Conclusioni

In questo lavoro sono state trattate 35 piante, permettendo così di documentare le conoscenze tradizionali sulle piante medicinali dell'area in esame e testimoniare, ancora oggi, una certa ricchezza di informazioni etnobotaniche, in particolare quelle ottenute attraverso le “interviste” agli anziani. Molte specie vengono utilizzate dalla gente del posto, sulla scia di una tradizione che è ancora assai viva. L'isolamento relativo del territorio ha permesso che le tradizioni fossero ben conservate, e nella maggior parte dei casi, le loro applicazioni possono essere considerate razionali alla luce dei dati chimici e farmacologici moderni. Un grande patrimonio nel campo della medicina tradizionale può ancora esistere. Quando si parla di piante medicinali bisogna necessariamente tener conto del loro habitat naturale, delle caratteristiche del terreno, del microclima, dell’inquinamento, dell’equilibrio biologico ed ecologico. Il Pollino può essere considerato un ambiente ideale, una vera e propria coltura biologica poiché costituisce un sistema ecologico ancora intatto, e quindi si crea la situazione ideale per la crescita di piante medicinali dalle notevoli proprietà terapeutiche, una vera e propria “farmacia a cielo aperto”.

128

BIBLIOGRAFIA

Actaplantarum: www.actaplantarum.org

Aghel N, Rashidi I, Mombeini A. 2010. Hepatoprotective activity of Capparis spinosa root bark against CCl4 induced hepatic damage in mice. Iran J Pharm Res 6(4): 285–290.

Ahvazi M, Khalighi-Sigaroodi F, Charkhchiyan MM, Mojab F, Mozaffarian VA, Zakeri H. 2011. Introduction of medicinal plants species with the most traditional usage in Alamut region. Iran J Pharm Res 11: 185–194.

Aierken A, Buchholz T, Chen C, Zhang X, Melzig MF. Hypoglycemic effect of hawthorn in type II diabetes mellitus rat model. J Sci Food Agric. 2017 Mar 23.

Al-Qura'n S. 2009. Ethnopharmacological survey of wild medicinal plants in Showbak, Jordan. J Ethnopharmacol 123: 45–50.

Anusuya C., Manoharan S. Antitumor initiating potential of rosmarinic acid in 7,12- dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2011;30(3):199-211.

Assaf AM, Amro BI, Mashallah S, Haddadin RN. Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory potential therapy for opportunistic microorganisms. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2016 May 31;10(5):494-505.

129

Bandoniene D., Murkovic M. The detection of radical scavenging compounds in crude extract of borage (Borago officinalis L.) by using an on-line HPLC-DPPH method. J Biochem Biophys Methods. 2002 Oct-Nov;53(1-3):45-9

(Bell and Wagstaff, 2014) Bell L., Wagstaff C. Glucosinolates, myrosinase hydrolysis products, and flavonols found in rocket (Eruca sativa and Diplotaxis tenuifolia). Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 62 (20) (2014), pp. 4481–4492

Bernardo L., 2001 – Fiori e piante del Parco del Pollino. Edizioni Prometeo, Castrovillari

Brusa P., Baratta F., 2013 – Manuale di legislazione farmaceutica. Edizioni cortina, Torino

Butturini E.; Cavalieri E.; de Prati A.C.; Darra E.; Rigo A.; Shoji K.; Murayama N.; Yamazaki H.; Watanabe Y.; Suzuki H.; et al. Two naturally occurring terpenes, dehydrocostuslactone and costunolide, decrease intracellular GSH content and inhibit STAT3 activation. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e20174.

Campanini E. (2012). Dizionario di fitoterapia e piante medicinali (3.rd ed., Medicina naturale). Milano: Tecniche nuove.

Caneva G., Pontrandolfi M.A., Fascetti S., 1997 – Le piante alimentari spontanee della Basilicata. Consiglio regionale di Basilicata, Uffico Stampa

Cavanagh H.M., Hipwell M., Wilkinson J.M. Antibacterial activity of berry fruits used for culinary purposes. Journal of Medicine Food, 6 (2003), pp. 57–61

130

Choi E.J.; Ahn W.S. Antiproliferative effects of dehydrocostuslactone through cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human ovarian cancer SK-OV-3 cells. Int. J. Mol. Med. 2009, 23, 211–216.

