Tabella 1. Parametri macrostrutturali del sonno nel MCI, confrontati con controlli sani e AD:
MCI #11 DS) Controlli Sani #14 AD #20 MCI vs controlli sani MCI vs AD Tempo totale di sonno 381.3 ± 79.0 421.2 ±46.7 372.7 ± 66.7 n.s. n.s. Latenza di sonno 26.4 ±19.8 15.0 ± 6.2 12.15 ± 8.1 n.s. n.s. Latenza 1° REM 112.2 ± 52.1 102.7 ± 31.5 100.0 ± 18.8 n.s. n.s. Veglia infrasonno 90.5 ± 60.1 73.1 ± 9.2 79.1 ± 37.6 n.s. n.s. S1 % 11.2 ± 5.9 7.0 ± 3.7 18.8 ± 6.7 n.s. n.s. S2% 43.3 ± 9.0 47.5 ± 2.6 51.2 ± 6.1 n.s. n.s. SWS% 28.7 ± 5.2 25.0 ± 4.1 16.1 ± 7.8 n.s. 0.01 REM% 16.7 ± 9.4 20.3 ± 4.8 13.5 ± 4.5 n.s. n.s
S1%= percentuale stadio 1 NREM/tempo totale di sonno; S2%= percentuale stadio 2 NREM/tempo totale di sonno; SWS%= percentuale sonno a onde lente (SWS= slow wave
63
Tabella 2. Parametri macrostrutturali del sonno in pazienti con MCI evoluti e non evoluti:
Non evoluti Evoluti p
Tempo totale di sonno 414.3± 66.4 290.1± 69.2 0,041
Latenza di sonno 85.2 ± 76.6 60.2 ±77 n.s Latenza 1 REM 148.3 ± 84.2 128.9± 73.6 n.s. Risvegli 2.6 ± 1.3 1.8 ± 0.9 n.s. Veglia infrasonno 76.1 ± 44 119.2 ± 84.2 n.s. S1 % 8.9 ± 4.7 16 ± 5.6 n.s. S2% 40.3 ± 10.5 34.9 ±5.8 n.s. SWS% 32.3 ± 8.8 30.3 ± 8.9 n.s. REM% 18.4 ± 8.7 18.6 ± 11 n.s.
S1%= percentuale stadio 1 NREM/tempo totale di sonno; S2%= percentuale stadio 2 NREM/tempo totale di sonno; SWS%= percentuale sonno a onde lente (SWS= slow wave
64
Tabella 3. Principali parametri microstrutturali del sonno in pazienti con MCI evoluti e non evoluti:
Non evoluti Evoluti p
CAP rate (%) 52±7.7 47.5±7.5 n.s. CAP rate S1(%) 33.9±18.5 41.5±24.8 n.s CAP rate S2 (%) 42±11.9 45.7±17.7 n.s. CAP rate SWS (%) 67±9.6 50.6±6.9 0.02 A1 index 32.4±9.6 29.3±4.6 0.02 A2 index 11.5±4.2 8±1.5 n.s. A3 index 27.5±8.8 29.6±9.9 n.s.
65
Figura 1. Confronto dei parametri strutturali nelle tre popolazioni esaminate (controlli, MCI, AD):
66
Figura 2. Variabilità interindividuale della distribuzione delle fasi CAP:
67
Figura 5-6: Correlazione tra il Test di Corsi per lo Span spaziale con la durata del sonno profondo NREM (r= 0.48; p= 0.14) e la
68
Figura 7: Correlazione (inversa) tra Fluenza verbale fonemica e durata della veglia infrasonno (r= -0.76; p< 0.01).
