Si conosce ancora poco circa l'epidemiologia della paratubercolosi nei piccoli Ruminanti in Italia; solo tre studi hanno indagato la prevalenza di paratubercolosi negli allevamenti caprini italiani e solo due studi in quelli ovini (come già riportato all’inizio di questo lavoro). I dati ottenuti dal nostro studio hanno confermato la presenza di Map in un gregge caprino con una bassa prevalenza sierologica. Un dato di un certo interesse è però il riscontro in isolamento di Map da un formaggio caprino a breve maturazione.
Data l'importanza di Map come patogeno animale e il suo potenziale coinvolgimento in patologie umane quali il morbo di Crohn, il diabete di tipo 1, la sarcoidosi, la sclerosi multipla e la tiroidite di Hashimoto, molti ricercatori hanno indagato la presenza di Map negli alimenti e, in particolare, l’esposizione dell’uomo a Map tramite l’ingestione di prodotti lattiero-caseari.
Si hanno a disposizione pochi studi riguardo la sopravvivenza di Map in formaggi e che tengono conto dei diversi fattori di produzione quali la temperatura applicata durante la lavorazione, il pH e la stagionatura del formaggio. Il latte di capra è di solito pastorizzato prima della vendita, tuttavia studi hanno rilevato la presenza di Map vitale nel latte intero pastorizzato e nei formaggi di capra realizzati a partire da tale latte. Inoltre Map è stato rilevato mediante PCR in latte e in formaggio di pecora; alcuni Autori hanno isolato Map in coltura a partire da formaggi pecorini (Ikonomopoulos et al., 2005; Williams e Withers, 2008).
A nostro avviso è auspicabile condurre un maggiore numero di studi sulla prevalenza di Map in greggi ovicaprine del territorio italiano per meglio chiarirne l'effettiva prevalenza negli allevamenti.
E' altrettanto importante incrementarne la ricerca a livello di latte e prodotti derivati al fine di meglio comprendere il rischio connesso al consumo di questi alimenti.
Isolamenti e successive indagini molecolari sulle colonie ottenute potranno fornire importanti informazioni epidemiologiche sulle tipologie di ceppi circolanti sul territorio.
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