First Measurement of Bose-Einstein Correlations in Proton-Proton Collisions
at
p
ffiffiffi
s
¼ 0:9 and 2.36 TeV at the LHC
V. Khachatryan et al.* (CMS Collaboration)
(Received 18 May 2010; published 13 July 2010)
Bose-Einstein correlations have been measured using samples of proton-proton collisions at 0.9 and 2.36 TeV center-of-mass energies, recorded by the CMS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The signal is observed in the form of an enhancement of pairs of same-sign charged particles with small relative four-momentum. The size of the correlated particle emission region is seen to increase significantly with the particle multiplicity of the event.
DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.032001 PACS numbers: 13.85.Hd
In particle collisions, the space-time structure of the hadronization source can be studied using measurements of Bose-Einstein correlations (BEC) between pairs of iden-tical bosons. Since the first observation of BEC 50 years ago in proton-antiproton interactions [1], a number of measurements have been made by several experiments using different initial states; a detailed list of the experi-mental results can be found in [2,3]. Boson interferometry at the Large Hadron Collider provides a powerful tool to investigate the space-time structure of the particle emission source on femtometric length scales at different center-of-mass energies and with different initial states, using the same detector. This Letter reports the first measurements of BEC at the LHC with the CMS detector, namely, the first measurement in pp collisions at 0.9 TeV and the highest energy measurement at 2.36 TeV.
Constructive interference affects the joint probability for the emission of a pair of identical bosons with four-momenta p1 and p2. Experimentally, the proximity in phase space between final-state particles is quantified by the Lorentz-invariant quantity Q ¼ ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiðp1 p2Þ2
p ¼ ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi M2 4m2 p
, where M is the invariant mass of the two particles, assumed to be pions with mass m. The BEC effect is observed as an enhancement at low Q of the ratio of the Q distributions for pairs of identical particles in the same event, and for pairs of particles in a reference sample that, by construction, is expected to include no BEC effect: RðQÞ ¼ ðdN=dQÞ=ðdNref=dQÞ; (1) which is then fitted with the parametrization
RðQÞ ¼ C½1 þ ðQrÞð1 þ QÞ: (2) In a static model of particle sources, ðQrÞ is the Fourier
transform of the spatial distribution of the emission region of bosons with overlapping wave functions, characterized by an effective size r. It is often parametrized as an exponential function ðQrÞ ¼ eQr, or with a Gaussian form ðQrÞ ¼ eðQrÞ2 (see [4] and references therein). The parameter reflects the BEC strength for incoherent boson emission from independent sources, accounts for long-range momentum correlations, and C is a normaliza-tion factor.
The data used for the present analysis were collected by the CMS experiment in December 2009 from proton-proton collisions at center-of-mass energies of 0.9 and 2.36 TeV. A detailed description of the CMS detector can be found in [5]. The central feature of the CMS apparatus is a superconducting solenoid of 6 m internal diameter, pro-viding a uniform magnetic field of 3.8 T. The inner tracking system is the most relevant detector for the present analy-sis. It is composed of a pixel detector with three barrel layers at radii between 4.4 and 10.2 cm and a silicon strip tracker with 10 barrel detection layers extending outwards to a radius of 1.1 m. Each system is completed by two end caps, extending the acceptance up to a pseudorapidity jj ¼ 2:5. The transverse-momentum (pT) resolution, for 1 GeV charged particles, is between 0.7% at ¼ 0 and 2% atjj ¼ 2:5. The events were selected by requiring activity in both beam scintillator counters [6]. A minimum-bias Monte Carlo (MC) sample was generated using PYTHIA
(with D6T tune) [7] followed by full detector simulation based on theGEANT4program [8]. AdditionalPYTHIAMC samples were generated to simulate BEC effects with both Gaussian and exponential forms of ðQrÞ.
Charged particles are required to have pT > 200 MeV, which is sufficient for particles emitted from the interac-tion region to cross all three barrel layers of the pixel detector and ensure good two-track separation. Their pseu-dorapidity is required to satisfy jtrackj < 2:4. To ensure high purity of the primary track selection, the trajectories are required to be reconstructed in fits with more than 5 degrees of freedom (dof) and 2=Ndof< 5:0. The trans-verse impact parameter with respect to the collision point is
*Full author list given at the end of the article.
Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Further distri-bution of this work must maintain attridistri-bution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.
required to satisfy jdxyj < 0:15 cm. The innermost mea-sured point of the track must be less than 20 cm from the beam axis, in order to reduce electrons and positrons from photon conversions in the detector material and secondary particles from the decay of long-lived hadrons (KS0; , etc.). In a total of 270 472 (13 548) events selected at 0.9 (2.36) TeV center-of-mass energy, 2 903 754 (188 140) tracks are accepted by these selection criteria.
All pairs of same-charge particles with Q between 0.02 and 2 GeV are used for the measurement. The lower limit is chosen to avoid cases of tracks that are duplicated or not well separated, while the upper limit extends far enough beyond the signal region to verify a good match between signal and reference samples. A study with simulated data shows that the ratio of the tracking efficiencies of particle pairs in the signal and in the reference samples is indepen-dent of Q in the measurement region.
Coulomb interactions between charged particles modify their relative momentum distribution. This effect, which differs for pairs with same charge (repulsion) and opposite charge (attraction), is corrected for by using Gamow fac-tors [9]. As a cross-check, the enhancement in the produc-tion of opposite-charge particle pairs with small values of Q is measured in the data and is found to be reproduced by the Gamow factors to within15%.
