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F

ROM

M

ELANOCYTES TO

M

ELANOMA

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F ROM M ELANOCYTES

TO M ELANOMA

T HE P ROGRESSION TO M ALIGNANCY

Edited by

V INCENT J. H EARING , P h D

Laboratory of Cell Biology National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD

S TANLEY P. L. L EONG , MD

Department of Surgery

University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine

San Francisco, CA

(3)

© 2006 Humana Press Inc.

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All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise without written permission from the Publisher.

The content and opinions expressed in this book are the sole work of the authors and editors, who have warranted due diligence in the creation and issuance of their work. The publisher, editors, and authors are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences arising from the information or opinions presented in this book and make no warranty, express or implied, with respect to its contents.

Due diligence has been taken by the publishers, editors, and authors of this book to assure the accuracy of the information published and to describe generally accepted practices. The contributors herein have carefully checked to ensure that the drug selections and dosages set forth in this text are accurate and in accord with the standards accepted at the time of publication. Notwithstanding, as new research, changes in government regulations, and knowledge from clinical experience relating to drug therapy and drug reactions constantly occurs, the reader is advised to check the product information provided by the manufacturer of each drug for any change in dosages or for additional warnings and contraindications. This is of utmost importance when the recommended drug herein is a new or infrequently used drug.

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Production Editor: Amy Thau Cover design by Patricia F. Cleary

Cover Illustration: Fig. 2, Chapter 11, "Genetic Progression From Melanocyte to Malignant Melanoma," by Boris C.

Bastian (background image). Foreground images (top to bottom):Fig. 2Ca, Chapter 21, "Optical Imaging Analysis of Atypical Nevi and Melanoma," by Amanda Pfaff Smith and Dorothea Becker; Fig. 4, Chapter 18, "Pigmentation, DNA Repair, and Candidate Genes: The Risk of Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma in a Mediterranean Population," by Maria Teresa Landi; and Fig. 2, Chapter 26, "Role of Melanoma Inhibitory Activity in Early Development of Malignant Melanoma," by Anja-Katrin Bosserhoff.

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Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 eISBN: 1-59259-994-X

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

From melanocytes to melanoma: the progression to malignancy / edited by Vincent J. Hearing, Stanley P.L. Leong.

p. ; cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 1-58829-459-5 (alk. paper)

1. Melanoma. 2. Cell transformation. 3. Melanocytes.

[DNLM: 1. Melanoma--physiopathology. 2. Cell Transformation, Neoplastic.

3. Melanocytes--physiology. 4. Melanoma--therapy. QZ 200 F931 2006] I.

Hearing, Vincent J. II. Leong, Stanley P. L.

RC280.M37F76 2006 616.99'477--dc22

2005010788

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P REFACE

v

The normal precursor of malignant melanoma is the melanocyte, a cell of neural crest origin. In their embryological state, neural crest cells are unique in that they dissociate from the notochord on days 10–14 and migrate out, or “metastasize,” to numerous sites of the body as their new “homes.” These cells are known as “argentaffin cells” and include the melanocytes. Of interest is that melanocytes can also accumulate abnormally in clusters as nevi and thereafter reside in the lower stratum of the epithelium just above the level of the dermis (and occasionally in the dermis). The most important function of these melanocytes either singularly or in clusters is to manufacture melanin, a pigmented biopolymer that is distributed throughout the skin to protect the host from the damage of ultraviolet radiation. Indeed, the amount of pigmentation sets the background of racial groups in human beings. It is estimated that the number of melanocytes in the body is relatively constant between different racial groups, although the production of melanin varies dramatically from one race to the other. Melanocytes in lightly colored skin make the least amount of melanin, whereas melanocytes in darker skin make larger amounts of melanin, which provides significantly greater protection against the direct ultraviolet radiation at the equator and its subsequent photocarcinogenesis.

