9. Considerazioni finali e prospettive di ricerca
9.1 Interfacce brain-computer
Negli ultimi anni molto è stato dibattuto sulle interfacce cervello-computer; anche se il campo di ricerca è ancora relativamente giovane, e i risultati, seppur ottimistici, non hanno ancora trovato applicazione nella vita quotidiana.
Uno dei domini di sviluppo di BCI è legato alla riabilitazione motoria degli arti, soprattutto superiori. I sistemi BCI possono essere diversi, caratterizzati secondo diverse tecniche di acquisizione del segnale cerebrale, invasive e non- invasive. Tra le modalità non-invasive la tecnica più diffusa è l’elettroencefalografia (EEG), a sua volta basata su diversi possibili segnali di controllo, tra cui i potenziali evocati, i potenziali evocati visivi, i potenziali corticali, i ritmi senso-motori tramite immaginazione motoria.
I ritmi senso-motori sono caratterizzati da due principali caratteristiche: (i) sono potenziabili tramiti allenamento, (ii) sono generati non soltanto in corrispondenza dell’azione eseguita, ma anche dall’immaginazione motoria dell’azione stessa. Inoltre, i ritmi senso-motori possono essere modulati per uno specifico task motorio. Quindi un soggetto può apprendere come modularli a seconda delle proprie specifiche necessità tramite immaginazione motoria (Nicolas-Alonso & Gomez-Gil, 2012).
L’utilizzo di tecniche di immaginazione motoria è di notevole interesse per i bassi costi e per i buoni risultati sperimentali ottenuti, seppur preliminari. Inoltre, ancora più importante, può essere utilizzato in pazienti con patologie che non permettono loro alcun movimento. In questi soggetti la stimolazione delle aree motorie tramite immaginazione è l’unica strategia per interfacciarsi con sistemi BCI.
FIGURA 22:Schema di un sistema BCI.
Per controllare un sistema BCI (come schematizzato in Figura 22) i segnali neuro-fisiologici devono essere classificati in base a valori che permettano di distinguere differenti classi di segnali. È necessario, pertanto, tramite EEG
digitalizzare i ritmi senso-motori, ovvero i segnali rilevati nelle aree prossime alla corteccia motoria e sensoriale primarie, i quali sono modulati dai compiti motori, anche immaginati. Le modulazioni dei ritmi sensorimotori che risultano da una stimolazione sensoriale, da un atto motorio o dalla sua immaginazione sono di due tipi, desincronizzazione e sincronizzazione dei ritmi mu e beta, i quali sono fortemente connessi con l’attività motoria, anche solo immaginata (Pfurtscheller & Neuper, 2001).
Anche se il controllo dei ritmi senso-motori non è facilissimo, soprattutto perché per un soggetto non allenato ad utilizzare la pratica immaginativa è più facile ricorrere a feed-back visivi a supporto del compito mentale, attivando ritmi senso-motori diversi, è possibile comunque, come evidenziato nel corso della tesi, migliorare la propria prestazione mentale e la corretta gestione del compito.
Ciò che a oggi costituisce ancora un limite è la necessità di acquisizione del segnale cerebrale attraverso ritmi senso-motori ad una risoluzione costantemente molto alta, rendendo la tecnologia BCI in modalità non-invasiva ancora relegata nel campo della ricerca interdisciplinare, senza trovare ancora un utilizzo quotidiano nel campo della riabilitazione. I soggetti potenziali che potrebbero beneficiare di questa tecnologia sono (i) pazienti che hanno totalmente perso ogni controllo motorio, come ad esempio ad uno stadio terminale di sclerosi laterale amiotrofica, (ii) pazienti paralizzati con parziale movimento volontario residuo.
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