Different methods are designed to pair uncorrelated charged particles and to define reference samples used to extract the distribution in the denominator of Eq. (1).
Opposite-charge pairs.—This data set is a natural choice but contains resonances (, , . . .) which are not present in the same-charge combinations.
Opposite-hemisphere pairs.—Tracks are paired after inverting in space the three-momentum of one of the two particles: ðE; ~pÞ ! ðE; ~pÞ; this procedure is applied to pairs with same and opposite charges.
Rotated particles.—Particle pairs are constructed after inverting the x and y components of the three-momentum of one of the two particles:ðpx; py; pzÞ ! ðpx; py; pzÞ. Pairs from mixed events.—Particles from different events are combined with the following methods: (i) events are mixed at random, (ii) events with similar charged-particle multiplicity in the same regions are selected, and (iii) events with an invariant mass of all charged particles similar to that of the signal are used to form the pairs.
As an example, the ratios RðQÞ obtained with the opposite-hemisphere, same-charge reference samples are shown in Fig.1, both for data and for simulation without BEC. A significant excess at small values of Q is observed in the data. Additional details are given in [10].
In order to reduce the bias due to the construction of the reference samples, a double ratioR is defined:
R ðQÞ ¼ R RMC ¼ dN=dQ dNref=dQ = dNMC=dQ dNMC;ref=dQ ; (3)
where the subscripts ‘‘MC’’ and ‘‘MC, ref’’ refer to the corresponding distributions from the MC simulated data generated without BEC effects.
The results of fits ofRðQÞ based on the parametrization of Eq. (2) with ðQrÞ ¼ eQrare given in TableI, both for 0.9 and 2.36 TeV data. In the case of the opposite-charge sample, it is found that the region with 0:6 < Q < 0:9 GeV, containing a sizable contribution of pairs from ! þ decays, is not well described by the MC calculations [10]. This region is therefore excluded from the fits with this reference sample and also with the com-bined sample defined below.
As a cross-check, the dE=dx [11] measurements of particles in the tracker are used to select a sample enriched in pairs, and another sample with one of the particles not consistent with the pion hypothesis. Figure2presents the double ratios for these two samples at pffiffiffis¼ 0:9 TeV, showing that an enhancement at small Q values is observed only in the case of identified pairs.
As none of the definitions of the reference samples is preferable a priori, an additional, ‘‘combined’’ double ratio Rcomb is formed, where the data and MC distributions are obtained by summing the Q distributions of the seven corresponding reference samples.
The distributions ofRcombfor 0.9 and 2.36 TeV data are shown in Fig. 3, and the values of the fit parameters are given in TableI. A large correlation is found between the parameters and r, as well as between and C (correla-tion coefficients of 0.82 and 0:97 at 0.9 TeV, respec-tively). The data are described by Eq. (2) with an exponential form for ðQrÞ, as shown by the solid lines in Fig.3and confirmed by the fit probability (p value) in Table I. The fit with a Gaussian form, ðQrÞ ¼ eðQrÞ2, which yields ¼ 0:32 0:01, r ¼ 0:98 0:03 fm, does not correctly describe theRðQÞ distribution, as shown by the dashed lines in Fig. 3 and by a p value of 1021. Gaussian shape fits also proved to offer a poor description of the data in previous measurements [12–14].
Q (GeV) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 R(Q) 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Data MC
Ref.: Opposite hem. same charge = 0.9 TeV s
CMS
FIG. 1. Ratios RðQÞ obtained with the opposite-hemisphere, same-charge reference samples for data (dots) and MC calcu-lations with no BEC effect (crosses).
Although the values of r obtained in the exponential fits cannot be compared directly with results obtained with a Gaussian function, it should be noted for comparison pur-poses that the first moment of the ðQrÞ distribution corresponds to 1=r for an exponential shape and to 1=rpffiffiffiffifor a Gaussian form. The first moments measured at the two energies are consistent within errors with most of the previous measurements [2,3]. Alternative functions, as defined in [13,15,16], also describe the data well with similar p values. In particular, for the Le´vy parametrization ðQrÞ ¼ eðQrÞ, the fitted values are ¼ 0:93 0:11, r ¼ 2:46 0:38 fm, and ¼ 0:76 0:06, with a p value of 12.8%.
The leading source of systematic uncertainty on the measurements arises from the fact that none of the refer-ence samples is expected to give a perfect description of the Q distribution in the absence of BEC, and that none of them can be preferred or discarded a priori. The corre-sponding contribution to the systematic error is computed as the rms spread between the results obtained for the
different samples, i.e., 7% for and 12% for r. The systematic uncertainty related to the Coulomb corrections is computed by propagating the measured 15% agree-ment margin, resulting in 2:8% variation for and 0:8% for r. The presence of a possible bias introduced by the track reconstruction and selection requirements was studied by comparing the results obtained at the generator and reconstruction levels in the MC simulation that incor-porates BEC effects. The differences in the fitted parameter values for the different reference samples are smaller than the statistical errors, and no systematic bias is observed for r. No correction is therefore applied and no additional systematic error is included. For the 2.36 TeV data the same relative systematic uncertainties as for the 0.9 TeV
Q (GeV) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 Double ratio 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 candidates π π candidates π non-π = 0.9 TeV s CMS
FIG. 2. Double ratios RðQÞ for the 0.9 TeV data, using the opposite-hemisphere, same-charge reference samples for combi-nations enriched, using a dE=dx measurement, in pion-pion pairs (dots) and in pion-nonpion pairs (open circles), respec-tively. Q (GeV) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 Double ratio 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 = 2.36 TeV s CMS
Excluded from fit
Double ratio 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 = 0.9 TeV s CMS
Excluded from fit
FIG. 3. Fits to the double ratios RcombðQÞ with exponential (solid lines) and Gaussian (dashed lines) functions, for 0.9 TeV (top panel) and 2.36 TeV (bottom panel) data. The range 0:6 < Q < 0:9 GeV is excluded from the fits.