69
Figura 8. Correlazione tra test delle 15 parole di Rey (memoria
immediata) e CAP rate nel sonno profondo NREM (SWS, Slow Wave Sleep): 0.63, p=0.02 15 25 35 45 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1 5 dell e P a rol e di R e y CAP rate SWS
70
Figure 9. Correlazioni tra punteggio nel test delle Matrici Attentive ed il Numero delle fasi A1 nel sonno profondo NREM (SWS): 0.75 e tra punteggio nella Fluenza verbale fonemica ed il Numero delle fasi A3 per ora nello Stadio1: -0.61
30 40 50 60 70 50 100 150 200 250 M a tri c i a tt e nt iv e Num A1 SWS
71
Figure 10. Correlazioni tra punteggio nella Fluenza verbale fonemica ed il Numero delle fasi A3 per ora nello Stadio1: -0.61
10 20 30 40 50 60 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Num A3/h S1 F lu e n za v e rb a le fo n e m ic a
72
BIBLIOGRAFIA
Achermann P, Borbély AA. Low-frequency (< 1 Hz) oscillations in the human sleep electroencephalogram. Neuroscience. 1997 Nov;81(1):213-22.
Allen RP, Picchietti D, Hening WA, Trenkwalder C, Walters AS, Montplaisir J, Restless Legs Syndrome Diagnosis and Epidemiology workshop at the National Institutes of Health, International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group. "Restless legs syndrome: diagnostic criteria, special considerations, and epidemiology. A report from the restless legs syndrome diagnosis and epidemiology workshop at the National Institutes of Health", Sleep Med, 2003 Mar, 4 (2): 101-19. Aly M, Moscovitch M. The effects of sleep on episodic memory in older and younger adults. Memory. 2010 Apr;18(3):327-34.
American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Iber C, Ancoli-Israel S, Chesson A, Quan (2007) “The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Technical Specification. 1st ed”, Westchester, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine.
American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International Classification of Sleep Disorders, 2nd Edition: Diagnostic and Coding Manual. Westchester, III: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2005
Aricò D, Drago V, Foster PS, Heilman KM, Williamson J, Ferri R. Effects of NREM sleep instability on cognitive processing, Sleep Med, 2010 Sep 11 (8): 791-8.
Asada T, Motonaga T, Yamagata Z, Uno M, Takahashi K. Associations between retrospectively recalled napping behavior and later development of Alzheimer's disease: association with APOE genotypes. Sleep. 2000 Aug 1;23(5):629-34.
Atlas Task Force of the American Sleep Disorders Association. EEG Arousal: scoring rules and examples. Sleep 1992, 15(2): 173-184.
73
Beaulieu-Bonneau S, Hudon C. Sleep disturbances in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Int Psychogeriatr. 2009 Aug;21(4):654-66.
Bliwise DL. Sleep disorders in Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Clin Cornerstone. 2004;6 Suppl 1A:S16-28.
Bliwise DL. Sleep in normal aging and dementia. Sleep. 1993 Jan;16(1):40-81
Bonanni E, Di Coscio E, Maestri M, Carnicelli L, Tsekou H, Economou NT, Paparrigoupolos T, Bonakis A, Papageorgiou SG, Vassipoulos D, Soldatos CR, Murri L, Ktonas PY. Differences in EEG delta frequency characteristics and patterns in slow-wave sleep between dementia patients and controls: a pilot study. J Clin Neurophysiol, in press.
Bonanni E, Maestri M, Tognoni G, Fabbrini M, Nucciarone B, Manca ML, Gori S, Iudice A, Murri L. Daytime sleepiness in mild and moderate Alzheimer's disease and its relationship with cognitive impairment. J Sleep Res. 2005 Sep;14(3):311-7.
Bonanni E, Tognoni G, Maestri M, Salvati N, Fabbrini M, Borghetti D, Di Coscio E, Choub A, Sposito R, Pagni C, Iudice A, Murri L. Sleep disturbances in elderly subjects: an epidemiological survey in an Italian district. Acta Neurol Scand. 2010 Dec;122(6):389-97
Boselli M, Parrino L, Smerieri A, Terzano MG. Effect of age on EEG arousals in normal sleep. Sleep. 1998 Jun 15;21(4):351-7.
Braak H, Rüb U, Jansen Steur EN, Del Tredici K, de Vos RA. Cognitive status correlates with neuropathologic stage in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2005 Apr 26;64(8):1404-10.