It is in the transformation and mutation of these melanocytes that melanoma cells are derived. Approximately 95% of the time, melanoma can be traced to a pre-existing nevus, but about 5% of the time, the original site may not be determined because mela- noma presents as metastatic melanoma. Although melanoma is a potentially incurable disease, especially in its late stage, the overall incidence of melanoma is relatively low compared with other types of cancer. Of special interest is the incidence of cutaneous melanoma, which is dramatically lower in the more heavily pigmented populations, such as blacks and Asians. The mechanisms of melanogenesis have been studied, but are still not fully understood. It is our hope that From Melanocytes to Melanoma: The Progres- sion to Malignancy presents all available evidence to date in order to establish a scholarly record of what is known about the progression of changes from melanocytes to mela- noma. The intriguing differences between the lighter and darker skinned racial groups with respect to the different incidences of melanoma need to be explained. Patients with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), a multigenic, multiallelic, autosomal recessive disease, have more than a 1000-fold increased risk of cutaneous melanoma. Thus, XP deserves special attention, since mechanisms responsible for the genesis of melanoma in these patients can be understood and applied to melanoma in general. One important goal of these studies is to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in melanogenesis and in malignant transformation of melanocytes. Potential therapeutic maneuvers may then be developed to either block these steps or use relevant specific molecules of melanogen- esis as targets of attack.

From Melanocytes to Melanoma: The Progression to Malignancy is divided into

three parts, with Part I addressing the basic biology of melanocytes and the molecular

mechanisms involved in the development, migration, and differentiation of melanoblasts

to melanocytes. Part II is devoted to elucidating processes involved in the transformation

of melanocytes to malignant melanoma. Finally, Part III focuses on mechanisms

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vi Preface

involved in the further progression of primary melanomas into invasive and metastatic melanomas. We hope that by studying the molecular signals involved in these processes, we will be able to develop model systems by which we can trace the molecular mecha- nisms involved in the malignant transformation of melanocytes to malignant melanoma.

From Melanocytes to Melanoma: The Progression to Malignancy will be a valuable reference for all biologists and basic scientists who are interested in the biology of pigment cells, as well as to pathologists, dermatologists, surgeons, and medical oncologists who are interested in the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma.

Vincent J. Hearing,

PhD

Stanley P. L. Leong,

MD

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A CKNOWLEDGMENT

This work was supported in part by a grant from the Llumar (UV) Window Film (www.windowfilm.com).

vii

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C ONTENTS

ix

Preface ... v

Acknowledgment ... vii

Contributors ... xiii

List of Color Plates ... xvii

P

ART

I. M

ELANOCYTE

D

EVELOPMENT AND

F

UNCTION

1. The Origin and Development of Neural Crest-Derived Melanocytes ... 3

Debra L. Silver and William J. Pavan 2. MITF: A Matter of Life and Death for Developing Melanocytes ... 27

Heinz Arnheiter, Ling Hou, Minh-Thanh T. Nguyen, Keren Bismuth, Tamas Csermely, Hideki Murakami, Susan Skuntz, WenFang Liu, and Kapil Bharti 3. MITF: Critical Regulator of the Melanocyte Lineage ... 51

Erez Feige, Laura L. Poling, and David E. Fisher 4. Melanocytes and the Transcription Factor Sox10 ... 71

Michael Wegner 5. Human Cutaneous Pigmentation: A Collaborative Act in the Skin, Directed by Paracrine, Autocrine, and Endocrine Factors and the Environment ... 81

Zalfa A. Abdel-Malek and Ana Luisa Kadekaro 6. Melanocyte Distribution and Function in Human Skin: Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation ... 101

Yuji Yamaguchi and Vincent J. Hearing P

ART

II. M

ELANOCYTE

T

RANSFORMATION AND

P

ROGRESSION TO

M

ELANOMA

7. Altered Signal Transduction in Melanoma ... 119

Pablo López Bergami, Anindita Bhoumik, and Ze’ev Ronai 8. BRN2 in Melanocytic Cell Development, Differentiation, and Transformation ... 149

Anthony L. Cook, Glen M. Boyle, J. Helen Leonard, Peter G. Parsons, and Richard A. Sturm 9. The Dynamic Roles of Cell-Surface Receptors in Melanoma Development ... 169