TABLE I. Results of fits to the double ratiosRðQÞ for several reference samples, using the parametrization of Eq. (2) with the exponential form, for 0.9 TeV data (left) and 2.36 TeV data (right). Errors are statistical only, and quoted as if independent.
Results of fits to 0.9 TeV data Results of fits to 2.36 TeV data Reference sample p value
(%) C r (fm) (103GeV1) p value (%) C r (fm) (103GeV1) Opposite charge 21.9 0:988 0:003 0:56 0:03 1:46 0:06 4 2 57 1:004 0:008 0:53 0:08 1:65 0:23 16 6 Opposite hemisphere same charge 7.3 0:978 0:003 0:63 0:03 1:50 0:06 11 2 42 0:977 0:006 0:68 0:11 1:95 0:24 15 5 Opposite hemisphere opposite charge 11.9 0:975 0:003 0:59 0:03 1:42 0:06 13 2 46 0:969 0:005 0:70 0:11 2:02 0:23 24 5 Rotated 0.02 0:929 0:003 0:68 0:02 1:29 0:04 58 3 42 0:933 0:007 0:61 0:07 1:49 0:15 58 6 Mixed events (random) 1.9 1:014 0:002 0:62 0:04 1:85 0:09 20 2 23 1:041 0:005 0:74 0:15 2:78 0:36 40 4 Mixed events (same multiplicity) 12.2 0:981 0:002 0:66 0:03 1:72 0:06 11 2 35 0:974 0:005 0:63 0:10 2:01 0:23 20 5 Mixed events (same mass) 1.7 0:976 0:002 0:60 0:03 1:59 0:06 14 2 73 0:964 0:005 0:73 0:11 2:18 0:23 28 5 Combined 2.9 0:984 0:002 0:63 0:02 1:59 0:05 8 2 89 0:981 0:005 0:66 0:07 1:99 0:18 13 4
results are used, in view of the reduced size of the sample and the larger statistical uncertainties of the fit results.
The BEC parameters measured with the combined ref-erence sample are ¼ 0:625 0:021ðstatÞ 0:046ðsystÞ and r ¼ 1:59 0:05ðstatÞ 0:19ðsystÞ fm at 0.9 TeV and ¼ 0:663 0:073ðstatÞ 0:048ðsystÞ and r ¼ 1:99 0:18ðstatÞ 0:24ðsystÞ fm at 2.36 TeV.
The possible dependence of the BEC signal on various track and event observables has been studied. A significant dependence of r on the charged-particle multiplicity in the event is observed for all reference samples. Here, the only mixed-event reference sample used is the one constructed by combining charged particles from events in the same multiplicity range. The fit parameters for the combined reference sample are given in Table II and shown in Fig. 4 as a function of the track multiplicity for the 0.9 TeV data. As an example, the results for the opposite-hemisphere, same-charge reference sample are also shown in Fig.4. The systematic errors on and r in each
multi-plicity bin are taken as the rms spread of the results obtained with the various reference samples. Because of the limited sample size of the 2.36 TeV data, only two multiplicity bins are considered, one for multiplicities smaller than 20 tracks, the other for multiplicities between 20 and 60 tracks. The values measured for the parameters with the combined reference samples are ¼ 0:65 0:08 and ¼ 0:85 0:17, and r ¼ 1:19 0:17 fm and r ¼ 2:85 0:38 fm for these two multiplicity bins, where the errors are statistical only. For comparison, the values ob-tained for the same multiplicity bins at 0.9 TeV are ¼ 0:65 0:02 and ¼ 0:63 0:05, and r ¼ 1:25 0:05 fm and r ¼ 2:27 0:12 fm, respectively. These mea-surements are consistent within errors. The dependence of r on multiplicity was already observed in previous mea-surements, as discussed in detail in [3].
In summary, Bose-Einstein correlations have been mea-sured at the LHC by the CMS experiment in pp collisions at 0.9 and 2.36 TeV center-of-mass energies. The main systematic issue affecting BEC measurements was studied through the use of multiple reference samples to extract the signal. We have observed, for all reference samples, that the shape of the signal is not described by a Gaussian function, but rather by exponential or more complex func-tions. An increase of the effective size of the emission region with charged-particle multiplicity, disputed for a long time [3], is now very clearly observed in pp collisions with a single experiment.
We wish to congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC machine. We thank the technical and administra-tive staff at CERN and other CMS institutes, and acknowl-edge support from the following: FMSR (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); Academy of Sciences and NICPB (Estonia); Academy of Finland, ME, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF
(Germany); GSRT (Greece); OTKA and NKTH
(Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); NRF (Korea); LAS (Lithuania);
CINVESTAV, CONACYT, SEP, and UASLP-FAI
(Mexico); PAEC (Pakistan); SCSR (Poland); FCT
TABLE II. Results of the fits to the double ratioRcombfor the combined reference samples, using the parametrization of Eq. (2) with the exponential form, as a function of the charged-particle multiplicity in the event, for 0.9 TeV data. Errors are statistical only, except for and r where statistical (first error) and systematic (second error) uncertainties are given.
Multiplicity range p value (%) C r (fm) (103 GeV1)
2–9 97 0:90 0:01 0:89 0:05 0:20 1:00 0:07 0:05 72 12 10–14 38 0:97 0:01 0:64 0:04 0:09 1:28 0:08 0:09 18 5 15–19 27 0:96 0:01 0:60 0:04 0:10 1:40 0:10 0:05 28 5 20–29 24 0:99 0:01 0:59 0:05 0:17 1:98 0:14 0:45 13 3 30–79 28 1:00 0:01 0:69 0:09 0:17 2:76 0:25 0:44 10 3 charged particles N 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 r (fm) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
3.5 Opposite hem. same charge
λ 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 Combined sample = 0.9 TeV s CMS
FIG. 4. Values of the (top panel) and r (bottom panel) parameters as a function of the charged-particle multiplicity in the event for combined (dots) and opposite-hemisphere, same-charge (open circles) reference samples, at 0.9 TeV. The errors shown are statistical only. The points are placed on the horizon-tal scale at the average of the multiplicity distribution in the corresponding bin.
(Portugal); JINR (Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan); MST and MAE (Russia); MSTDS (Serbia); MICINN and CPAN (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); NSC (Taipei); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); STFC (U.K.); and DOE and NSF (U.S.).
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R. Chierici,32D. Contardo,32P. Depasse,32H. El Mamouni,32J. Fay,32S. Gascon,32B. Ille,32T. Kurca,32 T. Le Grand,32M. Lethuillier,32L. Mirabito,32S. Perries,32V. Sordini,32S. Tosi,32Y. Tschudi,32P. Verdier,32 H. Xiao,32V. Roinishvili,33G. Anagnostou,34M. Edelhoff,34L. Feld,34N. Heracleous,34O. Hindrichs,34R. Jussen,34
K. Klein,34J. Merz,34N. Mohr,34A. Ostapchuk,34A. Perieanu,34F. Raupach,34J. Sammet,34S. Schael,34 D. Sprenger,34H. Weber,34M. Weber,34B. Wittmer,34O. Actis,35M. Ata,35W. Bender,35P. Biallass,35 M. Erdmann,35J. Frangenheim,35T. Hebbeker,35A. Hinzmann,35K. Hoepfner,35C. Hof,35M. Kirsch,35 T. Klimkovich,35P. Kreuzer,35,bD. Lanske,35,aC. Magass,35M. Merschmeyer,35A. Meyer,35P. Papacz,35H. Pieta,35
H. Reithler,35S. A. Schmitz,35L. Sonnenschein,35M. Sowa,35J. Steggemann,35D. Teyssier,35C. Zeidler,35 M. Bontenackels,36M. Davids,36M. Duda,36G. Flu¨gge,36H. Geenen,36M. Giffels,36W. Haj Ahmad,36 D. Heydhausen,36T. Kress,36Y. Kuessel,36A. Linn,36A. Nowack,36L. Perchalla,36O. Pooth,36P. Sauerland,36
A. Stahl,36M. Thomas,36D. Tornier,36M. H. Zoeller,36M. Aldaya Martin,37W. Behrenhoff,37U. Behrens,37 M. Bergholz,37K. Borras,37A. Campbell,37E. Castro,37D. Dammann,37G. Eckerlin,37A. Flossdorf,37G. Flucke,37
A. Geiser,37J. Hauk,37H. Jung,37M. Kasemann,37I. Katkov,37C. Kleinwort,37H. Kluge,37A. Knutsson,37 E. Kuznetsova,37W. Lange,37W. Lohmann,37R. Mankel,37M. Marienfeld,37I.-A. Melzer-Pellmann,37
A. B. Meyer,37J. Mnich,37A. Mussgiller,37J. Olzem,37A. Parenti,37A. Raspereza,37R. Schmidt,37 T. Schoerner-Sadenius,37N. Sen,37M. Stein,37J. Tomaszewska,37D. Volyanskyy,37C. Wissing,37C. Autermann,38
J. Draeger,38D. Eckstein,38H. Enderle,38U. Gebbert,38K. Kaschube,38G. Kaussen,38R. Klanner,38B. Mura,38 S. Naumann-Emme,38F. Nowak,38C. Sander,38H. Schettler,38P. Schleper,38M. Schro¨der,38T. Schum,38 J. Schwandt,38H. Stadie,38G. Steinbru¨ck,38J. Thomsen,38R. Wolf,38J. Bauer,39V. Buege,39A. Cakir,39 T. Chwalek,39D. Daeuwel,39W. De Boer,39A. Dierlamm,39G. Dirkes,39M. Feindt,39J. Gruschke,39C. Hackstein,39
