Parte sperimentale
Foto 13: lastra di agarosio mostrante gli ampliconi ottenuti da campioni di R quinquecostatus
33
34
Conclusioni
Bois Noir (BN), come ampiamente ricordato in questa dissertazione, rappresenta, ad oggi, la più diffusa fitoplamosi della vite in Europa, anche se ciò non desta, all’interno della filiera viti-vinicola, livelli di preoccupazione simili a quelli associati a FD. Questo è dovuto, essenzialmente, da una parte all’impossibilità di V. vinifera di svolgere la funzione di pianta serbatoio e dall’altra, al fatto che gli insetti vettori di BN non siano strettamente ampelofagi, al contrario di S. titanus.
La disponibilità di usufruire di un impianto di Sangiovese “certificato”, caratterizzato da un’alta diffusione “storica” di BN, ha consentito, nel corso degli anni, di sviluppare ed approfondire aspetti epidemiologici e di caratterizzazione genica relativi a questa fitoplasmosi.
Le indagini, condotte nel 2019, oltre a confermare quanto già evidenziato negli anni precedenti, relativamente all’espressione sintomatologica di pieno campo e alla determinazione di sequenze geniche specifiche, utilizzabili anche con finalità diagnostiche, hanno permesso di avviare ricerche mirate sulle interazioni tra Ca. P. solani, agente eziologico di BN, e i suoi possibili insetti vettori.
In particolare, i risultati conseguiti hanno consentito di evidenziare come nell’impianto considerato siano assenti le 2 principali specie vettrici del fitoplasma sopra ricordato: H. obsoletus e R. panzeri.
L’insetto, presente in maggior misura nel vigneto indagato, è risultato il Deltocephalinae N. fenestratus. La sua non trascurabile percentuale di infezione (25,7%), associata all’elevato numero di individui recuperati, permette di ipotizzare come questa specie potrebbe svolgere un ruolo non indifferente nella diffusione di BN, in quanto, in letteratura, è possibile ritrovare ricerche specifiche che evidenziano un probabile ruolo svolto da N. fenestratus come vettore naturale di GY (Güclü & Ozbek, 1991; Klein, 1992; Bosco et al., 1997).
L’osservazione delle trappole cromotropiche installate ha consentito di accertare come la consistenza numerica di individui appartenenti alla specie R. quinquecostatus, nonostante rappresenti un’ampia porzione dell’entomofauna totale individuata, non sia quella numericamente predominante all’interno del vigneto. Inoltre, le indagini diagnostiche sulla presenza di BN nel vettore evidenziano un livello di infezione
35
inferiore a quello riportato, seppure in un’altra zona della Toscana, dalle prove condotte da Trivellone et al., (2005) e da Pinzauti et al., (2008), nonostante che i risultati da noi ottenuti siano in linea con altre prove sperimentali condotte a livello europeo (Chuchè et al., 2016).
L’ultima specie, tra le 5 complessivamente classificate, risultata infetta da BN è l’Aphrophoridae Philaenus spumarius, per la quale, su un totale di 10 individui, soltanto uno ha evidenziato la presenza dell’amplicone nella corsa elettroforetica. Recenti studi, condotti da Quaglino et al., (2019), hanno mostrato la capacità di P. spumarius a trasmettere, sperimentalmente, Ca. P. solani su vite, e quindi essere, a tutti gli effetti, un vettore accertato di BN.
Rimanendo in accordo con tali risultati, tuttavia, considerata sia la bassa percentuale di individui di P. spumarius determinati sia il livello di infezione accertato -avendo avuto conferma dell’elevato tasso di infezione da BN nel vigneto indagato- è possibile ipotizzare come questa sputacchina, non possa essere, in questo caso, l’unico insetto responsabile della diffusione di BN.
36
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