Dong Fang and Meenhard Herlyn

10. Familial Melanoma Genes, Melanocyte Immortalization,

and Melanoma Initiation ... 183

Dorothy C. Bennett

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x Contents

11. Genetic Progression From Melanocyte to Malignant Melanoma .... 197 Boris C. Bastian

12. The Multiple Roles of the Oncogenic Protein SKI

in Human Malignant Melanoma ... 211 Dahu Chen, Qiushi Lin, I. Saira Mian, Jon Reed,

and Estela E. Medrano

13. RB/E2F Regulation and Dual Activity in the Melanocytic System .... 223 Ruth Halaban

14. Melanoma Development and Pigment Cell Transformation ... 247 Claudia Wellbrock

15. The Biology and Genetics of Melanoma ... 265 Norman E. Sharpless and Lynda Chin

16. The Biology of Xeroderma Pigmentosum: Insights Into the Role of Ultraviolet Light in the Development of Melanoma ... 291 James E. Cleaver

17. Divergent Pathways to Cutaneous Melanoma ... 311 David C. Whiteman and Adèle C. Green

18. Pigmentation, DNA Repair, and Candidate Genes:

The Risk of Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma

in a Mediterranean Population ... 329 Maria Teresa Landi

19. Low-Penetrance Genotypes, Pigmentation Phenotypes,

and Melanoma Etiology ... 347 Peter A. Kanetsky and Timothy R. Rebbeck

20. The Biology of Melanoma Progression: From Melanocyte

to Metastatic Seed ... 365 A. Neil Crowson, Cynthia Magro, and Martin C. Mihm, Jr.

21. Optical Imaging Analysis of Atypical Nevi and Melanoma ... 399 Amanda Pfaff Smith and Dorothea Becker

22. Proteomics Analysis of Melanoma Cell Lines

and Cultured Melanocytes ... 409 Katheryn A. Resing and Natalie G. Ahn

P

ART

III. P

RIMARY

I

NVASIVE

M

ELANOMA TO

M

ETASTATIC

M

ELANOMA

23. Paradigm of Metastasis for Malignant Melanoma ... 429

Stanley P. L. Leong

24. Repair of UV-Induced DNA Damage and Melanoma Risk ... 441 Qingyi Wei

25. High-Risk Factors for Melanoma Metastasis ... 455 Neil A. Accortt and Seng-jaw Soong

26. Role of Melanoma Inhibitory Activity in Early Development

of Malignant Melanoma ... 475

Anja-Katrin Bosserhoff

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27. Role and Regulation of PAR-1 in Melanoma Progression ... 489 Carmen Tellez and Menashe Bar-Eli

28. Molecular Mechanisms of Melanoma Metastasis ... 503 Mohammed Kashani-Sabet

29. Overview of Tumor Progression in Melanoma ... 513 David E. Elder

30. The Plasticity of Melanoma Cells and Associated

Clinical Implications ... 533 Mary J. C. Hendrix, Elisabeth A. Seftor, Angela R. Hess,

and Richard E. B. Seftor

31. The Clinical Use of Molecular Markers as Predictors of Disease Outcome and Response to Therapy

in Malignant Melanoma ... 551 Steve R. Martinez, Hiroya Takeuchi, Dave S. B. Hoon

32. The Role of DCT/TYRP2 in Resistance of Melanoma Cells

to Drugs and Radiation ... 577 Brian J. Pak and Yaacov Ben-David

33. How Melanoma Cells Evade Chemotherapy:

Role of Transporter-Dependent and -Independent

Resistance Mechanisms ... 591 Kevin G. Chen and Michael M. Gottesman

34. Apoptosis in Melanoma: Approaches to Therapy ... 605 Heike Röckmann and Dirk Schadendorf

35. Role of Melanoma-Associated Antigens ... 619 Rishab K. Gupta, Ana M. McElrath-Garza,

and Donald L. Morton

36. Host Responses to Melanoma: Implications for Immunotherapy .... 633 Julian A. Kim and Ernest Borden

37. Future Perspectives ... 651 Vincent J. Hearing and Stanley P. L. Leong

Index ... 653

xi Contents

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C ONTRIBUTORS

Z

ALFA

A. A

BDEL

-M

ALEK

• Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH

N

EIL

A. A

CCORTT

• Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL

N

ATALIE

G. A

HN

• Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO

H

EINZ

A

RNHEITER

• Mammalian Development Section, National Institute

of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD M

ENASHE

B

AR

-E

LI

• Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas M. D.

Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX

B

ORIS

C. B

ASTIAN

• Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA

D

OROTHEA

B

ECKER

• Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA

Y

AACOV

B

EN

-D

AVID

• Molecular and Cellular Biology, Sunnybrook and Women’s College Health Sciences Center and Toronto Sunnybrook Regional Cancer Centre;

Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada D

OROTHY

C. B

ENNETT

• Department of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George’s Hospital

Medical School, London, UK

P

ABLO

L

ÓPEZ

B

ERGAMI

• Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY

K

APIL

B

HARTI

• Mammalian Development Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD

A

NINDITA

B

HOUMIK

• Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY

K

EREN

B

ISMUTH

• Mammalian Development Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD

E

RNEST

B

ORDEN

• Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH A

NJA

-K

ATRIN

B

OSSERHOFF

• Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg,

Regensburg, Germany

G

LEN

M. B

OYLE

• Melanoma Genomics Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia

D

AHU

C

HEN

• Department of Pathology, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX

K

EVIN

G. C

HEN

• Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD

L

YNDA

C

HIN

• Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and the Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA J

AMES

E. C

LEAVER

• Auerback Melanoma Laboratory, Department of Dermatology,

University of California, San Francisco, CA

xiii

(11)

A

NTHONY

L. C

OOK

• Melanogenix Group, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

A. N

EIL

C

ROWSON

• Departments of Dermatology, Pathology, and Surgery, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Tulsa, OK

T

AMAS

C

SERMELY

• Mammalian Development Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD

D

AVID

E. E

LDER

• Division of Anatomic Pathology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA D

ONG

F

ANG

• Program of Tumor Biology, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA E

REZ

F

EIGE

• Department of Pediatric Oncology and Melanoma Program in Medical

Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA D

AVID

E. F

ISHER

• Department of Pediatric Oncology and Melanoma Program in Medical

Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA M

ICHAEL

M. G

OTTESMAN

• Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute,

National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD

A

DÈLE

C. G

REEN

• Division of Population Studies and Human Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

R

ISHAB

K. G

UPTA

• Department of Immunodiagnosis and Protein Biochemistry, John Wayne Cancer Institute, St. John’s Health Center, Santa Monica, CA

R

UTH

H

ALABAN

• Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT

V

INCENT

J. H

EARING

• Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD

M

ARY

J. C. H

ENDRIX

• Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Children’s Memorial Research Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL

M

EENHARD

H

ERLYN

• Program of Tumor Biology, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA A

NGELA

R. H

ESS

• Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Children’s Memorial

Research Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL D

AVE

S. B. H

OON

• Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute,

Santa Monica, CA

L

ING

H

OU

• Mammalian Development Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD

A

NA

L

UISA

K

ADEKARO

• Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH

P

ETER

A. K

ANETSKY

• Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA

M

OHAMMED

K

ASHANI

-S

ABET

• Auerback Melanoma Research Laboratory, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA

J

ULIAN

A. K

IM

• Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH M

ARIA

T

ERESA

L

ANDI

• Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Genetic

Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD

J. H

ELEN

L

EONARD

• Queensland Radium Institute Research Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia

S

TANLEY

P. L. L

EONG

• Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA

xiv Contributors

(12)

Q

IUSHI

L

IN

• Huffington Center on Aging, Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX

W

EN

F

ANG

L

IU

• Mammalian Development Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD

C

YNTHIA

M

AGRO

• Division of Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Ohio State University, College of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus, OH S

TEVE

R. M

ARTINEZ

• Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer

Institute, Santa Monica, CA

A

NA

M. M

C

E

LRATH

-G

ARZA

• Department of Immunodiagnosis and Protein Biochemistry, John Wayne Cancer Institute, St. John’s Health Center, Santa Monica, CA

E

STELA

E. M

EDRANO

• Huffington Center on Aging, Department of Molecular

and Cellular Biology, and Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX

I. S

AIRA

M

IAN

• Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA

M

ARTIN

C. M

IHM

, J

R

. • Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA

D

ONALD

L. M

ORTON

• Department of Surgical Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, St. John’s Health Center, Santa Monica, CA

H

IDEKI

M

URAKAMI

• Mammalian Development Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD

M

INH

-T

HANH

T. N

GUYEN

• Mammalian Development Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD

B

RIAN

J. P

AK

• Molecular and Cellular Biology, Sunnybrook and Women’s College Health Sciences Centre and Toronto Sunnybrook Regional Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada

P

ETER

G. P

ARSONS

• Melanoma Genomics Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia

W

ILLIAM

J. P

AVAN

• Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD

L

AURA

L. P

OLING

• Department of Pediatric Oncology and Melanoma Program in Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA T

IMOTHY

R. R

EBBECK

• Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University

of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA

J

ON

R

EED

• Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX K

ATHERYN

A. R

ESING

• Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University

of Colorado, Boulder, CO

H

EIKE

R

ÖCKMANN

• Skin Cancer Unit at the German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany

Z

E

EV

R

ONAI

• Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY

D

IRK

S

CHADENDORF

• Skin Cancer Unit at the German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany

E

LISABETH

A. S

EFTOR

• Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Children’s Memorial Research Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL

xv Contributors

(13)

R

ICHARD

E. B. S

EFTOR

• Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Children’s Memorial Research Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL

N

ORMAN

E. S

HARPLESS

• Department of Medicine and Genetics, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC

D

EBRA

L. S

ILVER

• Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD

S

USAN

S

KUNTZ

• Mammalian Development Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD

A

MANDA

P

FAFF

S

MITH

• Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA

S

ENG

-

JAW

S

OONG

• Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL

R

ICHARD

A. S

TURM

• Melanogenix Group, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

H

IROYA

T

AKEUCHI

• Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA

C

ARMEN

T

ELLEZ

• Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX

M

ICHAEL

W

EGNER

• Institut für Biochemie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany

Q

INGYI

W

EI

• Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX

C

LAUDIA

W

ELLBROCK

• Signal Transduction Team, Cell and Molecular Biology Section, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK

D

AVID

C. W

HITEMAN

• Division of Population Studies and Human Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Y

UJI

Y

AMAGUCHI

• Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National

Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD

xvi Contributors

(14)

L IST OF C OLOR P LATES

Color Plates follow p. 430

xvii

Color Plate 1. Fig. 2, Chapter 11: Field cells in acral melanoma detected by fluo- rescence in situ hybridization. Single basal melanocytes with ampli- fications of cyclin D1 highlighted by arrowheads. (See discussion on p. 203.)

Fig. 6, Chapter 13: RB is required to suppress apoptosis in normal melanocytes. (A) Nonpigmented hair shaft of TAT-Cre-treated RB

LoxP/LoxP

hair follicles compared with pigmented RB

LoxP/+

hair shaft. (See complete caption on p. 232 and discussion on pp. 231–232.) Color Plate 2. Fig. 7, Chapter 13: RB is highly abundant in melanoma cells rela- tive to normal melanocytes. (A) Western blot showing expression of RB in normal melanocytes (NM) vs melanoma cell strains from different tumors (1–8). (See complete caption on p. 233 and discussion on pp. 232–233.)

Fig. 4, Chapter 18: Structural model of the leucine to proline substitution at position 65 of p16 (from ref. 72). The model shows that the proline amino acid (indicated in orange), differently from the leucine (behind the proline), no longer makes hydrogen atoms available to the surface of the protein, possibly affecting the ability of this protein to complex or bind with its ligand. (See discussion on p. 336.)

Color Plate 3. Fig. 2, Chapter 21: (A) Noninvasive optical imaging of melanoma xenografts. (See complete caption on pp. 406–407 and discussion on p. 406.)

Color Plate 4. Fig. 2, Chapter 26: Detection of melanoma inhibitory activity (MIA) by immunohistochemistry. (See complete caption on p.

479 and discussion on p. 478.)

Fig. 1, Chapter 30: Diagrammatic representation of vasculogenesis,

angiogenesis, and photomicroscopy of tumor cell vasculogenic mim-

icry. (See complete caption on p. 537 and discussion on p. 536.)

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