F. Hartmann,39M. Heinrich,39H. Held,39K. H. Hoffmann,39S. Honc,39T. Kuhr,39D. Martschei,39S. Mueller,39 Th. Mu¨ller,39M. Niegel,39O. Oberst,39A. Oehler,39J. Ott,39T. Peiffer,39D. Piparo,39G. Quast,39K. Rabbertz,39
F. Ratnikov,39M. Renz,39A. Sabellek,39C. Saout,39,bA. Scheurer,39P. Schieferdecker,39F.-P. Schilling,39 G. Schott,39H. J. Simonis,39F. M. Stober,39D. Troendle,39J. Wagner-Kuhr,39M. Zeise,39V. Zhukov,39,e E. B. Ziebarth,39G. Daskalakis,40T. Geralis,40A. Kyriakis,40D. Loukas,40I. Manolakos,40A. Markou,40 C. Markou,40C. Mavrommatis,40E. Petrakou,40L. Gouskos,41P. Katsas,41A. Panagiotou,41,bI. Evangelou,42 P. Kokkas,42N. Manthos,42I. Papadopoulos,42V. Patras,42F. A. Triantis,42A. Aranyi,43G. Bencze,43L. Boldizsar,43
G. Debreczeni,43C. Hajdu,43,bD. Horvath,43,fA. Kapusi,43K. Krajczar,43A. Laszlo,43F. Sikler,43 G. Vesztergombi,43N. Beni,44J. Molnar,44J. Palinkas,44Z. Szillasi,44,bV. Veszpremi,44P. Raics,45Z. L. Trocsanyi,45
B. Ujvari,45S. Bansal,46S. B. Beri,46V. Bhatnagar,46M. Jindal,46M. Kaur,46J. M. Kohli,46M. Z. Mehta,46 N. Nishu,46L. K. Saini,46A. Sharma,46R. Sharma,46A. P. Singh,46J. B. Singh,46S. P. Singh,46S. Ahuja,47 S. Bhattacharya,47,gS. Chauhan,47B. C. Choudhary,47P. Gupta,47S. Jain,47S. Jain,47A. Kumar,47K. Ranjan,47
R. K. Shivpuri,47R. K. Choudhury,48D. Dutta,48S. Kailas,48S. K. Kataria,48A. K. Mohanty,48L. M. Pant,48 P. Shukla,48P. Suggisetti,48T. Aziz,49M. Guchait,49,hA. Gurtu,49M. Maity,49D. Majumder,49G. Majumder,49
K. Mazumdar,49G. B. Mohanty,49A. Saha,49K. Sudhakar,49N. Wickramage,49S. Banerjee,50S. Dugad,50 N. K. Mondal,50H. Arfaei,51H. Bakhshiansohi,51A. Fahim,51A. Jafari,51M. Mohammadi Najafabadi,51 S. Paktinat Mehdiabadi,51B. Safarzadeh,51M. Zeinali,51M. Abbrescia,52a,52bL. Barbone,52aA. Colaleo,52a D. Creanza,52a,52cN. De Filippis,52aM. De Palma,52a,52bA. Dimitrov,52aF. Fedele,52aL. Fiore,52aG. Iaselli,52a,52c L. Lusito,52a,52b,bG. Maggi,52a,52cM. Maggi,52aN. Manna,52a,52bB. Marangelli,52a,52bS. My,52a,52cS. Nuzzo,52a,52b
G. A. Pierro,52aA. Pompili,52a,52bG. Pugliese,52a,52cF. Romano,52a,52cG. Roselli,52a,52bG. Selvaggi,52a,52b L. Silvestris,52aR. Trentadue,52aS. Tupputi,52a,52bG. Zito,52aG. Abbiendi,53aA. C. Benvenuti,53aD. Bonacorsi,53a
S. Braibant-Giacomelli,53a,53bP. Capiluppi,53a,53bA. Castro,53a,53bF. R. Cavallo,53aG. Codispoti,53a,53b M. Cuffiani,53a,53bA. Fanfani,53a,53bD. Fasanella,53aP. Giacomelli,53aM. Giunta,53a,bC. Grandi,53aS. Marcellini,53a
G. Masetti,53a,53bA. Montanari,53aF. L. Navarria,53a,53bF. Odorici,53aA. Perrotta,53aA. M. Rossi,53a,53b T. Rovelli,53a,53bG. Siroli,53a,53bR. Travaglini,53a,53bS. Albergo,54a,54bG. Cappello,54a,54bM. Chiorboli,54a,54b
S. Costa,54a,54bA. Tricomi,54a,54bC. Tuve,54aG. Barbagli,55aG. Broccolo,55a,55bV. Ciulli,55a,55bC. Civinini,55a R. D’Alessandro,55a,55bE. Focardi,55a,55bS. Frosali,55a,55bE. Gallo,55aC. Genta,55a,55bP. Lenzi,55a,55b,b M. Meschini,55aS. Paoletti,55aG. Sguazzoni,55aA. Tropiano,55aL. Benussi,56S. Bianco,56S. Colafranceschi,56 F. Fabbri,56D. Piccolo,56P. Fabbricatore,57R. Musenich,57A. Benaglia,58a,58bG. B. Cerati,58a,58b,bF. De Guio,58a,58b
L. Di Matteo,58a,58bA. Ghezzi,58a,58b,bP. Govoni,58a,58bM. Malberti,58a,58b,bS. Malvezzi,58aA. Martelli,58a,58b,c A. Massironi,58a,58bD. Menasce,58aV. Miccio,58a,58bL. Moroni,58aP. Negri,58a,58bM. Paganoni,58a,58bD. Pedrini,58a