Choi E.J.; Kim G.H. Evaluation of anticancer activity of dehydrocostuslactone in vitro. Mol. Med. Rep. 2010, 3, 185–188.

Cirak C., Bertoli A., Pistelli L., Seyis F. Essential oil composition and variability of Hypericum perforatum from wild populations of northern Turkey. Pharm Biol. 2010 Aug;48(8):906-14.

Conforti F., Statti G., Uzunov D., Menichini F. Comparative Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Wild and Cultivated Laurus nobilis L. Leaves and Foeniculum vulgare subsp. piperitum (Ucria) Coutinho Seeds. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 29(10) 2056-2064 (2006)

Conforti F., Sosa S., Marrelli M., Menichini F., Statti G.A., Uzunov D., Tubaro A., Menichini F., Della Loggia R. In vivo anti-inflammatory and in vitro antioxidant activities of Mediterranean dietary plants Journal of Ethnopharmacology 116 (2008) 144–151

Conforti F., 2011 – Botanica farmaceutica applicata. Casa editrice The writer, Milano

Conforti F., Marrelli M., Colica C., Menichini F., Perri V., Uzunov D., Statti G.A., Duez P., Menichini F. Bioactive phytonutrients (omega fatty acids, tocopherols, polyphenols), in vitro inibition of nitric oxide production and free radical scavenging activity of non- cultivated Mediterrean vegetables. Food Chemistry 129 (2011) 1413-1419

131

Dar Sabzar Ahmad, Ganai Farooq Ahmad, Abdul Rehman Yousuf, Masood-ul-Hassan Balkhi, Towseef Mohsin Bhat, and Poonam Sharma. Pharmacological and toxicological evaluation of Urtica dioica. Pharmaceutical Biology, 2013; 51(2): 170–180

AA.VV., 1984 - Il Pollino storia arte e costume. Editalia, Roma

(Della Loggia et al., 1982) Della Loggia R., Traversa U., Scarcia V., Tubaro A. Depressive effects of Chamomilla recutita (L.) Raush, tubular flowers, on central nervous system in mice. Pharmacol. Res. Commun., 14 (1982), pp. 153–162

(Doostdar et al., 2000) Doostdar H., Burke M.D., Mayer R.T. Bioflavonoids: selective substrates and inhibitors for cytochrome P450 CYP1A and CYP1B1. Toxicology, 144 (1–3) (2000), pp. 31–38

Englberger W, Hadding U, Etschenberg E, Graf E, Leyck S, Winkelmann J, Parnham MJ. Rosmarinic acid: a new inhibitor of complement C3-convertase with anti-inflammatory activity. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1988;10(6):729-37.

Esiyok D., Otles S., Akcicek E. 2004. Herbs as a food source in Turkey. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 5: 334–339.

Ferchichi H, Salouage I, Bacha S, Said D, Gaies E. 2011. Effect of Myrtus Communis L. Extracts on Attenuation of Liver Normothermic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. J Transplant Technol Res S 3: 2161–0991.

132

(Galati et al., 2000) Galati G., Teng S., Moridani M.Y., Chan T.S., O'Brien P.J. Cancer chemoprevention and apoptosis mechanisms induced by dietary polyphenolics. Drug Metabol Drug Interact, 17 (1–4) (2000), pp. 311–349

Ghasemian M, Owlia S, Owlia MB. Review of Anti-Inflammatory Herbal Medicines. Adv Pharmacol Sci. 2016;2016:9130979

Ghedira K., Goetz P. Ononis spinosa L. : Bugrane épineuse (Fabaceae). Phytothérapie (2015) 13:45-48

Ghédira K., Goetz P. Tussilage : Tussilago farfara L. (Asteraceae). Phytothérapie (2015) 13:406-409

Gholamhoseinian NA, Fallah H, Sharififar F. 2009. Anti-hyperglycemic Activity of Four Plants Extracts Effective against Alpha Glucosidase in Normal and Diabetic Rats. J Kerman Univ Med Sci 16: 35–44.

Guidi S., 1996 – Piante medicinali. Edagricole, Bologna

Hosseinzadeh H, Khoshdel M, Ghorbani M. Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory effects and acute toxicity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Myrtus communis L. Aerial parts in mice. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2011 Dec;4(4):242-7.

Hsu Y.L.; Wu L.Y.; Kuo P.L. Dehydrocostuslactone, a medicinal plant-derived sesquiterpene lactone, induces apoptosis coupled to endoplasmic reticulum stress in liver cancer cells. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2009, 329, 808–819.

133

Huang YS, Lin X, Redden PR, Horrobin DF. In vitro hydrolysis of natural and synthetic γ-linolenic acid-containing triacylglycerols by pancreatic lipase. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1995; 72: 625-631.

Huang SS, Zheng RL. Rosmarinic acid inhibits angiogenesis and its mechanism of action in vitro. Cancer Lett. 2006 Aug 8;239(2):271-80. Epub 2005 Oct 18.

Ines S, Ines B, Wissem B, et al. 2011. In vitro antioxidant and antigenotoxic potentials of 3, 5-O-di-galloylquinic acid extracted from Myrtus communis leaves and modulation of cell gene expression by H2O2. J Appl Toxicol 32: 333–341.

Jiang HE, Li X, Ferguson DK, et al. 2007. The discovery of Capparis spinosa L.(Capparidaceae) in the Yanghai Tombs (2800 years bp), NW China, and its medicinal implications. J Ethnopharmacol 113: 409–420.

Kim E.J.; Lim S.S.; Park S.Y.; Shin H.K.; Kim J.S.; Park J.H. Apoptosis of DU145 human prostate cancer cells induced by dehydrocostus lactone isolated from the root of Saussurea lappa. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2008, 46, 3651–3658.

Kim E.J.; Hong J.E.; Lim S.S.; Kwon G.T.; Kim J.; Kim J.S.; Lee K.W.; Park J.H. The hexane extract of Saussurea lappa and its active principle, dehydrocostus lactone, inhibit prostate cancer cell migration. J. Med. Food 2012, 15, 24–32.

134

Kokanova-Nedialkova Z, Nedialkov P, Kondeva-Burdina M, Simeonova R, Tzankova V, Aluani D. Chenopodium bonus-henricus L. - A source of hepatoprotective flavonoids. Fitoterapia. 2017 Apr;118:13-20. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2017.02.001. Epub 2017 Feb 14.

Kunkar A., Kunkar P., 2000 – Le piante officinali di Calabria. Laruffa Editore,Reggio Calabria

Lam SK, Ng TB. 2009. A protein with antiproliferative, antifungal and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activities from caper (Capparis spinosa) seeds. Phytomedicine 16: 444–450.

Lansky EP, Paavilainen HM, Lansky S. 2013. Caper: The Genus Capparis. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL.

Lavorato C., Rotella M., 2011 – Piante officinali di Calabria. Rimedi e ricette dei nonni. Cittàcalabria, Soveria Mannelli

Lin X.; Peng Z.; Su C. Potential Anti-Cancer Activities and Mechanisms of Costunolide and Dehydrocostuslactone. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16(5), 10888-10906.

Liu C.Y.; Chang H.S.; Chen I.S.; Chen C.J.; Hsu M.L.; Fu S.L.; Chen Y.J. Costunolide causes mitotic arrest and enhances radiosensitivity in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Radiat. Oncol. 2011, 6, 56–63.

Lozano-Baena, M.-D.; et al. Cancer Prevention and Health Benefices of Traditionally Consumed Borago officinalis Plants. Nutrients 2016, 8(1), 48. Nutrients. 2016 Feb 19;8(2):105

135

Luther M., Parry J., Moore J., Meng J., Zhang Y., Cheng Z., Yu L.. Inhibitory effect of Chardonnay and black raspberry seed extracts on lipid oxidation in fish oil and their radical scavenging and antimicrobial properties. Food Chemistry, 104 (2007), pp. 1065– 1073

Ma X, Ma X, Ma Z, Wang J, Sun Z, Yu W, Li F, Ding J. Effect of Hyssopus officinalis L. on inhibiting airway inflammation and immune regulation in a chronic asthmatic mouse model. Exp Ther Med. 2014 Nov;8(5):1371-1374.

Manolov P, Marekov N. [Pharmacological studies of Centranthus ruber]. Eksp Med Morfol. 1981;20(1):43-6. Bulgarian.

Marrelli M., Cristaldi B., Menichini F., Conforti F. Inhibitory effects of wild dietary plants on lipid peroxidation and on the proliferation of human cancer cells. Food and Chemical Toxilogy 86 (2015) 16-24

(McKay and Blumberg, 2006) D.L. McKay, J.B. Blumberg. A review of the bioactivity and potential health benefits of Chamomile tea (Matricaria recutita L.) Phytother. Res., 20 (2006), pp. 519–530

Merghoub N, El Btaouri H, Benbacer L, Gmouh S, Trentesaux C, Brassart B, Terryn C, Attaleb M, Madoulet C, Benjouad A, Amzazi S, El Mzibri M, Morjani H. Inula Viscosa Extracts Induces Telomere Shortening and Apoptosis in Cancer Cells and Overcome Drug Resistance. Nutr Cancer. 2016;68(1):131-43.

136

Mimica-Dukić N, Bugarin D, Grbović S, Mitić-Culafić D, Vuković-Gacić B, Orcić D, Jovin E, Couladis M. Essential oil of Myrtus communis L. as a potential antioxidant and antimutagenic agents. Molecules. 2010 Apr 15;15(4):2759-70.

Miraldi E, Ferri S, Mostaghimi V. 2001. Botanical drugs and preparations in the traditional medicine of West Azerbaijan (Iran). J Ethnopharmacol 75: 77–87.

Mishra S, Tomar P, Lakra N. 2007. Medicinal and food value of Capparis—a harsh terrain plant. Indian J Trad knowledge 6: 230–238.

Mkolo MN, Magano SR. Repellent effects of the essential oil of Lavendula angustifolia against adults of Hyalomma marginatum rufipes. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 2007 Sep;78(3):149- 52.

(Moradi et al., 2011) Moradi M.T., Karimi A., Rafieian M., Kheiri S., Saedi M. The inhibitory effects of myrtle (Myrtus communis) extract on Herpes simplex virus-1 replication in Baby Hamster Kidney cells. J. Shahrekord Univ. Med. Sci., 12 (2011), pp. 54–61

(Morel et al., 1994) Morel I., Lescoat G., Cillard P., Cillard J. Role of flavonoids and iron chelation in antioxidant action. Methods Enzymol, 234 (1994), pp. 437–443

Mosaddegh M, Naghibi F, Moazzeni H, Pirani A, Esmaeili S. 2012. Ethnobotanical survey of herbal remedies traditionally used in Kohghiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad province of Iran. J Ethnopharmacol 141: 80–95.

Munir N., Iqbal A.S., Altaf I., Bashir R., Sharif N., Saleem F., Naz S. Evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of two endangered plant species Atropa

137

belladonna and Matricaria chamomilla. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2014 Aug 23;11(5):111-7

Nazaruk J., Orlikowski P. Phytochemical profile and therapeutic potential of Viscum album L., Natural Product Research (2016) 30:4, 373-385

(Nencini et al., 2007)Nencini, C., Cavallo, F., Capasso, A., Franchi, G. G., Giorgio, G., & Micheli, L. (2007). Evaluation of antioxidative properties of Allium species growing wild in Italy. Phytother Res, 21(9), 874-878. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2168

Pacifico S.; Gallicchio M.; Lorenz P.; Duckstein SM.; Potenza N.; Galasso S.; Marciano S.; Fiorentino A.; Stintzing FC; Monaco P. Neuroprotective potential of Laurus nobilis antioxidant polyphenol-enriched leaf extracts. Chem Res Toxicol. 2014 Apr 21;27(4):611-26.

