Air Pollution in Cities and Transportation Policies : Italian Case Studies

Windsor Workshop - Transportation Tecnology & Fuel Forum Toronto, 14 june 2004

Session 4C: Reducing Pollution in Urban Areas — Case Studies on Programs and Policies

Air Pollution in Cities and Transportation Policies : Italian Case Studies

* APAT (Italian National Agency for Environmental Protection and Technical Services)

** APAT consultant

Urban/Suburban Traffic

Urban/Suburban Background

Urban/Suburban Industrial

Rural Industrial

Rural Background

PM ₁₀ monitors in Italy

0 20 40 60 80 100

UT UB SB RB

microg/cubic meter min

25°

75°

MAX

(116) (48) (8) (5)

UT: Urban Traffic UB: Urban Background SB: Suburban Background RB: Rural Background

PM ₁₀ monitors in Italy - year 2002 (tot. 251)

Annual PM₁₀concentrations in Italy (1995-2001) per type of station (number of measurements in parenthesis)

0 20 40 60 80

1999 2000 2001 2002 2005

PM

AIR CONCENTRATIONS IN ITALY – ANNUAL AVERAGE

MAX, min, 25° e 75° percentile

Limit Value min

MAX

25°

75°

mg/m³ (Stations considered: 21 (all types))

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Urban/Suburban Background Urban/Suburban Traffic

g/m

(43) (20)

MAX 75°

25°

min

Urban/Suburban Background (26) and Urban/Subarban Traffic (43) year 2002

PM ₁₀ CONCENTRATIONS IN ITALY – ANNUAL AVERAGES

year 2005 - Limit Value

Number of daily exceedences of the forthcoming limit value ( 50 mg/m

) MAX, min, 25° e 75° percentile

Stations considered: 21 (all types)

PM ₁₀ CONCENTRATIONS IN ITALY – DAILY AVERAGES

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

2000 2001 2002 2005

max allowable exceedances (35 in a year)

min MAX

25°

Daily exceedences

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

MAX

75°

25°

min

Urban/Suburban Background Urban/Suburban Traffic

(31) (14)

Urban/Suburban Traffic year 2002

Number of daily exceedences of the forthcoming limit value ( 50 mg/m

) MAX, min, 25° e 75° percentile

PM ₁₀ CONCENTRATIONS IN ITALY – DAILY AVERAGES

Daily exceedences

max allowable exceedances (35 in a year)

PM ₁₀ CONCENTRATIONS IN ITALY (1998- 2002)

0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

y=4,67x-104,83 R

=0,92

Number of daily exceedences of 50 mg/m

Annual average (mg/m³)

Air pollution in italian cities ^1/4

Italian emissions of primary PM10 decreased of about 25% between 1990 and 2001.

0 50.000 100.000 150.000 200.000 250.000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Total Domestic Transport Energy & Industry

Mg

PM

(particulate matter with dimension less than 10 micrometer) together with ozone

constitutes the main air pollution problem in Italy, especially in urban and metropolitan

areas.

Air pollution in italian cities ^2/4

Also emissions of almost all PM10 precursors decreased in Italy during the last decade

In these areas road transport is one of the leading

environmental

pressures concerning:

. air pollutant emissions - at urban

level, the greatest share of PM₁₀, NO_x (nitrogen oxides), VOC (volatile organic compounds) and CO (carbon monoxide) is emitted by road vehicles;

. noise;

. land use.

Moreover safety and congestion issues due to road traffic must be considered.

NATIONAL ITALIAN EMISSIONS OF PM PRECURSORS (NO

, SO

, COVNM and NH

)

1990=100

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

SOX NOX COVNM NH3

Air pollution in cities ^3/4

It is necessary to consider particular meteo-climatic conditions characterizing the different Member States with an approach analogous to the natural sources contribution.

Lille

Air pollution in cities ^3/4

ANNUAL CONCENTRATIONS PM

SOME CITIES > 1.000.000 INHABITANTS (years 1996 - 2000 - MAX, min, 10° e 90° percentile)

Stockholm London Lille Paris Budapest Bucarest ⁺ Rome Madrid Tel Aviv Limit value year 2005 (40 mg/m³)

Air pollution in italian cities ^4/4

Concerning PM

levels in Italy:

. annual concentrations in Milan urban site is 42 mg/m

in 2002;

. in a rural area of Piemonte the 8-months (jan-aug) average concentration in 2003 is 29 mg/m

. annual concentration in Bologna urban background site is 36 mg/m

.

