Barry B. Halliwell · Henrik E. Poulsen Editors Cigarette Smoke and Oxidative Stress

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Barry B. Halliwell · Henrik E. Poulsen Editors

Cigarette Smoke and Oxidative Stress

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Barry B. Halliwell · Henrik E. Poulsen Editors

Cigarette Smoke

and Oxidative Stress

With 66 Figures, 18 in Color and 8 Tables

123

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Library of Congress Control Number: 2006925085

ISBN-10 3-540-31410-5 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-3-540-31410-3 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York

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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not im- ply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

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Editor: Dr. Ute Heilmann Desk Editor: Meike Stoeck

Production & Typesetting: LE-TeX Jelonek, Schmidt & Vöckler GbR, Leipzig Cover: Frido Steinen-Broo, Estudio Calamar, Spain

Printed on acid-free paper 21/3100/YL 5 4 3 2 1 0 Barry B. Halliwell

Pharmacology Group

University of London King’s College Manresa Road, London SW3 6LX UK

Henrik E. Poulsen

Dept. of Clinical Pharmalogy, Rigshospitalet

University Hospital Copenhagen Tagensvej 20, 2200 Copenhagen N Denmark

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From a public health point of view, there is little doubt that one of the most important preventable causes of disease worldwide is tobacco smoking. It is also clear that tobacco smoke contains a vast number of chemicals with important biological effects in disease processes. The gas phase of tobacco smoke is oxidizing, the tar phase is reducing, and whole smoke is roughly neutral, so its effects on oxidative stress may be an “antioxidant paradox.”

From a scientific point of view, we found it of interest to make a comprehensive over- view of what we presently know about oxidative stress and tobacco smoke, because smoking is presently the best-known common condition associated with oxidative stress, and it may serve as a model for others. To this end, we have asked distinguished researchers from the public and the private sectors to evaluate the present scientific status in their particular area. Authors were selected purely because of their scientific merits.

We do not claim that all the well-described health hazards associated with cigarette smoking stem from oxidative stress, nor should we. However, we ought to be able to find out, and for some of those health hazards, we can already say. We hope this book will stimulate more research to find answers to the remaining questions.

Barry Halliwell and Henrik E. Poulsen

Preface

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1 Oxidative Stress . . . 1 Barry B. Halliwell and Henrik E. Poulsen

2 Tobacco Smoke Constituents Affecting Oxidative Stress . . . 5 Jan B. Wooten, Salem Chouchane, and Thomas E. McGrath

3 Oxidative Modifications of Proteins and Lipids by Cigarette Smoke (CS). A Central Role for Unsaturated Aldehydes in

CS-Mediated Airway Inflammation . . . 47 Albert van der Vliet

4 Cigarette Smoke-Induced Redox Signaling and Gene Expression in In Vitro and In Vivo Models . . . 75 Thomas Müller and Stephan Gebel

5 Redox Effects of Cigarette Smoke in Lung Inflammation . . . . 113 Irfan Rahman

6 Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive

Pulmonary Disease . . . 165 Irfan Rahman

7 Modulation of Cigarette Smoke Effects by Diet

and Antioxidants . . . . 199 Marion Dietrich and Gladys Block

8 Modulation of Cigarette Smoke Effects by Antioxidants:

Oxidative Stress and Degenerative Diseases . . . . 215 Jari Kaikkonen and Jukka T. Salonen

9 Smoking Depletes Vitamin C: Should Smokers Be

Recommended to Take Supplements? . . . . 237 Jens Lykkesfeldt

10 Experimental In Vitro Exposure Methods for Studying

the Effects of Inhalable Compounds . . . . 261 Michaela Aufderheide

Contents

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VIII Contents

11 Oxidative Stress in Laboratory Animals Exposed to Cigarette Smoke, with Special Reference to Chronic Obstructive

Pulmonary Disease . . . 279 Chris Coggins

12 Pulmonary Effects of Cigarette Smoke in Humans . . . . 293 Nick H.T. ten Hacken and Dirkje S. Postma

13 Smoking and Oxidative Stress: Vascular Damage . . . . 339 Thomas Münzel, Felix Post, and Ascan Warnholtz

14 Nrf2: a Transcription Factor that Modifies Susceptibility to Cigarette Smoke-Induced Pulmonary Oxidative Stress and

Emphysema . . . . 365 Shyam Biswal and Thomas W. Kensler

15 Tobacco Smoke and Skin Aging . . . . 379 Akimichi Morita

16 Cigarette Smoke and Oxidative DNA Modification . . . . 387 Henrik E. Poulsen, Allan Weimann, and Barry B. Halliwell

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Michaela Aufderheide

Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Aerosol Research Drug Research and Clinical Inhalation, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany

Shyam Biswal

Division of Toxicological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA

Gladys Block

Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

Salem Chouchane

Philip Morris USA Postgraduate Research Program, USA

Chris Coggins

1266 Carson Watts Road, King,NC 27021-7453, USA

Marion Dietrich

Nutritional Epidemiology, JM USDA HNRCA at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA

Stephan Gebel

Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Fuggerstrasse 3, 51149 Cologne, Germany

Nick H.T. ten Hacken

University Medical Center Groningen, Postbox 3001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands

Barry B. Halliwell

Pharmacology Group, University of London King’s College, Manresa Road, London SW3 6LX, UK

Jari Kaikkonen

Oy Jurilab Ltd., Microkatu 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland

Contributors

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X Contributors Thomas Kensler

Division of Toxicological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA

Jens Lykkesfeldt

Section of Biomedicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Royal Veterinary & Agricultural University, 9 Ridebanevej, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark

Thomas E. McGrath

Philip Morris USA Research Center, 4201 Commerce Road, Richmond VA 23234, USA

Current address: Philip Morris International, Neuchâtel, Switzerland

Akimichi Morita

Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nogoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan

Thomas Müller

Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Fuggerstrasse 3, 51149 Cologne, Germany

Thomas Münzel

II Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany

Felix Post

Dirkje S. Postma

Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital, University of Groningen, Postbus 30001, Hanseplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands

Henrik E. Poulsen

Dept. of Clinical Pharmalogy, Q7642, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital Copenhagen, Tagensvej 20, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark

Irfan Rahman

Division of Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA

Jukka T. Salonen

Oy Jurilab Ltd., Kuopio, Finland

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XI Contributors Albert Van der Vliet

Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA

Ascan Warnholtz

Jan B. Wooten

Philip Morris USA Research Center, 4201 Commerce Road, Richmond, VA 23234, USA

Allan Weimann

Dept. of Clinical Pharmalogy, Q7642, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital Copenhagen, Tagensvej 20, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark