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Un caso di ipocalcemia dovuta a pseudoipoparatiroidismo

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Un caso di ipocalcemia dovuta a pseudoipoparatiroidismo

G.Santoro, M.Armigliato, S.Cuppini, M.Marzolo, E.Ramazzina

UOC Medicina Interna – Ospedale di Rovigo

14° Congresso Nazionale AME - Incontri per caso

Rimini, 5-8 Novembre 2015

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Gruppo eterogeneo di disordini a trasmissione ereditaria accomunati dalle seguenti caratteristiche:

• ipocalcemia

• iperfosfatemia

• aumento compensatorio dei livelli di PTH dovuto alla resistenza periferica alla sua azione biologica a livello degli organi bersaglio (rene ed osso)

Si distinguono due tipi principali di PHP a seconda che la resistenza al PTH sia dovuta ad un’alterazione a livello:

1. recettoriale (PHP tipo 1a, 1b e 1c) (prevalenza 0.79/100000) 2. post-recettoriale (PHP tipo 2) (poco più di 25 casi in letteratura)

DEFINIZIONE

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Azioni del PTH

OSSO

↑ riassorbimento di calcio (stimolo osteoclastico)

RENE

↑ riassorbimento di calcio (tubulo distale)

↓ riassorbimento di fosforo (tubulo prossimale)

↑ produzione di 1,25 (OH) 2 D (stimolo 1α-idrossilasi)

INTESTINO

↑ assorbimento di calcio vitamina D mediato

(4)

Anamnesi:

Ritardo di sviluppo cognitivo sin dalla nascita

Trattato con analoghi del GH durante l’epoca di sviluppo puberale

Sottoposto nel 2001 a tiroidectomia totale per carcinoma

follicolare, successivo follow-up negativo sino ai nostri giorni (in terapia sostitutiva)

Ipertensione arteriosa in buon controllo farmacologico Epilessia in trattamento con levetiracetam

RM ipofisaria (Gennaio 2014): assenza di alterazioni della

morfologia e della intensità del segnale dell’ipofisi che appare appiattita nel fondo sellare, asimmetrica per deviazione verso destra del peduncolo ipofisario, senza evidenti lesioni focali

Maschio, 48 anni, severa ipocalcemia (Ca ++ 6.3 mg/dL)

con crisi tetaniche

(5)

Esame obiettivo

Dismorfismo scheletrico (bassa statura, brachidattilia, braccia corte, facies rotonda)

Macroglossia

Semeiotica toraco-cardiaca ed addominale

sostanzialmente nei limiti della norma

(6)

Esami di laboratorio

Ipocalcemia (6.5 mg/dL)

Creatinina 1.20, clearance della creatinina 67.7 ml/min Albuminemia 36.2 g/L

TSH 0.37, FT4 1.46, FT3 2.92, autoanticorpi negativi Mg ++ 1.91 mg/dL normale

GH < 0.05 ng/mL, IGF-1 102 mcg/L

Testosterone totale 3.45 ng/mL

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Metabolismo calcio-fosforo

Fosforo 4.17 mg/dL, fosfaturia 499 mg/24 ore nella norma Vitamina D 69.9 (corretta con colecalciferolo)

PTH 87 pg/mL

Ipocalciuria (28.6 mg/24 ore)

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Funzione surrenalica

Cortisolemia (h 8): 13.0, C. (h 23) 1.8 mcg/dL CLU 159.1 mcg/24 ore

ACTH 91.7 pg/mL

Dopo test al Synachten basse dosi: mancato raggiungimento del picco di cortisolo (C a 30 min 15.9, a 60 min 12.2)

! IPOSURRENALISMO

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TC cerebrale diretta: diffuse aree di iperdensità tipo osso in sede emisferica cerebellare, temporale, talamo- lenticolare, frontale, parietale, occipitale bilateralmente ed ai centri semiovali

Esami radiologici

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Terapia

C a l c i o g l u c o n a t o e n d o v e n a s i n o a l l a normalizzazione della calcemia

R a p i d a r i s o l u z i o n e d e l l e c r i s i t e t a n i c h e , miglioramento clinico del paziente

Sostituzione del colecalciferolo con il calcitriolo (0.5 mcg bid) + calcio per os (1 g bid)

L-Tiroxina 50 mcg (gg pari), 75 mcg (gg dispari) Cortisone acetato 12.5 mg/die

Calcemia alla dimissione: 8.60 mg/dL

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Growth Hormone Deficiency in Pseudohypoparathyroidism Type 1a: Another Manifestation of Multihormone Resistance

EMILY L. GERMAIN-LEE, JOSHUA GROMAN, JANET L. CRANE, SUZANNE M. JAN DE BEUR, AND MICHAEL A. LEVINE

Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology (E.L.G.-L., J.L.C., M.A.L.); the Ilyssa Center for Molecular Endocrinology (E.L.G.-L., J.L.C., S.M.J.d.B., M.A.L.); the McKusick-Nathans Institute for Genetic Medicine (J.G., M.A.L.); and the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (S.M.J.d.B., M.A.L.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287

Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) is a genetic disorder caused by heterozygous inactivating mutations in GNAS1, the gene encoding the -chain of Gs, and is associated with short stature, obesity, brachydactyly, and sc ossifications. AHO patients with GNAS1 mutations on maternally inherited alleles also manifest resistance to multiple hormones (e.g. PTH, TSH, L H , F S H ) , a v a r i a n t t e r m e d pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) type 1a, due to paternal imprinting of Gs transcripts in specific tissues. Recent evidence has shown that Gs transcripts are also imprinted in the pituitary somatotrophs that secrete GH. Because this imprinting could influence GHRH-dependent stimulation of somatotrophs, we hypothe-

sized that maternally inherited GNAS1 mutations would impair GH secretion. We studied GH status in 13 subjects with PHP type 1a. GH responses to arginine/L-dopa and arginine/GHRH were deficient in nine subjects, all of whom were obese and had low serum concentrations of IGF-I. By contrast, none of the four GH-sufficient subjects were obese, and all had normal IGF-I levels. Our data indicate that GH deficiency is common (69%) in PHP type 1a and may contribute to the obesity and short stature typical of AHO. We propose that GH status be evaluated in all patients with PHP type 1a. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88: 4059–4069, 2003)

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Pseudohypoparathyroidism: Diagnosis and Treatment

Giovanna Mantovani

Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Universita`

degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy

Evidence synthesis and conclusions: Despite the first description of this

disorder dates back to 1942, recent findings indicating complex epigenetic

alterations beside classical mutations at the GNAS complex gene, pointed out the

limitation of the actual classification of the disease, resulting in incorrect genetic

counselling and diagnostic procedures, as well as the gap in our actual knowledge

of the pathogenesis of these disorders. This review will focus on PHP type I, in

particular its diagnosis, classification, treatment, and underlying molecular

alterations. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96: 3020–3030, 2011)

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…Grazie

per lattenzione!

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Major causes of hypocalcemia

Low PTH (hypoparathyroidism)

Genetic disorders (abnormal parathyroid gland development, abnormal PTH synthesis, activating mutations of calcium-sensing receptors)

Post-surgical (thyroidectomy, parathyroidectomy, radical neck dissection)

Autoimmune (autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, isolated hypoparathyroidism due to activated antibodies to calcium-sensing receptors)

Infiltration of the parathyroid gland (granulomatous, iron overload, metastases) Radiation-induced destruction parathyroid glands

Hungry bone syndrome (post parathyroidectomy) HIV infection

High PTH (secondary hyperparathyroidism in response to hypocalcemia) Vitamin D deficiency or resistance (multiple causes)

Parathyroid hormone resistance (pseudohypoparathyroidism, hypomagnesemia) Renal disease

Loss of calcium from the circulation (hyperphosphatemia, tumor lysis, acute pancreatitis, osteoblastic metastases, acute respiratory alkalosis, sepsis or acute severe illness)

Drugs: inhibitors of bone resorption (bisphosphonates, calcitonin, denosumab),

cinacalcet, calcium chelators (EDTA, citrate, phosphate), foscarnet (due to intravascular complexing with calcium), phenytoin (due to conversion of vitamin D to inactive

metabolites)

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Classification of PHP and PPHP

AHO Hormone resistance Heterotopic ossification

PTH infusion GNAS defect

PHP-1a Yes Multiple: PTH, TSH, Gn, GHRH Yes,

superficial

↓ cAMP

↓ phosphaturia

Maternal inactivating mutations

PPHP Yes No Yes,

superficial

Normal Paternal inactivating mutations

PHP-1b No PTH, TSH No ↓ cAMP

↓ phosphaturia

Imprinting dysregulation

PHP-1c Yes Multiple: PTH, TSH, Gn Yes,

superficial

↓ cAMP

↓ phosphaturia

Few inactivating mutations

reported

PHP-2 No PTH OFC ↑ cAMP

↓ phosphaturia

No

AHO, Albright hereditary osteodystrophy: Gn, Gonadotropins; OFC Osteitis fibrosa

cystica

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G Protein Mutations in Human Disease

Disease Defective G Protein Molecular mechanism

PHP-1a G

s

α Loss of function mutations

PHP-1b Possibly G

s

α Imprinting defect

McCune-Albright syndrome

G

s

α Gain of function mutations

PHP with testotoxicosis G

s

α Loss/gain of function mutations

Hyperfunctioning thyroid adenomas

G

s

α Gain of function mutations

Pituitary adenomas (GH and ACTH)

G

s

α Gain of function mutations

Adrenocortical adenomas G

i2

α Gain of function mutations Endocrine ovarian

neoplasms

G

s

α Gain of function mutations Essential hypertension β3 Gain of function mutations

Night blindness G

t

α Loss of function mutations

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