Subject Index

3D TOF MRA 121

A

abciximab (ReoPro®) 250 abciximab in emergent stroke

treatment trial (AbESTT) 250 accuracy and clinical utility of CTA

in acute stroke 79 accurate 80 ADC 151

adjunctive therapy 250 advantages and disadvantages

of CTA 59 AIF computation 178 airway protection 214 albumin 14

alteplase (rt-PA) 247, 249 altered level of consciousness 210 angioplasty balloon catheters 246 anisotropy refers 156

anterior circulation thrombolysis 251 aortic dissection 33

apoptogenic triggers 4 apoptosis 4

– caspase-dependent 6 – caspase-independent 6 apparent diffusion coefficient

(ADC) 141 argatroban 250

arterial enhancement 117 arterial input function (AIF) 178 arterial spin labeling (ASL) 175 artifact

– stair step 65 – zipper 65 – zipper effect 70 ASPECTS 50 ATLANTIS 225 atrial fibrillation 68 atrial myxoma 34

australian streptokinase trial (ASK) 224

B

background – general principles of CTA 59

bacterial endocarditis 34 balloon-assisted thrombolysis 245 basilar scrape 35

benign oligemia 103

blood–brain barrier disruption 117 bolus chaser 66

bolus tracking 67 brain swelling 117 breathing 214 bridging Trial 253 Brownian motion 139

C

cardiovascular management 214 carotid bruits 31

carotid plaque 81 carotid T occlusion 252 caspases 5

CBF 205 CE MRA

– time-resolved 126 central volume principle 92 cerebral blood flow (CBF) 88, 92, 203 cerebral blood flow (rCBF) 200 cerebral blood volume (CBV) 88, 92,

203

cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVT) 165

characteristics of the initial symptoms 209

chemical thrombolysis 243 chlamydia 31

cholesterol emboli 33 cine CTA fluoroscopy 83 circle of Willis 121 clinical outcome 159 clinical trials 223

coagulation cascade 221 cocaine 30

combined intravenous and intra-arterial thrombo- lysis 253

concentric retriever 247 cone beam effect 64 contrast considerations 65 contrast timing strategies 66 contrast-enhanced MRA

(CE MRA) 121, 126 contrast-induced nephropathy

(CIN) 62 core 28, 264 – ischemic 182 cryptogenic stroke 27 CT angiography (CTA) 205 CT dose index (CTDI) 63

CT early ischemic changes: detection and prognostic value 48 CT technique 42

CTA 80

CTA protocol for acute stroke 64, 77 CTA scanning technique:

pearls and pitfalls 61 CTP (CT perfusion) 205 CTP post-processing 94 curved reformat 73 cystic cavitation 119 cytotoxic edema 144

D

deconvolution techniques 93 dehydration 214

depolarization – anoxic 7 – peri-infarct 7

desmoteplase 193, 223, 225, 250 – DIAS trial 12

desmoteplase in acute ischemic stroke trial (DIAS) 57, 193

Chapter 1

265

Subject Index

266 Subject Index

diabetes mellitus 30 DIAS 193, 225, 263

diethyleneamine pentaacetate (DTPA) 199

diffusion constant 141 diffusion tensor imaging

(DTI) 142, 155 dissection 82, 121 dolichoectasia 32

dose-length product (DLP) 63 drug delivery 16

drug overdose 210

dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) imaging 174

E

early CT findings in hyperacute stroke 48

ECASS 224

echo planar imaging (EPI) 174 EKOS MicroLys US infusion

catheter 247 emergency management

of stroke (EMS) 253 encephalopathy 210 endocarditis – Libman–sacks 34 – marantic 34

endovascular photoacoustic recanaliza- tion (EPAR) 247

EPI gradient-echo 174 EPI spin-echo 174

eptifibatide (Integrilin®) 250 ethylcysteine dimer (ECD) 199 exact time of onset 210

F

[F-18]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) 202

false-negative DWI images 148 false-positive DWI images 149 febrile illness 30

fibrinoid necrosis 37 fibroelastoma 35 fibromuscular – dysplasia 33 – dysplasia (FMD) 133 fick principle 93 fixed delay 67 free radicals

– oxygen free radicals 3

G

gadolinium-based contrast agent 174

general considerations 64 glutamate

– ionotropic receptor 3 glutamate receptor – AMPA-receptor 3 – ionotropic receptor 3 – NMDA receptor 3 grading systems 255 gray matter enhancement 118 GRE T2* sequence 120 guide catheter 243 guidelines

– for large strokes 226 – for time of stroke onset

greater than 3 h 226 gyriform T1 high signal 119

H

hairline residual lumen 80 hematoma 35

hemorrhage 264 hemorrhagic – conversion 35

– transformation (HT) 119, 152, 190 heparin 250

herniation syndrome 36 hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime

(HMPAO) 199 Hollenhorst plaques 32 hyperacute 41 hyperglycemia 214 hyperlipidemia 30 hypertension 30 – induced 15 hypo-osmolarity 214 hypodensity 264 hypoglycemia 210, 214 hypothermia 14