S. Ragazzi,58a,58bN. Redaelli,58aS. Sala,58aR. Salerno,58a,58bT. Tabarelli de Fatis,58a,58bV. Tancini,58a,58b S. Taroni,58a,58bS. Buontempo,59aA. Cimmino,59a,59bA. De Cosa,59a,59b,bM. De Gruttola,59a,59b,bF. Fabozzi,59a
A. O. M. Iorio,59aL. Lista,59aP. Noli,59a,59bP. Paolucci,59aP. Azzi,60aN. Bacchetta,60aP. Bellan,60a,60b,b D. Bisello,60a,60bR. Carlin,60a,60bP. Checchia,60aE. Conti,60aM. De Mattia,60a,60bT. Dorigo,60aU. Dosselli,60a F. Gasparini,60a,60bU. Gasparini,60a,60bP. Giubilato,60a,60bA. Gresele,60a,60cS. Lacaprara,60aI. Lazzizzera,60a,60c M. Margoni,60a,60bM. Mazzucato,60aA. T. Meneguzzo,60a,60bM. Nespolo,60aL. Perrozzi,60aN. Pozzobon,60a,60b
P. Ronchese,60a,60bF. Simonetto,60a,60bE. Torassa,60aM. Tosi,60a,60bS. Vanini,60a,60bP. Zotto,60a,60b G. Zumerle,60a,60bP. Baesso,61a,61bU. Berzano,61aC. Riccardi,61a,61bP. Torre,61a,61bP. Vitulo,61a,61bC. Viviani,61a,61b
M. Biasini,62a,62bG. M. Bilei,62aB. Caponeri,62a,62bL. Fano`,62aP. Lariccia,62a,62bA. Lucaroni,62a,62b G. Mantovani,62a,62bM. Menichelli,62aA. Nappi,62a,62bA. Santocchia,62a,62bL. Servoli,62aM. Valdata,62a
R. Volpe,62a,62b,bP. Azzurri,63a,63cG. Bagliesi,63aJ. Bernardini,63a,63b,bT. Boccali,63aR. Castaldi,63a R. T. Dagnolo,63a,63cR. Dell’Orso,63aF. Fiori,63a,63bL. Foa`,63a,63cA. Giassi,63aA. Kraan,63aF. Ligabue,63a,63c T. Lomtadze,63aL. Martini,63aA. Messineo,63a,63bF. Palla,63aF. Palmonari,63aG. Segneri,63aA. T. Serban,63a
P. Spagnolo,63a,bR. Tenchini,63a,bG. Tonelli,63a,63b,bA. Venturi,63aP. G. Verdini,63aL. Barone,64a,64b F. Cavallari,64a,bD. Del Re,64a,64bE. Di Marco,64a,64bM. Diemoz,64aD. Franci,64a,64bM. Grassi,64aE. Longo,64a,64b
G. Organtini,64a,64bA. Palma,64a,64bF. Pandolfi,64a,64bR. Paramatti,64a,bS. Rahatlou,64a,64b,bN. Amapane,65a,65b R. Arcidiacono,65a,65bS. Argiro,65a,65bM. Arneodo,65a,65cC. Biino,65aC. Botta,65a,65bN. Cartiglia,65a R. Castello,65a,65bM. Costa,65a,65bN. Demaria,65aA. Graziano,65a,65bC. Mariotti,65aM. Marone,65a,65bS. Maselli,65a
E. Migliore,65a,65bG. Mila,65a,65bV. Monaco,65a,65bM. Musich,65a,65bM. M. Obertino,65a,65cN. Pastrone,65a M. Pelliccioni,65a,65b,bA. Romero,65a,65bM. Ruspa,65a,65cR. Sacchi,65a,65bA. Solano,65a,65bA. Staiano,65a D. Trocino,65a,65bA. Vilela Pereira,65a,65b,bF. Ambroglini,66a,66bS. Belforte,66aF. Cossutti,66aG. Della Ricca,66a,66b
B. Gobbo,66aD. Montanino,66aA. Penzo,66aS. Chang,67J. Chung,67D. H. Kim,67G. N. Kim,67J. E. Kim,67 D. J. Kong,67H. Park,67D. C. Son,67Zero Kim,68J. Y. Kim,68S. Song,68B. Hong,69H. Kim,69J. H. Kim,69 T. J. Kim,69K. S. Lee,69D. H. Moon,69S. K. Park,69H. B. Rhee,69K. S. Sim,69M. Choi,70S. Kang,70H. Kim,70 C. Park,70I. C. Park,70S. Park,70S. Choi,71Y. Choi,71Y. K. Choi,71J. Goh,71J. Lee,71S. Lee,71H. Seo,71I. Yu,71
M. Janulis,72D. Martisiute,72P. Petrov,72T. Sabonis,72H. Castilla Valdez,73,bE. De La Cruz Burelo,73 R. Lopez-Fernandez,73A. Sa´nchez Herna´ndez,73L. M. Villasen˜or-Cendejas,73S. Carrillo Moreno,74 H. A. Salazar Ibarguen,75E. Casimiro Linares,76A. Morelos Pineda,76M. A. Reyes-Santos,76P. Allfrey,77 D. Krofcheck,77J. Tam,77P. H. Butler,78T. Signal,78J. C. Williams,78M. Ahmad,79I. Ahmed,79M. I. Asghar,79 H. R. Hoorani,79W. A. Khan,79T. Khurshid,79S. Qazi,79M. Cwiok,80W. Dominik,80K. Doroba,80M. Konecki,80