Motorcar fleet: composition for fuel in Italy

- 5.000.000 10.000.000 15.000.000 20.000.000 25.000.000 30.000.000

Gasoline Diesel Fuel Gasoline/ GPL Gasoline/ Methane Other - ZEV

Italy: Motorcar for fuel and registration year

2001 - 2002

1999 - 2000

1997 - 1998

1995 - 1996

1993 - 1994

1990 - 1992

1987 - 1989

< 1986

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Cars 100 105 113 114 113 116 118 117 123 123

Light duty vehicles (< 3.5 t) 100 99 105 107 108 114 120 128 135 146 Heavy duty vehicles (> 3.5 t) and buses 100 100 101 97 97 98 98 101 94 98 Mopeds and Motorcycles < 50 cm

100 104 112 131 139 149 157 165 172 172 Motorcycles > 50 cm

100 106 115 114 114 115 118 120 127 141

Total 100 104 111 113 112 115 118 118 123 125

Percent increase in vehicle-km travelled in the years 1990- 1999 in Italy (base year 1990 = 100)

Percent increase in vehicle-km travelled in Italy

Percent increase in vehicle-km travelled in the years 1990-1999 in Italy (base year 1990 = 100)

80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

Cars

Light Duty

Vehicles (<3.5 t.) Heavy Duty Vehicles (>3.5 t.

and buses) Mopeds and Motorcycles <

50cm3

Motorcycles >

50cm3 Total

Percent increase in vehicle-km travelled in Italy

Combustion – Energy and transformation industry Non-industrial combustion Combustion – Manufacturing industry Production processes

Road transport Other mobile sources

Waste treatment and disposal

0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2010

Target 2010

NO _x emissions in Italy (Mt) 1990-2000

NO

are also precursors of ozone and secondary PM

2001

0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2010

Combustion – Energy and transformation industry Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels/geoth. energy Road transport

Waste treatment and disposal

Production processes Solvent use

Other mobile sources

Other emission sources and sinks

VOC emissions in Italy (Mt) 1990-2000

VOC are also precursors of ozone and secondary PM

target 2010

2001

Review of transport policies in italian urban areas

Here are some elements derived from a critical review of projects concerning mobility that are adopted and implemented in the main Italian cities for improving air quality .

MAIN PURPOSES OF THE REVIEW:

ž

Make a national inventory of the ongoing projects

ž

Evaluate how project aims and contents are presented to stakeholders

ž

Assess environmental performance of analyzed projects

ž

Analyse people level of information, communication and feedback

ž

Check – where possible – transferability of experiences in different urban contexts

ACTIVITIES:

ž

Analysis of the projects adopted in Italian cities

ž

In order to frame Italian experiences, analysis of the projects of European Countries performed in the Framework Programs of the European Union

SOURCES OF INFORMATION:

ž

Documents from Italian local authorities (Municipal reports on air quality, Urban Traffic Plans, etc.)

ž

Final reports of projects of the European Framework Programs

ž

Web pages of Italian Municipalities, Italian Local Environmenta l Protection Agencies, European Union, Information Service on Local Mobility of the European Uni on.

ž

Italian and European Statistical data

SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS

Information about 4 representative Italian cities are organized as follows:

Thematic area of intervention Description of measures adopted

Dimension

Performance and environmental

effectiveness Low impact intervention on urban territory and/or local mobility system

L

Medium impact intervention on urban territory and/or local mobility system

K

High impact intervention on urban territory and/or local mobility system

J

State Not activated intervention

L

Partially activated intervention

K

Fulfilled and activated intervention

J

Very low positive effect, poor user participation and/or project abortion

L

Satisfactory even though lower than predicted effect

K

Fully satisfactory , excellent user consciousness

J

K J

“ K

“Transit point”Transit point” City-oriented Freight Platform and client supply through ZEV/LEV Scheme

Infrastructures Intervention

Perf State

Dim Description

Type

Indicators

Torino

Population : 1,102,180

Area: 130 km²

Density: 8,474 ab/km² Total cars: 589,733 Car/inhabitant ratio: 0.54

K K L J K

J

Restricted Access Areas and on -street Parking Policies

J

(Gecam) Diesel –water emulsion running Buses Operating Service (90% of entire

J

fleet)

Regulatory and fiscal measures

“

J

“Ruotò”Ruotò” Electric Bycicle and Scooter Rental Scheme, Mobility Management, Pop- Bus

Sustainable Mobility and Communication

J

Car Sharing System Technological

measures

L J

Hydrogen -running Buses Experimental Operating Service

J J

Methane -running Buses Operating Service (10% of entire fleet)

K J

“

“Sistema 5T”Sistema 5T” Traffic Remote Control and Mobility Management Scheme Infrastructures

intervention

Perf State

Description Type

L

J

J K J

TORINO - PM₁₀

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

1999 2000 2001

microg/cubic meter

UT L.V. 2005

K J

L K

Milano

Population : 1,302,619

Area: 182 km²

Density: 7,157 ab/km² Total cars: 883,941 Car/inhabitant ratio: 0.68

L K J J L

Regulatory and

fiscal measures Park + Ride Scheme

J

Remote/Electronic Vehicle Access Control System

Sustainable Mobility and

Communication “Radio Bus” Door -to-door on request Public Transport Operating Service

J L

Mobility Management

Car Pooling Scheme Technological

measures

K K

Implementation of Public -Transport fleet according to EURO III Standards Traffic Lights and Traffic Control System

