
>9> <=< ;> >> 9>
I
> ;>
<9 < :=>: < +>9> <=< ;<< >>9>
9;< 9 : +9>* ;> :9 >< <<
:
I
9 >>< > < <= >><;<
9<+%% +9>* ;> :9 ;>
<9
% < >9;> <<> < >9><=> ;> >> 9>
;>
< > < <9>=<9< = 9;>
I
=>9; > =>: == :<
<9 +9>* ;>
:9> = =;>:< +>9><=< ;<< >> 9>:<
9 << < <<>< ;:: <
I
> 9 <>< ;>
9>
I
(,%*! 0 $"))"," ))' 9 !#,% "'' %% -I
=0 7=$"))"," ))' 55 *,%", *, ")%"
I
8 9< ;<> 99> <9 +>9< <>9< <=>< ;>
<>=<9 < >> 9> = :=<<
# 9 >
<9
;> <> < =::>9< :9 >>9> > <=> :>;>
<< > * <<9>
I
$ " )#$ " ' !!"!%"' $' "&"%%" & 5 %!-I
8+>9>> ;<> 99> 9 < > :< :> ;<+ < ;>
:9< 9>
<>* :>9> 9< < 9 :><< :9 9
9=< >; ;> >> 9>
#
I
$ " )#$ " !!"!%"' 6-I
< >>9> ;<< =::>9< 9 >9 9=< =>9 < ;>
<< ;<< =::>9< = 9 <<>>>
%
I
< > :<9 < 9 ;><:< >
:=< >9 < 9: >
I
9< <9>= :9>;< =<9 < 8
I
< >>9> 9 <<>< ;><=<9< ;+9>* ;>:9
:<
%
I
9 =< ::> < < < <> 9> $
% > :< > <= ;>
<<:>9< ;<< >> 9>
I
6, $'% "!' , $' ),+ & $' !!! )#"-I
:< ;> ;
<< << < > <=>:<
>><
I
<9 >>9>99 ><>=<9 =<=>=<>
9 9+>> 9< < <<< ; =<=>
!# <
9+>> 9< <:>
< < >9 =<=>
"#
I
> :< ><= ;> ::< =<=> > 9 ;<
<= ;> ::< > <>> 9
< < ;>>>9<
% ;> <>>
I
< <>= >
< ;+>>9<:> :> <>
> ;
>>9>;>>9<
<99
>
I
: < ;> =>> < < <> 9>> ;<
:: <
I
= >=>>
;> <>= $%&
I
,%' ) )("!5"," ! *!% # 9) &! !" '!% (" & *,'% )%'*+ ",) ' ! )%'*+ ",)*)) (-
I
<9<>9; +>;< < < >;< :>: > > <9<
:>;;<
I
*%% !9) )"," &! !" )"," )"(' $$")%-I
6, *)%" #"&" ! 404 ! 43 04 44 0
(a)
(b) S1:
S2:
S3:
S4:
S5:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time
…
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
Instruction fetch
unit
Instruction decode
unit
Operand fetch
unit
Instruction execution
unit
Write
back
unit
I
9+<>< <9<>> 9< ;< :9:< ;> ><>9<
I
,*, *, %8 & 9% ' &* )%'*+ ", !! ("!%-I
9) )*)) ( )"," )"(' $$")%-I
$"))"," $' (' ' ", %% -I
% ! ++% ,!$'"))"' :0=/-I
9+<99<>= <9<>>9< > ;> ;< ><>9<
>:> <;< << ;> :>9< ;> > :=9<9> ; <
I
+> ;< >9;> < ;>
< < 9+9>: ><>9< :9 > 9>*
9> 9> <:>><
I
> >9;> ;> &%%%
I
% ! ++% ,!$'"))"' :0=/ ??-
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
Instruction fetch
unit
Instruction decode
unit
Operand fetch
unit
Instruction execution
unit
Write back unit
Instruction decode
unit
Operand fetch
unit
Instruction execution
unit
Write
back
unit
S2 S3 S5
Instruction decode
unit
Operand fetch
unit
LOAD Write
back unit S1
Instruction fetch
unit
S4
Floating point STORE
ALU
ALU
I
9 = ;> <>= > < :9>< 9<+
< < =<
:<
>9 >9 =; : ;>9
I
9 >= <<=> 9 >
%
I