J. Krolikowski,80T. Frueboes,81R. Gokieli,81M. Go´rski,81M. Kazana,81K. Nawrocki,81M. Szleper,81 G. Wrochna,81P. Zalewski,81N. Almeida,82A. David,82P. Faccioli,82P. G. Ferreira Parracho,82M. Gallinaro,82 G. Mini,82P. Musella,82A. Nayak,82L. Raposo,82P. Q. Ribeiro,82J. Seixas,82P. Silva,82D. Soares,82J. Varela,82,b H. K. Wo¨hri,82I. Altsybeev,83I. Belotelov,83P. Bunin,83M. Finger,83M. Finger, Jr.,83I. Golutvin,83A. Kamenev,83 V. Karjavin,83G. Kozlov,83A. Lanev,83P. Moisenz,83V. Palichik,83V. Perelygin,83S. Shmatov,83V. Smirnov,83
A. Volodko,83A. Zarubin,83N. Bondar,84V. Golovtsov,84Y. Ivanov,84V. Kim,84P. Levchenko,84I. Smirnov,84 V. Sulimov,84L. Uvarov,84S. Vavilov,84A. Vorobyev,84Yu. Andreev,85S. Gninenko,85N. Golubev,85M. Kirsanov,85 N. Krasnikov,85V. Matveev,85A. Pashenkov,85A. Toropin,85S. Troitsky,85V. Epshteyn,86V. Gavrilov,86N. Ilina,86
V. Kaftanov,86,aM. Kossov,86,bA. Krokhotin,86S. Kuleshov,86A. Oulianov,86G. Safronov,86S. Semenov,86 I. Shreyber,86V. Stolin,86E. Vlasov,86A. Zhokin,86E. Boos,87M. Dubinin,87,iL. Dudko,87A. Ershov,87 A. Gribushin,87O. Kodolova,87I. Lokhtin,87S. Obraztsov,87S. Petrushanko,87L. Sarycheva,87V. Savrin,87 A. Snigirev,87V. Andreev,88I. Dremin,88M. Kirakosyan,88S. V. Rusakov,88A. Vinogradov,88I. Azhgirey,89
S. Bitioukov,89K. Datsko,89V. Grishin,89,bV. Kachanov,89D. Konstantinov,89V. Krychkine,89V. Petrov,89 R. Ryutin,89S. Slabospitsky,89A. Sobol,89A. Sytine,89L. Tourtchanovitch,89S. Troshin,89N. Tyurin,89 A. Uzunian,89A. Volkov,89P. Adzic,90M. Djordjevic,90D. Krpic,90D. Maletic,90J. Milosevic,90J. Puzovic,90
M. Aguilar-Benitez,91J. Alcaraz Maestre,91P. Arce,91C. Battilana,91E. Calvo,91M. Cepeda,91M. Cerrada,91 M. Chamizo Llatas,91N. Colino,91B. De La Cruz,91C. Diez Pardos,91C. Fernandez Bedoya,91 J. P. Ferna´ndez Ramos,91A. Ferrando,91J. Flix,91M. C. Fouz,91P. Garcia-Abia,91O. Gonzalez Lopez,91 S. Goy Lopez,91J. M. Hernandez,91M. I. Josa,91G. Merino,91J. Puerta Pelayo,91I. Redondo,91L. Romero,91
J. Santaolalla,91C. Willmott,91C. Albajar,92J. F. de Troco´niz,92J. Cuevas,93J. Fernandez Menendez,93 I. Gonzalez Caballero,93L. Lloret Iglesias,93J. M. Vizan Garcia,93I. J. Cabrillo,94A. Calderon,94S. H. Chuang,94 I. Diaz Merino,94C. Diez Gonzalez,94J. Duarte Campderros,94M. Fernandez,94G. Gomez,94J. Gonzalez Sanchez,94
R. Gonzalez Suarez,94C. Jorda,94P. Lobelle Pardo,94A. Lopez Virto,94J. Marco,94R. Marco,94
C. Martinez Rivero,94P. Martinez Ruiz del Arbol,94F. Matorras,94T. Rodrigo,94A. Ruiz Jimeno,94L. Scodellaro,94 M. Sobron Sanudo,94I. Vila,94R. Vilar Cortabitarte,94D. Abbaneo,95E. Auffray,95P. Baillon,95A. H. Ball,95
D. Barney,95F. Beaudette,95,cR. Bellan,95D. Benedetti,95C. Bernet,95,cW. Bialas,95P. Bloch,95A. Bocci,95 S. Bolognesi,95H. Breuker,95G. Brona,95K. Bunkowski,95T. Camporesi,95E. Cano,95A. Cattai,95G. Cerminara,95 T. Christiansen,95J. A. Coarasa Perez,95R. Covarelli,95B. Cure´,95T. Dahms,95A. De Roeck,95A. Elliott-Peisert,95
W. Funk,95A. Gaddi,95S. Gennai,95H. Gerwig,95D. Gigi,95K. Gill,95D. Giordano,95F. Glege,95 R. Gomez-Reino Garrido,95S. Gowdy,95L. Guiducci,95M. Hansen,95C. Hartl,95J. Harvey,95B. Hegner,95 C. Henderson,95H. F. Hoffmann,95A. Honma,95V. Innocente,95P. Janot,95P. Lecoq,95C. Leonidopoulos,95 C. Lourenc¸o,95A. Macpherson,95T. Ma¨ki,95L. Malgeri,95M. Mannelli,95L. Masetti,95G. Mavromanolakis,95
F. Meijers,95S. Mersi,95E. Meschi,95R. Moser,95M. U. Mozer,95M. Mulders,95E. Nesvold,95,bL. Orsini,95 E. Perez,95A. Petrilli,95A. Pfeiffer,95M. Pierini,95M. Pimia¨,95A. Racz,95G. Rolandi,95C. Rovelli,95,jM. Rovere,95
