Molte delle fonti d’acqua facilmente accessibili alle comunità rurali nei paesi in via di sviluppo sono contaminate da microorganismi patogeni che causano una varietà di malattie legate all’inquinamento dell’acqua. Nei paesi in via di sviluppo le persone hanno difficoltà ad avere accesso ad acqua pulita e potabile (Adeniran et al., 2017).
Il solfato di alluminio è una delle sostanze chimiche più utilizzate per la purificazione dell’acqua, in quanto agisce come flocculante per catturare le impurità, regola il pH e rimuove fosfati e batteri (Tshabalala et al., 2019). Per le piccole comunità dei paesi in via di sviluppo tuttavia i prodotti convenzionali di purificazione dell’acqua come solfato di alluminio, calcio carbonato, sali ferrici sono insostenibili a causa degli alti costi e della difficoltà di reperimento. Inoltre i residui della purificazione dell’acqua con i prodotti convenzionali presentano delle problematiche a livello di inquinamento ambientale (Vunain et al., 2019).
I semi di Moringa hanno proprietà coagulanti e flocculanti e possono quindi essere utilizzati per purificare e potabilizzare acque molto torbide (Ndabigengesere et al, 1995). I composti ad azione coagulante contenuti negli estratti acquosi di semi di Moringa sono proteine cationiche dimeriche di peso molecolare da 6,5 a 14 kDa e valore di pH isoelettrico di 10-11, che agiscono con un meccanismo che combina l'adsorbimento (a causa della struttura porosa) e la neutralizzazione della carica (Camacho et al., 2017). In termini di abbattimento della torbidità, sono stati ottenuti rispettivamente 94,4%, 99,8% e 99,7% per polvere di semi di Moringa (15 g/l), solfato di alluminio e cloruro ferrico (Vunain et al., 2019).
I semi secchi vengono sbucciati, macinati e aggiunti all’acqua e agiscono come coagulanti- flocculanti legando le microscopiche particelle colloidali e i batteri. Questi aggregati si depositano sul fondo e il surnatante può venire utilizzato per usi alimentari (Tshabalala et al., 2019).
Il trattamento di purificazione dell’acqua con semi di Moringa rimuove, grazie all’attività antimicrobica e flocculante, circa il 90-99% dei batteri presenti nell'acqua contaminata (Adeniran et al., 2017). Dallo studio di Vunain et al. (2019) emerge che la riduzione delle popolazioni microbiche nelle acque reflue è stata ottimale alla dose di 15 g/l. A tali concentrazione hanno potuto osservare una riduzione della carica microbica da 209 a 7 unità formanti colonia (cfu), dei microrganismi fungini da 280 a 41 cfu, di Salmonella spp. e Shigella spp. da 77 a 2 cfu e di batteri coliformi da 238 a 94 cfu (Vunain et al., 2019).
L’utilizzo dei semi di Moringa nel trattamento delle acque in ambito domestico è comprovato ed efficace, mentre su larga scala viene solitamente utilizzato come coagulante il solfato di alluminio in quanto ha un’efficacia maggiore (Tshabalala et al., 2019).
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