247
INDEX
abortion 135
and contraceptives 96 and Global Gag Rule 98 and prenatal information 126 and Roman Catholic Church 125 criminalization of 88
decriminalization 97, 98 unsafe abortions 87 advance directive 167
See end-of-life care
Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments 41, 43, 59 American Association of University Professors 38, 48
Anderson, P.W. 20 antibiotics
fluoroquinoloine, as growth promoter in poultry 23 Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 241
Aristotle 5, 12, 219 Arrhenius, Svante A. 227
Association for the Accreditation of Human Research Protection Programs 53
Baier, Annette 217 Bayer Corporation
and ciprofloxacin 23 Beckett, Margaret 222 Beecher, Henry
and the "Beecher Report" 35 Belmont Report 41, 43
and definition of "research" 44, 45, 50 Bentham, Jeremy 211
Berry, Wendall 21, 31 biosphere 221
and forests 230
and reductions in carbon emissions 230 and Scientific American 228
definition and essential features of 228 Greenhouse Effect 242
trends in 228 biotic integrity
and biosphere 221 key elements of 229 Blair, Tony 221 Böll, Heinrich 20 Bush, George W. 223
Callicott, J. Baird 209 cloning, reproductive 123
and social climate 130
John Robertson's views on 129, 135 limitations to 29
"Two Cheers for Human Cloning" 29 cloning, therapeutic 29
Common Rule 42, 74 and campus IRBs 48 Confucius 185, 205 Cruzan, Nancy 167
Darwin, Charles 4, 19 Descartes, Rene 191 disability 118, 133
and Deaf community 108, 133 and issues of justice 133 social construction of 133 Dobzhansky, Theodosius 6
Ehrenfeld, David 201 embryos
destroyed or frozen indefinitely 106 moral status of 107
prenatal genetic diagnosis in 104 See prenatal genetic diagnosis selection for implantation 104, 105 selection versus modification of 118 social concerns over selection of 118 U.S. moratorium on research involving 14 end-of-life care 161
advance directives in 167
considerations for improvement of 177 economic factors See Medicare
"good death" 162 home care 171 hospice 168 nursing homes 170
overview of death in America 164 palliative care 161
physician-assisted suicide See physician-assisted suicide variations in treatment 173
energy coal 239
controlled nuclear fusion 240 electricity 244
natural gas 239
need for renewable sources 231, 233 nuclear fission 240
oil See oil solar 243
environmental impoverishment causes of 225
via biotic impoverishment 226 via human population growth 225 via toxification 227
environmental philosophy 185, 209 anthropocentric view 186, 211 intrinsic value 191, 209
intrinsic value and human rights 198 nonanthropocentric view 187 Pragmatist critique of 194 problems with biocentrism 190 Quine and naturalism 210, 213 speciesism 188, 210
stewardship and trust 216 environmental policy 195, 221
Council on Environmental Quality 223 Earth Charter 185, 201, 202
Earth Summit/Rio de Janeiro 200, 223, 224
Framework Convention on Climate Change 223, 231 Global Biodiversity Treaty 200
Kyoto Protocol 222-224 World Charter for Nature 200 equipoise 73
evolution 4, 6, 12
feminism 185 and justice 134
Food and Drug Administration
FDA v. Brown & Williamson et al. 10 Investigational New Drug applications 81 New Drug Applications 79
oversight of human tissue-based therapies 110 oversight of prenatal genetic diagnosis 109 public health and cigarettes 10
recombinant bovine growth hormone, attitude toward 23 Foreman, Dave 199
Fort Hood (U.S. Military base) and endangered species 29 Franklin, Benjamin 235
Geisler, Charles and Thomas Lyson 25 Gelsinger, Jesse 36
genetic
discovery of DNA structure 13 disease 103
disposition towards altruism 212 engineering 12
genetically modified crops 27 Human Genome Project 13, 127 relationship to offspring 128
selection of embryos See Prenatal genetic diagnosis selection of traits 12, 127
UN Declaration on Human Dignity and Genome 12 global warming
Arrhenius, Svante A. 227
current levels of carbon emissions 228
Framework Convention on Climate Change 228 See biosphere
Goodall, Jane 217, 218 Goodstein, David 8 Goonatilike, Susantha 16 Guha, Ramachandra 201
Havel, Vaclav 21 heart disease 141
and American Heart Association 142
as defined in International Classification of Diseases 144 differentials in mortality 150
indicators of mortality See mortality, indicators of inverse correlation with level of education 151 morbidity 152
Hirschmann, Nancy 134 hormones
recombinant bovine growth hormone 23 Hubbert, M. King 236
Hubbert's Peak 237-243
human nature 3-19 according to Sartre 5 and biotechnology 3 and evolution 6
and physical and mental enhancement 15 human rights
as entailing reproductive rights 96 and animal rights 210
and reproductive rights 88
as encapsulated in Nuremberg Code See Nuremberg Code Declaration of Helsinki 79
discourse, as model for environmental ethics 202 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 185 human subjects research