"!% $' "))"' &,% )5*"," ! )%)) )*,+ &)%'*+ ", )* ,) # & (' ) & &% -
I
$'! & ? ;) ,5! )%'*% ",)%' # #*!% $!&%)%'#>-
I
9 <<=> >=9< < ;<>
%
I
"!% $' "))"' , & (' ) ",& ( &"," *, ##"'),+ )5* ' ,))' #,% ! )%)) )%'*+ ",-
I
6, *)%" )" ) $'! & ? ;#*!% $! )%'*% ",)%' ##*!% $! &%)%'#>-
I
99< > 9
< < >
%
% = >
< <= ;> <>=
I
"!% $' "))"' ,", ",& ( &"," *, ##"'"#*, ," )# ,&") & #))55 -
I
$* 9' , #"&" #"!% )) # ""$' ,"-
Control unit
Broadcasts instructions
Processor
Memory
8 × 8 Processor/memory grid
(a) (b)
CPU
Shared memory
Bus
CPU CPU CPU
Local memories
CPU
Shared memory
Bus
CPU CPU CPU
I
< ;< :: < >9 :> 9 ;<>>
==> < ;>
I
40 " <1<40 !)*" ",%,*%" $')" *,&" ))$5, !!"!%"' -
I
40 " 70144 !)*" ",%,*%" ,", ( , $')"*,&" ) )$5, !!"!%"' -
I
+9>* < ;> =<=>>9< $ ;< %
I
<<9>9< >9> ;<+>9=> 9< > <:> <9<
I
# :> :9 ;<< > >9 :> ;>
>
=<=>
I
9> :< 9
I
% :9>< >9 C >
I
# :9>< >9 9 :< 9=< ;>
<
;>
>#
I
: > ;>
< >
9 :9 < ;> ;>=<9>9< ;>
<
Address 1 Cell
0
(c) 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Address
0
Address
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5
16 bits
(b) 12 bits
(a)
8 bits
I
8+>9<9 ;> 9 >
< 9 << < 9=<>;
>9> ;< ; ;< >9>
I
! $' #" )" ) $'! & ) )%# 304-I
!)",&" ) $'! & ) )%# 004-I
< > ::> =9>< =<=> :>
<9; <
<<9; < 99 :> << <=>
I
9 :< < <>9 >>9>:< =9>9 >
>9
<
I
9 < ;> =>>9< ;> 9 : <> <=> < 9 ;<>
;< ><=> >> > ><= > <9;> 9 =<9 < + >>
> ><= >< <9;> 9
Address Big endian Address
Byte 0
0
(a) 4
4 8 8
12 12
0 4 8 12 1
5 9 13
2 6 10 14
3 7 11 15
32-bit word
Little endian
Byte 3
(b) 7
11 15
2 6 10 14
1 5 9 13
0 4 8 12
32-bit word
Big endian
(a) J
0 I M
S
4 M I T
H
8 0 0 0
0
12 0 0 21
0
16 0 1 4
Little endian
(b)
J 0 M I
T I M S 4 0 0 0 H 8 0 0 0 21 12 0 0 1 4 16
Transfer from big endian to little endian
(c) J M I
T I M S
0 0 0 H
21 0 0 0
4 1 0 0
Transfer and swap
(d)
J I M 0
S M I T 4
H 0 0 0 8
0 0 0 21 12
0 0 1 4 16
I
::>9=<9< < =<=>< ;<> ::>9 << ;
> ;9< < <> 9> ;> < :< ;9< <
<>9> ;>:>
I
< <<> ; <> < >:9< =<=> < >>9 ;<>
I
< 9 :9>< ;> >> >99 > ;>
:9 <9<9; 9
=
+
>I
%
;< < ;> :;> :< > >
9=< ;> > >< > > < ;< < ;
>
<>:9
I
9 9 =<::9>= ;<<=>9 < > > ;>
:9 < >
>; 9> ;> >
I
%
;> 9 :;>:< =>9>= ;>9
;> ==>9 < ;> :;> :< <9< =>< > :;>:<
<
I
' 040 ''"' ) ,5"! ,))' " *, "& ",& )%,+ & ## ,5 !#," $'
+
-I
' 103300 '' "' ) ,5"! ,))' " *, "& ",& )%,+ & ## ,5 !#," $'
+
-
I
9 ;<> :;>:> > <=> :> > :> ;;< % %
I
*, *, " % & ",%'"!!" ;=
> )!%" , #"&"!,*#' " & % ,!! $' "! & "& ) <4-