Infrastructures Intervention

Perf State

Description Type

J K K

Restricted Access Areas and on -street Parking Policies

Short -range freight delivery

J J K

K J

J K K

K

J J

(Gecam) Diesel –water emulsion running Buses Operating Service

J

MILANO - PM₁₀

0 10 20 30 40 50

2000 2001

microg/cubic meter

UB1 UB2 UT L.V. 2005

L

K

J J J

J L J J

Bologna

Population : 427,272

Area: 140 km²

Density: 3,052 inh/km² Total cars: 265,167

Car/inhabitant ratio: 0.62

K K J

“

“Sirio”Sirio” Remote/ Electronic Vehicle Access Control System Regulatory and

fiscal policies Park + Ride Scheme

J J

K J

Restricted Access Areas and on -street Parking Policies

L K K J

Mobility Management Scheme for commuters

K J

“

“Pronto Bus”Pronto Bus” Medium -range Bus Service on request

K J

“

“HelloHello Bus”Bus” Real-time Informative System on Public Transport -scheduling via sms

J

Car Sharing System Sustainable

Mobility and Communication

Technological measures

L K

(Gecam ) White Diesel -running Buses Experimental Operating Service

Innovative Buses (Hybrid and running on Biogas and Methane ) Experimental

K

Operating Service

K

“

J

“Transit point”Transit point” City-oriented Freight Platform and client supply through ZEV/LEV Scheme

Infrastructures Intervention

Perf State

Description Type

K

BOLOGNA - PM₁₀(annual average)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

2000 2001

microg/cubic meter

UT1 UT2 L.V. 2005

Roma

Population : 2,816,474

Area: 1,508 km²

Density: 1,868 ab/km² Total cars: 1,627,596 Car/inhabitant ratio: 0.58

L K L L J J J K K J

K J

“

“Iride”Iride” Remote/ Electronic Vehicle Access Control System

K K

Park + Ride Scheme

K J

On-street Parking Policy Regulatory and

fiscal policies

K

“

J

“Assi verdi di circolazione”Assi verdi di circolazione” Small -area Road and Traffic Management by means of physical measures

L L

Mobility Management Scheme for commuters Sustainable

Mobility and Communication

L K

“

“Multiplo”Multiplo” Collective Taxi Scheme

L L

Car Pooling Scheme Technological

Application

K K

Public -Transport fleet implementation according to EURO III Standards

K J

Electric vehicles public fleet enlargement

“

“La cura del ferro”La cura del ferro” Light Rail Network Improvement: new tramway and underground lines construction

Infrastructures Intervention

Perf State

Description Type

J J

ROMA - PM₁₀(annual average)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

microg/cubic meter

UT1 UT2 UT3 UB L.V. 2005

To overall assess the mobility/environment projects in the Italian cities > 250,000 inhabitants, a global rating index is considered encompassing dimension, state and environmental performance (including public information, consciousness and feedback). To determine the index for each thematic area of intervention, best available knowledge concerning the city under scrutiny is taken into account. For the sake of intercomparison, other Italian/European contexts are also considered.

Global rating index

Low and uneffective impact intervention; lack of planning; poor user participation

è

Intervention of partial effectiveness; presence of measure planning; moderate user perception

â

Active and effective intervention; coherent and integrated measure planning; good user consciousness

æ

Intercomparison of transport policies

æ æ

æ æ

æ æ

æ

æ

è â

æ è

æ æ

è æ

è æ

Regulatory and

è

è â

Napoli

â â â

Milano

è è â

Messina

â

Genova

â â

Firenze

â â è

Palermo

è è è

Catania

æ

Bologna

è â

è

Bari

æ æ

Torino

â â æ

Roma

æ è â

Venezia Verona

â

Mobility and Communication New Technologies

è

Application Infrastructural

â

Intervention

æ

Conclusions

Urban air pollution is one of the main environmental issues in Italy.

Transport is the principal driving force in terms of air pollutant emissions: it accounts for the majority of PM₁₀, NO_x, COV and CO emissions.

Among the assessed measures, those concerned with sustainable mobility (car pooling, car sharing, mobility management) are generally of low-medium dimension in terms of impact on urban territory and local mobility system.

Also problematic is often the communication to the users and the efficient accounting of feedbacks.

• In the analysis, difficulties arise in the evaluation of projects:

üthe quantification of environmental benefits is often missing and/or impossible to estimate;

üthe proper consideration of second-order effects on environment and mobility is very often neglected;

üInter-comparison with (more or less) similar projects, and assessment of the transferability of a project in different urban contexts are not systematically accounted.

WHAT IS NEEDED

•

To fit integrated, coherent and long-term mobility planning to peculiar characters and dweller behaviour of urban areas.

• To improve feedback control on the whole intervention process.

• To pay adequate attention (also in terms of resources) to “ex-post” evaluations.

• To enhance user awareness on alternative and sustainable modes of transport.