and Atomic Energy Commission 63 and FDA regulations 81
and humanistic disciplines 35-57 AZT trials/076 regimen 74 clinical trials 71
definition of 38, 45
exemptions from regulation 45 expedited review 51
"generalizable knowledge" 38
"interactions" 36 lack of guidelines for 40 location of 43, 46
Nuremberg Code See Nuremberg Code offshore clinical trials 74, 79
protections grounded in clinical concerns 37 protections impelled by scandals 35 redefinition of 50
regulation of 41
responsibilities of researchers 79, 82
"risk" or "harm" 47
See Institutional Review Boards Humphreys, Laud
and "Tearoom" research 37 Hussein, Saddam 68
Hutchinson, G. Evelyn 228 Huxley, Sir Julian 6
in vitro fertilization 103 Louise Brown 12 informed consent 60, 63 Institutional Review Boards
discipline-based guidelines for 49 lack of appeals mechanism to 51 procedural aspects of 47
Ivy, Andrew 62 Jacobs, Jane 20
Kant, Immanuel 187-191 and intrinsic value 187 Kass, Leon 7
Kessler, David and FDA 10 Kneen, Brewster 31
Lamarck 12 Lappe, Marc 29 Leopold, Aldo 192 Lewontin, Richard 20
Lurie, Peter and Sidney M. Wolfe 75
Mann, Steve 15 Mayr, Ernst 20 Medicare
capitation versus fee-for-service 172
Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services 110 hospice benefit 179
spending on end-of-life 179 Melville, Herman 4
Midgley, Mary 20, 32 Milgram, Stanley
and authority/shock experiments 37 Minteer, Ben 202
Monsanto 21, 22 Moore, G.E. 187 mortality, indicators of
age-adjusted death rate 147 crude death rate 146
number of deaths from heart disease 145 percent of deaths 145
Mumford, Lewis 20
Naess, Arne 186
New York State Task Force on Life and the Law 11 Newton, Isaac 19
Norton, Bryan 199 Nuremberg Code 62, 73
as official U.S. policy for human subjects research 65 oil
1973 shortage of 240
and other fossil fuels 235
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 241 current consumption of 235 formation of 234
Ghawar field, Saudi Arabia 241 Hubbert's Peak See Hubbert, M. King oil shale 238
reserves-to-production ratio 237 worldwide supply of 237 Okin, Susan Moller 134 Orwell, George 20 Osler, William 60
Parfit, Derek 132
Physician-assisted suicide 8 euthanasia 162
physics 9, 19 Plato 12, 209, 211 Pope, Alexander 4 population, human
and demographic goals 91
control of versus reproductive health 92 policies to control 88
U.N. Population Fund International Conference on Population and Development 88 prenatal diagnosis (all types) 126
prenatal genetic diagnosis and IVF 104
costs of 115
current oversight of 109 decisions enabled by 103, 104 definition of 104
ethical issues in 106 implications for society 118 limits to use 105
need for discussion of 119 possible oversight actions for 113 safety, accuracy, and effectiveness of 108 Presidential National Advisory Commission 43 Preston, Christopher 200
Public Responsibility in Medicine and Research 38
Quine, W.V. 209, 210, 212, 214 Quinlan, Karen Ann
In re Quinlan 161
recombinant bovine growth hormone and antibiotics, in milk 23 and government interests 26
and increased demand for proteinated cow fodder 24 effect on dairy farming 25
effects on cows 22 Reed, Walter 60 Regan, Tom 187 religion 10
and AIDS in Zimbabwe 94
and barriers to reproductive rights 92 and human nature 3
as social practice 9
Catholic Church and reproduction 93 reproduction
intra-uterine device 92 See abortion
See reproductive rights See prenatal genetic diagnosis See in vitro fertilization reproductive rights
See abortion
and "symbolic" concerns 131 and Catholic belief system 93 and reproductive liberty 129 as part of human rights 96
Christian churches and AIDS in Zimbabwe 94 restriction of and injustice 96
spousal authorization 95 Robertson, John 123 Roe v. Wade 98
Rolston III, Holmes 191, 193, 204 Rothman, David 44
Routley, Richard 186
Sartre, Jean Paul 5 Saul, John Ralston 31 Scheper-Hughes, Nancy 133 Schmeiser, Percy 28 Shiva, Vandana 201 Shulman, Matthew 24 Sieber, Joan 37
Singer, Peter 189, 209, 210 Skinner v. Oklahoma 124 Skovoroda, Gregory 20 Socrates
Thrasymachus, Glaucon and the Ring of Gyges 211 speciesism 210
statistics
for heart disease See heart disease responsibility of health statisticians 156
stewardship 216 and trust See trust
Taubes, Gary 141, 155 terrorism 59, 231
September 11, 2001 221
Thornwell v. The United States of America 66 trust
Baier, Annette 217 betrayal 217
Goodall, Jane and Gombe Stream 218 requisite features of 216
Truth, Sojourner 210, 216 Tuskegee Syphilis Study 35, 67
comparison to AZT trials 76
United Nations
Declaration on Human Dignity and the Human Genome 12 Earth Summit/Rio de Janeiro 223
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 12 Framework Convention on Climate Change 223, 228
International Conference on Population and Development 88, 99, 225 International Declaration of Human Rights 198
Population Fund 93 Varmus, Harold 14, 76
Watson, Crick and Franklin 13 Wolf, Susan 135
Young, Iris Marion 133, 134