I
6!"& & )%,+ & ## ,5 $'
-
I
6!"& $* * ,& ))' *)%" $' ' !(' '' "' ) ,5"! -I
9> = ;>
< :9 < ;> :;>:< 9< @ < ;>
< :< <>9 < <> < ? >>>
@@@@@@@@@@
@@@@@
@@@@@
< < < < 9 ><>
I
*)%" "& & )%,+ & ## ,5 $'-
I
* * ,& "''55' '' "' &"$$ & 9 ! ',&' ) ",%"
I
9> = :< 9 :;> :< :9 > ;> ;> < > ;>
:9 > >9 ; ;> : << < >>< > >9>
I
> >9>: >9 > : <:< < 99 ;<< ? < ;>
:;> :< <> <>9 < ;> :;> :< << ;>>9<
;>9 ; <
I
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+
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$' ! $' "! & "& "'' %%-I
$' ! $' "! & "& '' %-I
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<
< <
(
+
)
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+
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I
>>< <9< < < >=>< <>: >>9; 9
I
8; > ;> ;>
<99 >9> > ;> :9
I
<>;<9>: < >> 9< ;> 9 > > 9 > >9<> <
+
I
> ;> :9 9 <>:9 >>9< > ; 9 <9
;>;<
I
> > ;>:9 9 > ;> >* = ::> 99
> < ; > > > ;> ;> <9 >< ; :9> <>
I
< <9<> : > >9 >>9< >><9< :9 9< :: ;<> >
;> >*
,
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+
+ . . . +
=
I
<:<< < +< <
:
< >9< >9# > :<;<
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< ;>> > > ;> >* :< :9; ;>
<>9< < <> =<9< +>9><=< ;<< >>9> : <<
Memory word 1111000010101110 0
1 0 2
1 3
0 4
1 5
1 6
1 7
0 8
0 9
0 10
0 11
0 12
1 13
0 14
1 15
1 16
0 17
1 18
1 19
1 20
0 21
Parity bits
I
< 9 <= < <> :=<9< ;<<
=<=><
I
*)%" & (' " $')%+ ",! ) $")) ! *#,%%" ,5!*!% # ,, -
I
> :9<<9 9> > :>< ;> < ; =<=>
>:> <;<* 9 :< <=;9< >< >>< :<
;< <9;< <;<;9; < <>9> ;< ><=
I
>9 9 :< 9=< ;>>9> <=
I
' # & %*%%" ! $* , + ' $' "))'*!*,*)%'*+ ", ' 5*' &,% ! ##"' 4<<04 4 14-
I
$* &' 5,' !"& ; !$'"5'##%"'"$$*' *, "#$ !%"'>& $'"&*'' $'"5'## ,",
)" '," & *)%" $' "!#$')#$ " 9,&" , #"&"
"5, ' )% & !%%*' ) 703=4 & *, '%" ,*#' " &
)%'*+ ", ,,"*-
<9 ;><< ;< <>< >
< < > <=
I
> 9 9:< :9>;<>9> ;>:<<
< :<
I
9 <:9>: >9< <9< :9>< 9<+>> < 9 =<=>
99 9;< = =
<:<:> = &
I
< < ;> =<=> % $% 9 =9<9<
+>9<9 ;< ::<
I
9; 9<:<> ;> 9 :< : 9< ::< <
9<: >9 :> < 99 > <<9< > :><;<
=<=> :<9< 9 : > :9<9 ;< =<=>
:<9<
><9< <> 9< ::<
I
< <> 9>> ;<><= ;><9;9 ;
$ ;<< >:><< ;>::< =<=> <<<
;;> ;><=<9< ; ::<
I
=> < ;<> ==> <>>:9 > :> ;;<
%
I
9' #,% !! ##"' %#$"'!#,%( , )"," )$))",)$+ !#,% ( , -
I
" )%))" ,& ' ++" ( , '9' ,+ %" , $ )%,% ( , %'
Cache
Bus
Main
memory
CPU
I
9> = :<
I
) !%#$" & ))" !! ##"' -I
) !%#$" & ))" !! ##"' ,%'!-I
) ! 4")) ! 9'+ ", & ' 9' #,% $* ))')"&& )9%% &!! -