Bruni O, Ferri R, Novelli L, Finotti E, Terribili M, Troianiello M, Valente D, Sabatello U, Curatolo P. Slow EEG amplitude oscillations during NREM sleep and reading disabilities in children with dyslexia. Dev Neuropsychol. 2009 Sep;34(5):539-51.
Bruni O, Ferri R, Vittori E, Novelli L, Vignati M, Porfirio MC, Aricò D, Bernabei P, Curatolo P. Sleep architecture and NREM alterations in
74
children and adolescents with Asperger syndrome. Sleep. 2007 Nov;30(11):1577-85.
Bruni O, Novelli L, Miano S, Parrino L, Terzano MG, Ferri R. Cyclic alternating pattern: A window into pediatric sleep. Sleep Med. 2010 Aug;11(7):628-36.
Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF 3rd, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ.The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research, Psychiatry Res, 1989 May, 28 (2):193-213. Caffarra P, Vezzadini G, Dicei F. Una versione abbreviata del test di Stroop: dati normativi nella popolazione italiana", Riv neurol, (2004) 12: 111-115.
Carlesimo GA, Caltagirone C, Gainotti G. The Mental Deterioration Battery: normative data, diagnostic reliability and qualitative analyses of cognitive impairment. The Group for the Standardization of the Mental Deterioration Battery. Eur Neurol. 1996;36(6):378-84.
Carlesimo GA, Perri R, Turriziani P, Tomaiuolo F, Caltagirone C. Remembering what but not where: independence of spatial and visual working memory in the human brain. Cortex. 2001 Sep;37(4):519-34. Cricco M, Simonsick EM, Foley DJ. The impact of insomnia on cognitive functioning in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001 Sep;49(9):1185-9.
Darchia N, Campbell IG, Tan X, Feinberg I. Kinetics of NREM delta EEG power density across NREM periods depend on age and on delta-band designation. Sleep. 2007 Jan;30(1):71-9.
De Renzi E, Nichelli P. Verbal and non-verbal short-term memory impairment following hemispheric damage. Cortex. 1975 Dec;11(4):341-54.
Diekelmann S, Born J. The memory function of sleep. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2010 Feb;11(2):114-26.
75
Dijk DJ, Duffy JF, Czeisler CA. Age-related increase in awakenings: impaired consolidation of nonREM sleep at all circadian phases. Sleep. 2001 Aug 1;24(5):565-77.
Dijk DJ, Groeger JA, Stanley N, Deacon S. Age-related reduction in daytime sleep propensity and nocturnal slow wave sleep. Sleep. 2010 Feb;33(2):211-23.
Drago V, Foster PS, Heilman KM, Aricò D, Williamson J, Montagna P, Ferri R. Cyclic alternating pattern in sleep and its relationship to creativity. Sleep Med. 2011 Apr;12(4):361-6
Duffy JF, Zeitzer JM, Rimmer DW, Klerman EB, Dijk DJ, Czeisler CA. Peak of circadian melatonin rhythm occurs later within the sleep of older subjects. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Feb;282(2):E297-303.
Ellenbogen JM, Hulbert JC, Stickgold R, Dinges DF, Thompson- Schill SL. Interfering with theories of sleep and memory: sleep, declarative memory, and associative interference. Curr Biol. 2006 Jul 11;16(13):1290-4.
Ellison JM, Harper DG, Berlow Y, Zeranski L. Beyond the "C" in MCI: noncognitive symptoms in amnestic and non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment, CNS Spectr, (2008) 13: 66-72.
Feinberg I. Improved measurement of sleep stages, Am J Psychiatry, 1984 Oct, 141 (10): 1301-2.
Ferini-Strambi L, Bianchi A, Zucconi M, Oldani A, Castronovo V, Smirne S. The impact of cyclic alternating pattern on heart rate variability during sleep in healthy young adults. Clin Neurophysiol. 2000 Jan;111(1):99-101.
Ferini-Strambi L, Ortelli P, Castronovo V, Cappa S. Increased periodic arousal fluctuations during non-REM sleep are associated to superior memory. Brain Res Bull. 2004 Jul 15;63(6):439-42.