Peixoto LR, Rosalen PL, Ferreira GL, Freires IA, de Carvalho FG, Castellano LR, de Castro RD. Antifungal activity, mode of action and anti-biofilm effects of Laurus nobilis Linnaeus essential oil against Candida spp. Arch Oral Biol. 2017 Jan;73:179-185.

Pistón M., Machado I., Branco C.S., Cesio V., Heinzen H., Ribeirod D., Fernandes E., Chistéd R.C., Freitasd M. Infusion, decoction and hydroalcoholic extracts of leaves from artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. subsp. cardunculus) are effective scavengers of physiologically relevant ROS and RNS. Food Research International Volume 64, October 2014, Pages 150–156

Pitchai D.; Roy A.; Banu S. In vitro and in silico evaluation of NF-κB targeted costunolide action on estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cells-a comparison with normal breast cells. Phytother. Res. 2014, 28, 1499–1505.

138

Puupponen-Pimia R., Nohynek L., Alakomi H.L., Oksman-Caldentey K.M. The action of berry phenolics against human intestinal pathogens. Biofactors, 23 (2005), pp. 243–25

Rasul, A.; Bao, R.; Malhi, M.; Zhao, B.; Tsuji, I.; Li, J.; Li, X. Induction of apoptosis by costunolide in bladder cancer cells is mediated through ROS generation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Molecules 2013, 18, 1418–1433.

Rivera D, Inocencio C, Obon C, Carreno E, Reales A, Alcaraz F. 2002. Archaeobotany of capers (Capparis)(Capparaceae). Veg Hist Archaeobot 11: 295–314.

Ryan T., Wilkinson J.M., Cavanagh H.M. Antibacterial activity of raspberry cordial in vitro. Research in Veterinary Science, 71 (2001), pp. 155–159

Russo A, Perri M, Cione E, Di Gioia ML, Nardi M, Cristina Caroleo M. Biochemical and chemical characterization of Cynara cardunculus L. extract and its potential use as co- adjuvant therapy of chronic myeloid leukemia. J Ethnopharmacol. 2017 Apr 18;202:184- 191

Sacchetti G., Muzzoli M. , Statti G.A., Conforti F., Bianchi A., Agrimonti C., Ballero M., Poli F. Intra-specific biodiversity of Italian myrtle ( Myrtus communis ) through chemical markers profile and biological activities of leaf methanolic extracts. Natural Product Research: Formerly Natural Product Letters, 21:2, 167-179

Sánchez-Campillo M., Gabaldon J.A., Castillo J., Benavente-García O., Del Baño M.J., Alcaraz M., Vicente V., Alvarez N., Lozano J.A. Rosmarinic acid, a photo-protective

139

agent against UV and other ionizing radiations. Food and Chemical Toxicology. Volume 47, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 386–392

(Shahani et al., 2015) Shahani S.; Rostamnezhad M.; Ghaffari-Rad V.; Ghasemi A.; Allahverdi Pourfallah T.; Hosseinimehr S. J. Radioprotective Effect of Achillea millefolium L Against Genotoxicity Induced by Ionizing Radiation in Human Normal Lymphocytes. Dose Response. 2015 Apr 29;13(1):1559325815583761.

Shariati M, Sharifi E, Houshmandi M, Nourafshan A, Ghavami F. 2010. Effect of hydro alcoholic leaf extract of Myrtus communis on pituitray- gonad hormonal axis in adult male rat. Int J Fertil Steril 4: 19.

Sher H, Alyemeni MN. 2010. Ethnobotanical and pharmaceutical evaluation of Capparis spinosa L, validity of local folk and Unani system of medicine. J Med Plants Res 4: 1751– 1756.

Singh H., Du J., Yi T.H. Green and rapid synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Borago officinalis leaf extract: anticancer and antibacterial activities. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2016 Sep 6:1-7

Snuossi M, Trabelsi N, Ben Taleb S, Dehmeni A, Flamini G, De Feo V. Laurus nobilis, Zingiber officinale and Anethum graveolens Essential Oils: Composition, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities against Bacteria Isolated from Fish and Shellfish. Molecules. 2016 Oct 22;21(10). pii: E1414.