> <= =<;> ;> ::<
+ (
−
)
I
9;
>
> :>9 ><= =<;> >
> :>9
=<9 < 9;
>
>:>9 @ >
> :>9
+
I
< =<=>< :<9> < < ::< 9 ;;>
>< >9 ::>;>
9< < : ;<< ::<> ;>
&
I
*,&" ) (' *, 9!! #,%" ! ,%' ! , & ))'$"'%% , &!! ##"' ,%'!-
I
6! $' , $ " & !"! %8 $* ))' *!%' "'#,% )9'*%%%"-I
> =
< <
I
, 141 0 =144*,&" , *, )"! (,5","##"' ++% &% )%'*+ ", -
I
, 141 0 7<01444*,&" ! )%'*+ ", (,," , '
Registers
Main memory Cache
Tape
Magnetic disk
Optical disk
I
9 ;>: =9<>: :9>< >9 9 > >> ;> =>9>
>
<>>;>
%
%
I
, "'' ,% !%%' $)) %%' (' )" ! %)% ,#5,% ++ ! )*$' ) %'"( )"%%"-
I
*,&" ! %)% , $)) )"$' *,' #5,% ++%( ,,&"%% ,!! %)% , *, "'',% $") % ( " ,5% (-
I
%% ;<;>: <:>< 9<: ;<>
;>:: <=<9< <:><
I
% 9 <<9 :> :< ;> > :>> =<9 < >
;>: :=>< 9 >9< :=<
I
< ::< 9 ;;>
>< >9 9 :< 9=< ;> %%
:9<9<9> 9 9=< ;>
<
?
<;> >#
I
9; 9 ;>: :9>< >9 > > >+>9><=< ;<< ::< ;
9 < ;>9 ; :<9 :> =
I
9 % %% > ><:9 ; <9< <
I
'
%' $' ,% #%'"-
I
'
% $' ,% #%' " !*,5" *, )%))
Track width is 5–10 microns
Width of 1 bit is
0.1 to 0.2 microns Direction
of arm motion
Disk arm Read/write head Intersector gap
Direct ion of d isk
rota tio n
409 6 d ata bits Preamble
C E C 409 6 da ta bit s
Pr ea m ble
E C
1 s ect or C
Surface 2 Surface 1 Surface 0
Read/write head (1 per surface)
Direction of arm motion Surface 3
Surface 5
Surface 4
Surface 7
Surface 6
I
< <> 9>;<> ;>:>;><9;9 ;
I
#$" & 700 ;)$")%#,%" '& !)*!! $") + ","'' %%>'
−
#)-
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#$" & 404 ; , %%) !)%%"' '*"% )"%%" !%)% ,> '
−
#)-
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<:>* ;><>=<9
I
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;< % %
I
< ::< > <<9< 99 9 ;>9 >9< < => <<
:> =<< >9<
> ;<9 9 <=; :< > ;>:> 9
<9<=<9<
<:>* 9 < :9<
I
55 ) *) *, )%' %5 & (' ) ! ,&' )"," )*&& ( ) ,0-
I
6! ,*#'" & )%%"' $'%' *#,% #, #," ))$")% &!! %' $ ,%', (')" !)%',"-
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8; 9> ;>::> = %
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!& !"
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$)) $" ?....:? %-I
!&
I
,," (!" %8 & %')9' #,%" $ !(% & & ) 6-I
6 ,", )"!" *, ,%'9 $' '& & )# , *,*) !*! $"))"," ))' "!!5% *, ",%' "!!"' " !%'
& )$") % ( -
I
"," $$') $" 47 ? 4 ?%-I
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& *!! & 7=0 " 0<140 ! ,9"'#+ ", )*$ & ) -
I
6!5'*$$" & $ & ) $' ( )%" "# *, *, " & )"( '%*!-
I
) )%"," ! (!! 6 &!!"
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P16-19 Strip 16 Strip 17 Strip 18 Strip 12 P12-15 Strip 13 Strip 14 (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
RAID level 0 Strip 8
Strip 4 Strip 0
Strip 9 Strip 5 Strip 1
Strip 10 Strip 6 Strip 2
RAID level 2 Strip 11
Strip 7 Strip 3
Strip 8 Strip 4 Strip 0
Strip 9 Strip 5 Strip 1
Strip 10 Strip 6 Strip 2
Strip 11 Strip 7 Strip 3
Strip 8 Strip 4 Strip 0
Strip 9 Strip 5 Strip 1
Strip 10 Strip 6 Strip 2
Strip 11 Strip 7 Strip 3
Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3 Bit 4 Bit 5 Bit 6
RAID level 1
Bit 7
Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3 Bit 4
Strip 8 Strip 4 Strip 0
Strip 9 Strip 5 Strip 1
Strip 10 Strip 6 Strip 2
Strip 11 Strip 7 Strip 3
Strip 8 Strip 4 Strip 0
Strip 9 Strip 5 Strip 1
P8-11 Strip 6 Strip 2
Strip 10 P4-7 Strip 3
Strip 19 Strip 15
RAID level 3
RAID level 4
RAID level 5 Parity
P8-11 P4-7 P0-3
Strip 11
Strip 7
P0-3
I
:9 < <> < ==><<
>>
> = > >
<9 ; >>> > >9< <9>
I
!
99 ;>=<9>9< 9; ; ;> =< ;> ?@ ==
9 << ;>
,
? == < 9 : ;>
==
I
<99 ;> :9 >:9 >>;
=>9> > <<9< <
<9>:< <>
I
;> 9 <<9> ; <<9 ;> >::> :> ;<>
% =<9 < < << 99 :< > :>=9
I
< ;<> ;>
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9< ;+9; ;> @
,
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I
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Spiral groove
Pit Land
2K block of
user data
Preamble
Bytes 16
Data
2048 288
ECC
Mode 1 sector (2352 bytes) Frames of 588 bits,
each containing 24 data bytes Symbols of
14 bits each 42 Symbols make 1 frame
98 Frames make 1 sector
…
…
I
!
! % 9 :> 9
# = 9:< < >
<#
I
8 > < ; =<* ;<> 99> + @ > =<>>;>
;>
<99< 9 <><>: ;> :=9<
I
<:9> ;>
<
I
6 $ % !,& &("," ))' 7/=4- %!)"$" ) 55 *,5*," )%'%" & $ 5#,%" %' !$"! '",%" !! (!!"
' %%,%-
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" )%'%" & $ 5#,%" ,!!" )%%" , + ! %' )$' ,%-I
')' (' ! ) *% ! ++ *, !)'", $"%,+ #"!%"#55 "' & *!!" *)%" , !%%*'- 6,
*)%" #"&" ) ' *,
' 5 ", )*' ,! $ 5#,%"-
I
9+ <:> >* ;<> 9< ;> <<< :>
>>> >9
=; >9:<=<9<
I
9 <><
9> <<9 ;> !
:<
9 << < :>> >
<
I
" )%'%" & $ 5#,%" )")% %* %" & *, !5 & ' 5,%",& ",% #", " %!!*' "-
I
!%%"' ! !)'9*,+ ", ",%' $"%,+& )% ,%-
Printed label
Protective lacquer Reflective gold layer
layer
Substrate Direction
of motion Lens
Photodetector Prism
Infrared laser diode
Dark spot in the dye layer burned by laser when writing 1.2 mm
Dye
Polycarbonate
SCSI controller Sound card
Modem
Edge connector
Card cage
I
8; 9> ;>>>
;> B :> 9 %
I
"#$ %" &!",%' "!!"' 5"(',' !& )$") % (" 5)% ' !)*" ))" ! *)-
I
6, !*, ) !",%'"!!"' $* )' (' & '%%#,% ,##"' ),+ ! ,%'(,%" &!! - $'! , %!)" &
. ;" 01 /0/ 411077>-
I
!)" , * ) *% ! ++ ! ! $* )5* ' &!!,"'#! )%'*+ ", #,%' !",%' "!!"' &!! ##"' -
*,&" !%' )9' #,%" "#$!%%" !",%'"!!"' $'"&* *,
0=<-
I
< ::<;< < < 9 > :9 <::<;9
:9<=9<=<9< )
I
) )% *," )$ ! $ #%" 4 0 =7)% ! ) %*', &,&" & )"! %" ! $'&,+ & )$") % ( &
6
Monitor
Keyboard Floppy disk drive
Hard disk drive
Hard disk controller Floppy
disk controller Keyboard
controller Video
controller Memory
CPU
Bus
Memory bus
CPU PCI
bridge
SCSI controller SCSI
disk
Network controller Video
controller
Printer controller Sound
card ISA Modem
bridge SCSI
scanner
Main memory SCSI
bus
PCI bus
ISA bus
cache
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