Ferri R, Bruni O, Miano S, Smerieri A, Spruyt K, Terzano MG. Inter- rater reliability of sleep cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) scoring and
76
validation of a new computer-assisted CAP scoring method. Clin Neurophysiol. 2005 Mar;116(3):696-707.
Ferri R, Bruni O, Miano S, Terzano MG. Topographic mapping of the spectral components of the cyclic alternating pattern (CAP). Sleep Med. 2005 Jan;6(1):29-36.
Ferri R, Drago V, Aricò D, Bruni O, Remington RW, Stamatakis K, Punjabi NM. The effects of experimental sleep fragmentation on cognitive processing. Sleep Med. 2010 Apr;11(4):378-85.
Ferri R, Huber R, Aricò D, Drago V, Rundo F, Ghilardi MF, Massimini M, Tononi G.The slow-wave components of the cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) have a role in sleep-related learning processes. Neurosci Lett. 2008 Feb 27;432(3):228-31.
Ferri R, Parrino L, Smerieri A, Terzano MG, Elia M, Musumeci SA, Pettinato S. Cyclic alternating pattern and spectral analysis of heart rate variability during normal sleep. J Sleep Res. 2000 Mar;9(1):13-8. Foley D, Ancoli-Israel S, Britz P, Walsh J. Sleep disturbances and chronic disease in older adults: results of the 2003 National Sleep Foundation Sleep in America Survey. J Psychosom Res. 2004 May;56(5):497-502.
Foley D, Monjan A, Masaki K, Ross W, Havlik R, White L, Launer L. Daytime sleepiness is associated with 3-year incident dementia and cognitive decline in older Japanese-American men. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001 Dec;49(12):1628-32.
Foley DJ, Monjan AA, Brown SL, Simonsick EM, Wallace RB, Blazer DG. Sleep complaints among elderly persons: an epidemiologic study of three communities. Sleep. 1995 Jul;18(6):425- 32.
Gainotti G, Miceli G, Caltagirone C. Constructional apraxia in left brain-damaged patients: a planning disorder? ,Cortex 1977, Jun, 13 (2): 109-18.
Gallassi R, Bisulli A, Oppi F, Poda R, Di Felice C. Subjective cognitive complaints, neuropsychological performance, affective and
77
behavioural symptoms in non-demented patients. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008 Jan;23(1):95-101.
Geda YE, Smith GE, Knopman DS, Boeve BF, Tangalos EG, Ivnik RJ, Mrazek DA, Edland SD, Petersen RC. De novo genesis of neuropsychiatric symptoms in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Int Psychogeriatr. 2004 Mar;16(1):51-60.
Gorelick PB, Scuteri A, Black SE et al. American Heart Association Stroke Council, Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention, and Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia. Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia: a statement for healthcare professionals from the american heart association/american stroke association. Stroke. 2011 Sep;42(9):2672- 713.
Guarnieri B, Adorni F, Musicco M, Appollonio I, Bonanni E, CaffarraP, Caltagirone C, Cerroni G, Concari L, Cosentino F.I.I., Ferrara S., Fermi S., Ferri R., Gelosa G., Lombardi G., Mazzei D., Mearelli S., Morrone E., Murri L., Nobili F.M., Passero S., Perri R., Rocchi R., Sucapane P., Tognoni G., Zabberoni S. and Sorbi S.Prevalence of sleep disturbances in mild cognitive impairment and dementing disorders. A multicenter Italian clinical cross-sectional study on 431 patients.Dement Geriatr Cogn, in press
Halász P, Terzano M, Parrino L, Bódizs R. The nature of arousal in sleep. J Sleep Res. 2004 Mar;13(1):1-23.
Hoch CC, Dew MA, Reynolds CF 3rd, Monk TH, Buysse DJ, Houck PR, Machen MA, Kupfer DJ. A longitudinal study of laboratory- and diary-based sleep measures in healthy "old old" and "young old" volunteers. Sleep. 1994 Sep;17(6):489-96.
Huber R, Ghilardi MF, Massimini M, Tononi G. Local sleep and learning. Nature. 2004 Jul 1;430(6995):78-81.