I

i.a. thrombolysis (IAT) 238 IAT in acute stroke 238 image review 70

implications for acute stroke triage 51 infarct core 101

inflammation 6

interventional management of stroke (IMS) study 253

intra-arterial (i.a.) thrombolysis 57 intracranial pressure (ICP) 214 intraluminal thrombus 115 iodixanol 65

ischemic 3 – core 182 – edema 36 – ienumbra 101, 182 – pre-conditioning 13 iso-osmolar agent 65

L

large vessel occlusion 264 lepirudin 250

lipohyalinosis 37

M

magnesium 14

magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) 199

magnetic susceptibility 174 marantic endocarditis 34 Marfan’s syndrome 33 mass effect 118 matrix 8

mature thrombus 222

maximum intensity projection 71 mean transit time (MTT) 88, 92, 178,

203

mechanical embolus removal in cerebral ischemia (MERCI) 247 mechanical thrombolysis 244 medical evaluation 215 meningeal enhancement 117 MERCI 247

metalloproteinases 8 microcatheter 243 microwire 243

microwire mechanical manipula- tion 243

migrainous accompaniment 210 mild induced hypertension 242 mimics of stroke 210

moya moya 39, 132 MR fogging 117

MR spectroscopy (MRS) 200, 205 multi-slice protocols 63 multicenter acute stroke trial – europe (MAST–E) 224 – italy (MAST–I) 224

multiplanar volume reformat 72

267 Subject Index

N

NCCT pitfalls 54

neurologic assessment 215 neuron

– selective neuronal death 8 neuroprotective trials 10 neurotoxicity of t-PA 226 neurovascular unit 8 NINDS rt-PA stroke study 224 nondeconvolution techniques 93 nuclear magnetic resonance

(NMR) 205

O

occluded internal carotid artery 81 optimal image review 46, 79 oxygen

– free radicals 3

– hyperbaric oxygen therapy 15 – normobaric oxygen therapy 16

P

parenchymal – enhancement 118 – hypodensity 45 PC MRA 124, 125 penetrator vessel 37 penumbra 28, 101, 264 – ischemic 182 perfusion 173 – abnormality 264

– weighted magnetic resonance imaging (PWI) 173 PET 200, 202 phase IV studies 225

phase-contrast MRA (PC MRA) 124, 125

physical basis of imaging findings 45

pitch 61 pitfalls – NCCT 54 plasmin – inhibitor 222 plasminogen

– activators (PA) 222 positron emission tomography

(PET) 199

post-carotid endarterectomy hyperperfusion 201

post-processing: image reconstruc- tion 70

posterior

– circulation thrombolysis 252 – reversible encephalopathy syndrome

(PRES) 161 potential – advantages 59 – disadvantages 59

predicting tissue viability 182 primary granulomatous angiitis 39 PROACT I trial 251

PROACT II trial 252

prognostic/clinical significance 49 prosthetic valve 34

protocols for intra-arterial thrombo- lytics 256

prourokinase (pro-UK) 249 pseudo-aneurysm 33 pseudonormalize 145

Q

quantum mottle 64

R

radiation dose considerations 63 reading CT scans 52

recanalization 81

recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) 57

recommendations for use of t-PA 226 regional cerebral blood flow

(rCBF) 178 regional cerebral blood

volume (rCBV) 178

relevant past medical history 210 residue function 93

reteplase 249

reversibility of DWI stroke lesions 150 rheolytic thrombectomy device 247 role of CTA in acute stroke 79

S

seizure 210 self-diffusion 139 shaded surface display 73 single photon emission computed

tomography (SPECT) 199 single-shot echo planar (EPI) 141 single-slice protocols 63

slow stroke 32 snare 245

specific uptake value (SUV) 203 SPECT 199, 200

spreading depression, cortical 7 streptokinase (SK) 222, 249 stroke mimics 159

subclavian steal syndrome 32 systemic lupus erythematosus 39

T

T2 lesion volume 151 T2 shine through 144 Takayasu’s arteritis 39 tandem lesions 81 technetium-99m 199 temporal arteritis 39 tenecteplase 249 test bolus 67

thiamine deficiency 210 thrombolysis 189, 201, 222 thrombolysis or fibrinolysis 221 thrombosis 221

thrombus 80 time course 146 – of diffusion lesion 145 time of symptom onset 209 time to peak (TTP) 180 time-of-flight (TOF) 121 time-resolved CE MRA 126

tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) 222 tobacco abuse 30

Todd’s paralysis 242

trans-esophageal echocardiography (TEE) 83

transcortical aphasia 36 transformation 190 – hemorrhagic 190 transient

– global amnesia 160 – ischemic attack 159 – monocular blindness 31 triage of the stroke patient 209 TTP 189

tumor 210 U

urokinase (UK) 222, 243, 247

268 Subject Index

V

vascular

– dissection 131 – obstruction 215 vasculitis 133 vasodilatation 35 vasogenic edema 117 – syndromes 161 venous occlusion 134 volume rendering 73

W

Wallerian degeneration 119, 158 white matter, ischemia 8 windmill artifact 62

window-width (W) and center-level (L) CT review settings 46

X

Xe-133 199 Xe-CT 200

xenon CT perfusion (Xe-CT) 199 Z

zipper effect 65, 70