140

Sun C.M.; Syu W.J.; Don M.J.; Lu J.J.; Lee G.H. Cytotoxic sesquiterpene lactones from the root of Saussurea lappa. J. Nat. Prod. 2003, 66, 1175–1180.

Szafrański T. [Herbal remedies in depression--state of the art]. Szafrański T. Psychiatr Pol. 2014 Jan-Feb;48(1):59-73. Review. Polish.

Tayoub G, Alnaser AA, Ghanem I. 2012. Fumigant activity of leaf essential oil from Myrtus communis L. against the Khapra Beetle. Int J Med Arom Plants 2: 207–213.

Tesoriere L, Butera D, Gentile C, Livrea MA. 2007. Bioactive components of caper (Capparis spinosa L.) from Sicily and antioxidant effects in a red meat simulated gastric digestion. J Agric Food Chem 55: 8465–8471.

Thole, J. M.; Burns Kraft, T. F.; Sueiro, L. A.; Kang, Y.-H.; Gills, J. J.; Cuendet, M.; Pezzuto, J. M.; Seigler, D. S.; Lila, M. A.A comparative evaluation of the anticancer properties of European and American elderberry fruitsJ. Med. Food. 2006, 9, 498–504

Tlili N, Khaldi A, Triki S, Munné-Bosch S. 2010. Phenolic compounds and vitamin antioxidants of caper (Capparis spinosa). Plant Foods Hum Nutr 65: 260–265.

Tlili N, Elfalleh W, Saadaoui E, Khaldi A, Triki S, Nasri N. 2011. The caper (Capparis L.): ethnopharmacology, phytochemical and pharmacological properties. Fitoterapia 82: 93–101.

(Tolouee et al., 2010) Tolouee M., Alinezhad S., Saberi R., Eslamifar A., Zad S.J., Jaimand K., Taeb J., Rezaee M.B., Kawachi M., Shams-Ghahfarokhi M., Razzaghi- Abyaneh M. Effect of Matricaria chamomilla L. flower essential oil on the growth and

141

ultrastructure of Aspergillus niger van Tieghem. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 139 (2010), pp. 127–133

Tretiakova I, Blaesius D, Maxia L, et al. 2008. Myrtucommulone from Myrtus communis induces apoptosis in cancer cells via the mitochondrial pathway involving caspase-9. Apoptosis 13: 119–131.

Troccoli L., 2016 – Piante alimurgiche e officinali dell’area del Pollino. Edizioni Prometeo, Castrovillari

(Viola et al., 1995) Viola H., Wasowski C., Levi de Stein M., Wolfman C., Silveira R., Dajas F., Medina J.H., Paladini A.C. Apigenin, a component of Matricaria recutita flowers, is a central benzodiazepine receptors-ligand with anxiolytic effects. Planta Med., 61 (1995), pp. 213–216

Von Schoen-Angerer T., Madeleyn R., Kiene H., Kienle G.S., Vagedes J. Improvement of Asthma and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease With Oral Pulvis stomachicus cum Belladonna, a Combination of Matricaria recutita, Atropa belladonna, Bismuth, and Antimonite: A Pediatric Case Report. Glob Adv Health Med. 2016 Jan;5(1):107-11

Youdim, K. A.; Martin, A.; Joseph, J. A.Incorporation of elderberry anthocyanins by endothelial cells increases protection against oxidative stressFree Radical Biol. Med. 2000, 29, 51–60

Zaidi SFH, Muhammad JS, Shahryar S, et al. 2012. Anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects of selected Pakistani medicinal plants in Helicobacter pylori infected gastric epithelial cells. J Ethnopharmacol 141: 403–410.

142

Zhou H, Jian R, Kang J, et al. 2010. Anti-inflammatory effects of caper (Capparis spinosa L.) fruit aqueous extract and the isolation of main phytochemicals. J Agric Food Chem 58: 12717–12721.

Zhou Yan-Xi, Xin Hai-Liang, Rahman Khalid, Wang Su-Juan, Peng Cheng, Zhang Hong. Portulaca oleracea L.: A Review of Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Effects. BioMed Research International Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 925631, 11 pages