Kim SJ, Lee JH, Lee DY, Jhoo JH, Woo JI. Neurocognitive dysfunction associated with sleep quality and sleep apnea in patients
78
with mild cognitive impairment.Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011 Apr;19(4):374-81
Ktonas PY, Golemati S, Xanthopoulos P, Sakkalis V, Ortigueira MD, Tsekou H, Zervakis M, Paparrigopoulos T, Bonakis A, Economou NT, Theodoropoulos P, Papageorgiou SG, Vassilopoulos D, Soldatos CR. Time-frequency analysis methods to quantify the time-varying microstructure of sleep EEG spindles: possibility for dementia biomarkers? J Neurosci Methods. 2009 Dec 15;185(1):133-42.
Lombardo P, Formicola G, Gori S, Gneri C, Massetani R, Murri L, Fagioli I, Salzarulo P. Slow wave sleep (SWS) distribution across night sleep episode in the elderly. Aging (Milano). 1998 Dec;10(6):445-8.
Lyketsos CG, Lopez O, Jones B, Fitzpatrick AL, Breitner J, DeKosky S. Prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia and mild cognitive impairment: results from the cardiovascular health study. JAMA. 2002 Sep 25;288(12):1475-83
Mazzoni G, Gori S, Formicola G, Gneri C, Massetani R, Murri L, Salzarulo P. Word recall correlates with sleep cycles in elderly subjects. J Sleep Res. 1999 Sep;8(3):185-8.
Merlino G, Piani A, Gigli GL, Cancelli I, Rinaldi A, Baroselli A, Serafini A, Zanchettin B, Valente M. Daytime sleepiness is associated with dementia and cognitive decline in older Italian adults: a population-based study.Sleep Med. 2010 Apr;11(4):372-7.
Miano S, Bruni O, Elia M, Scifo L, Smerieri A, Trovato A, Verrillo E, Terzano MG, Ferri R. Sleep phenotypes of intellectual disability: a polysomnographic evaluation in subjects with Down syndrome and Fragile-X syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol. 2008 Jun;119(6):1242-7 Miano S, Bruni O, Elia M, Trovato A, Smerieri A, Verrillo E, Roccella M, Terzano MG, Ferri R. Sleep in children with autistic spectrum disorder: a questionnaire and polysomnographic study. Sleep Med. 2007 Dec;9(1):64-70
79
Naismith SL, Rogers NL, Hickie IB, Mackenzie J, Norrie LM, Lewis SJ. Sleep well, think well: sleep-wake disturbance in mild cognitive impairment. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2010 Jun;23(2):123-30
Netzer NC, Stoohs RA, Netzer CM, Clark K, Strohl KP Using the Berlin Questionnaire to identify patients at risk for the sleep apnea syndrome, Ann Intern Med, 1999 Oct 5, 131 (7): 485-91.
Ohayon MM, Carskadon MA, Guilleminault C, Vitiello MV. Meta- analysis of quantitative sleep parameters from childhood to old age in healthy individuals: developing normative sleep values across the human lifespan. Sleep. 2004 Nov 1;27(7):1255-73.
Ohayon MM, Vecchierini MF. Daytime sleepiness and cognitive impairment in the elderly population. Arch Intern Med. 2002 Jan 28;162(2):201-8.
Orsini A, Grossi D, Capitani E, Laiacona M, Papagno C, Vallar G. Verbal and spatial immediate memory span: normative data from 1355 adults and 1112 children. Ital J Neurol Sci. 1987 Dec;8(6):539-48. Pace-Schott EF, Spencer RM. Age-related changes in the cognitive function of sleep. Prog Brain Res. 2011;191:75-89.
Parrino L, Boselli M, Spaggiari MC, Smerieri A, Terzano MG. Cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) in normal sleep: polysomnographic parameters in different age groups. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1998 Dec;107(6):439-50.
Parrino L, Ferri R, Bruni O, Terzano MG. Cyclic alternating pattern (CAP): The marker of sleep instability. Sleep Med Rev, in press.
Parrino L, Ferri R, Zucconi M, Fanfulla F. Commentary from the Italian Association of Sleep Medicine on the AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events: for debate and discussion. Sleep Med. 2009 Aug;10(7):799-808.
Parrino L, Ferrillo F, Smerieri A, Spaggiari MC, Palomba V, Rossi M, Terzano MG. Is insomnia a neurophysiological disorder? The role of sleep EEG microstructure. Brain Res Bull. 2004 Jun 30;63(5):377-83.
80
Parrino L, Smerieri A, Terzano MG. Manuale teorico pratico di elettroencefalografia di Mecarelli. Vol 1. Ed: Wolters Kluwer Halth Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2007 Cap 10: 127-153
Peters KR, Rockwood K, Black SE, Bouchard R, Gauthier S, Hogan D, Kertesz A, Loy-English I, Beattie BL, Sadovnick AD, Feldman HH. Characterizing neuropsychiatric symptoms in subjects referred to dementia clinics. Neurology. 2006 Feb 28;66(4):523-8.
Petersen RC, Roberts RO, Knopman DS, Boeve BF, Geda YE, Ivnik RJ, Smith GE, Jack CR Jr. Mild cognitive impairment: ten years later. Arch Neurol. 2009 Dec;66(12):1447-55.
Petersen RC, Smith GE, Waring SC, Ivnik RJ, Tangalos EG, Kokmen E. Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome. Arch Neurol. 1999 Mar;56(3):303-8
Petersen RC. Clinical practice. Mild cognitive impairment. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jun 9;364(23):2227-34
Petersen RC. Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. J Intern Med. 2004 Sep;256(3):183-94.
Platt B, Drever B, Koss D, Stoppelkamp S, Jyoti A, Plano A, Utan A, Merrick G, Ryan D, Melis V, Wan H, Mingarelli M, Porcu E, Scrocchi L, Welch A, Riedel G. Abnormal Cognition, Sleep, EEG and Brain Metabolism in a Novel Knock-In Alzheimer Mouse, PLB1. PLoS One. 2011;6(11):e27068.
Poyares D, Guilleminault C, Rosa A, Ohayon M, Koester U. Arousal, EEG spectral power and pulse transit time in UARS and mild OSAS subjects. Clin Neurophysiol. 2002 Oct;113(10):1598-1606.
Rechtschaffen, A. and Kales, A. A manual of standardized terminology, techniques and scoring system for sleep stages of human subjects. Brain Information Service/Brain Institute. University of California, Los Angeles; 1968.
Reitan RM. The relation of the trail making test to organic brain damage, J Consult Psychol, 1955 Oct, 19 (5): 393-4.
81
Royall DR, Cordes JA, Polk M. CLOX: an executive clock drawing task, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 1998 May, 64 (5): 588-94.
Rozzini L, Chilovi BV, Bertoletti E, Conti M, Delrio I, Trabucchi M, Padovani A. Mild parkinsonian signs and psycho-behavioral symptoms in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. Int Psychogeriatr. 2008 Feb;20(1):86-95
Sforza E, Jouny C, Ibanez V. Cardiac activation during arousal in humans: further evidence for hierarchy in the arousal response. Clin Neurophysiol. 2000 Sep;111(9):1611-9
Silber MH, Ancoli-Israel S, Bonnet MH, Chokroverty S, Grigg- Damberger MM, Hirshkowitz M, Kapen S, Keenan SA, Kryger MH, Penzel T, Pressman MR, Iber C. The visual scoring of sleep in adults. J Clin Sleep Med. 2007 Mar 15;3(2):121-31.
Spinnler H, Tognoni G. Standardizzazione e taratura italiana di test neuropsicologici. Ital J Neurolo Sci, (1987) 8 [Suppl]: 1-120.
Squire LR. Memory systems of the brain: a brief history and current perspective. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2004 Nov;82(3):171-7.
Steriade M. Impact of network activities on neuronal properties in corticothalamic systems. J Neurophysiol. 2001 Jul;86(1):1-39.
Steriade M. Sleep, epilepsy and thalamic reticular inhibitory neurons. Trends Neurosci. 2005 Jun;28(6):317-24.
Tatsch MF, Bottino CM, Azevedo D, Hototian SR, Moscoso MA, Folquitto JC, Scalco AZ, Louzã MR. Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer disease and cognitively impaired, nondemented elderly from a community-based sample in Brazil: prevalence and relationship with dementia severity. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006 May;14(5):438-45.
Teng E, Lu PH, Cummings JL. Neuropsychiatric symptoms are associated with progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2007;24(4):253-9.
82
Terzano MG, Mancia D, Salati MR, Costani G, Decembrino A, Parrino L. The cyclic alternating pattern as a physiologic component of normal NREM sleep. Sleep. 1985;8(2):137-45.
Terzano MG, Parrino L, Cirignotta F, Ferini-Strambi L, Gigli G, Rudelli G, Sommacal S; Studio Morfeo Committee. Studio Morfeo: insomnia in primary care, a survey conducted on the Italian population. Sleep Med. 2004 Jan;5(1):67-75.
Terzano MG, Parrino L, Sherieri A, Chervin R, Chokroverty S, Guilleminault C, Hirshkowitz M, Mahowald M, Moldofsky H, Rosa A, Thomas R, Walters A.. Atlas, rules, and recording techniques for the scoring of cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) in human sleep, Sleep Med 2001, Nov 2 (6): 537-53.
Terzano MG, Parrino L, Smerieri A, Carli F, Nobili L, Donadio S, Ferrillo F.CAP and arousals are involved in the homeostatic and ultradian sleep processes. J Sleep Res. 2005 Dec;14(4):359-68.
Tononi G, Cirelli C. Sleep and synaptic homeostasis: a hypothesis, Brain Res Bull, 2003 Dec 15; 62 (2): 143-50.
Tononi G, Cirelli C. Sleep function and synaptic homeostasis. Sleep Med Rev. 2006 Feb;10(1):49-62.
Tsuno N, Jaussent I, Dauvilliers Y, Touchon J, Ritchie K, Besset A. Determinants of excessive daytime sleepiness in a French community- dwelling elderly population. J Sleep Res. 2007 Dec;16(4):364-71. Verrillo E, Bruni O, Franco P, Ferri R, Thiriez G, Pavone M, Petrone A, Paglietti MG, Crinò A, Cutrera R. Analysis of NREM sleep in children with Prader-Willi syndrome and the effect of growth hormone treatment. Sleep Med. 2009 Jun;10(6):646-50.
Visser PJ, Kester A, Jolles J, Verhey F. Ten-year risk of dementia in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. Neurology. 2006 Oct 10;67(7):1201-7.
Vitiello MV, Bliwise DL, Prinz PN. Sleep in Alzheimer's disease and the sundown syndrome. Neurology. 1992 Jul;42(7 Suppl 6):83-93.
83
Walker MP, Stickgold R. Overnight alchemy: sleep-dependent memory evolution. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2010 Mar;11(3):218
Walker MP, Stickgold R. Sleep, memory, and plasticity. Annu Rev Psychol. 2006;57:139-66.
Walker MP. Sleep, memory and emotion. Prog Brain Res. 2010;185:49-68
Wu YH, Feenstra MG, Zhou JN, Liu RY, Toranõ JS, Van Kan HJ, Fischer DF, Ravid R, Swaab DF. Molecular changes underlying reduced pineal melatonin levels in Alzheimer disease: alterations in preclinical and clinical stages. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Dec;88(12):5898-906.
Yaffe K, Blackwell T, Barnes DE, Ancoli-Israel S, Stone KL; Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Group. Preclinical cognitive decline and subsequent sleep disturbance in older women. Neurology. 2007 Jul 17;69(3):237-42.
Yaffe K, Laffan AM, Harrison SL, Redline S, Spira AP, Ensrud KE, Ancoli-Israel S, Stone KL. Sleep-disordered breathing, hypoxia, and risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in older women. JAMA. 2011 Aug 10;306(6):613-9
Yu JM, Tseng IJ, Yuan RY, Sheu JJ, Liu HC, Hu CJ Low sleep efficiency in patients with cognitive impairment. Acta Neurol Taiwan. 2009 Jun;18(2):91-7