H. Sakulin,95C. Scha¨fer,95C. Schwick,95I. Segoni,95A. Sharma,95P. Siegrist,95M. Simon,95P. Sphicas,95,k D. Spiga,95M. Spiropulu,95,iF. Sto¨ckli,95P. Traczyk,95P. Tropea,95A. Tsirou,95G. I. Veres,95P. Vichoudis,95 M. Voutilainen,95W. D. Zeuner,95W. Bertl,96K. Deiters,96W. Erdmann,96K. Gabathuler,96R. Horisberger,96 Q. Ingram,96H. C. Kaestli,96S. Ko¨nig,96D. Kotlinski,96U. Langenegger,96F. Meier,96D. Renker,96T. Rohe,96 J. Sibille,96,lA. Starodumov,96,mL. Caminada,97,nZ. Chen,97S. Cittolin,97G. Dissertori,97M. Dittmar,97J. Eugster,97
K. Freudenreich,97C. Grab,97A. Herve´,97W. Hintz,97P. Lecomte,97W. Lustermann,97C. Marchica,97,n P. Meridiani,97P. Milenovic,97,oF. Moortgat,97A. Nardulli,97P. Nef,97F. Nessi-Tedaldi,97L. Pape,97F. Pauss,97
T. Punz,97A. Rizzi,97F. J. Ronga,97L. Sala,97A. K. Sanchez,97M.-C. Sawley,97D. Schinzel,97B. Stieger,97 L. Tauscher,97,aA. Thea,97K. Theofilatos,97D. Treille,97M. Weber,97L. Wehrli,97J. Weng,97C. Amsler,98
V. Chiochia,98S. De Visscher,98M. Ivova Rikova,98B. Millan Mejias,98C. Regenfus,98P. Robmann,98 T. Rommerskirchen,98A. Schmidt,98D. Tsirigkas,98L. Wilke,98Y. H. Chang,99K. H. Chen,99W. T. Chen,99A. Go,99
C. M. Kuo,99S. W. Li,99W. Lin,99M. H. Liu,99Y. J. Lu,99J. H. Wu,99S. S. Yu,99P. Bartalini,100P. Chang,100 Y. H. Chang,100Y. W. Chang,100Y. Chao,100K. F. Chen,100W.-S. Hou,100Y. Hsiung,100K. Y. Kao,100Y. J. Lei,100
S. W. Lin,100R.-S. Lu,100J. G. Shiu,100Y. M. Tzeng,100K. Ueno,100C. C. Wang,100M. Wang,100J. T. Wei,100 A. Adiguzel,101A. Ayhan,101M. N. Bakirci,101S. Cerci,101Z. Demir,101C. Dozen,101I. Dumanoglu,101E. Eskut,101
S. Girgis,101G. Go¨kbulut,101Y. Gu¨ler,101E. Gurpinar,101I. Hos,101E. E. Kangal,101T. Karaman,101 A. Kayis Topaksu,101A. Nart,101G. O¨ nengu¨t,101K. Ozdemir,101S. Ozturk,101A. Polato¨z,101O. Sahin,101 O. Sengul,101K. Sogut,101B. Tali,101H. Topakli,101D. Uzun,101L. N. Vergili,101M. Vergili,101C. Zorbilmez,101 I. V. Akin,102T. Aliev,102S. Bilmis,102M. Deniz,102H. Gamsizkan,102A. M. Guler,102K. Ocalan,102A. Ozpineci,102
M. Serin,102R. Sever,102U. E. Surat,102E. Yildirim,102M. Zeyrek,102M. Deliomeroglu,103D. Demir,103 E. Gu¨lmez,103A. Halu,103B. Isildak,103M. Kaya,103O. Kaya,103M. O¨ zbek,103S. Ozkorucuklu,103N. Sonmez,103 L. Levchuk,104P. Bell,105F. Bostock,105J. J. Brooke,105T. L. Cheng,105D. Cussans,105R. Frazier,105J. Goldstein,105
M. Hansen,105G. P. Heath,105H. F. Heath,105C. Hill,105B. Huckvale,105J. Jackson,105L. Kreczko,105 C. K. Mackay,105S. Metson,105D. M. Newbold,105,pK. Nirunpong,105V. J. Smith,105S. Ward,105L. Basso,106 K. W. Bell,106A. Belyaev,106C. Brew,106R. M. Brown,106B. Camanzi,106D. J. A. Cockerill,106J. A. Coughlan,106
K. Harder,106S. Harper,106B. W. Kennedy,106E. Olaiya,106D. Petyt,106B. C. Radburn-Smith,106 C. H. Shepherd-Themistocleous,106I. R. Tomalin,106W. J. Womersley,106S. D. Worm,106R. Bainbridge,107 G. Ball,107J. Ballin,107R. Beuselinck,107O. Buchmuller,107D. Colling,107N. Cripps,107M. Cutajar,107G. Davies,107
M. Della Negra,107C. Foudas,107J. Fulcher,107D. Futyan,107A. Guneratne Bryer,107G. Hall,107Z. Hatherell,107 J. Hays,107G. Iles,107G. Karapostoli,107L. Lyons,107A.-M. Magnan,107J. Marrouche,107R. Nandi,107J. Nash,107
A. Nikitenko,107,mA. Papageorgiou,107M. Pesaresi,107K. Petridis,107M. Pioppi,107,qD. M. Raymond,107 N. Rompotis,107A. Rose,107M. J. Ryan,107C. Seez,107P. Sharp,107A. Sparrow,107M. Stoye,107A. Tapper,107
S. Tourneur,107M. Vazquez Acosta,107T. Virdee,107,bS. Wakefield,107D. Wardrope,107T. Whyntie,107M. Barrett,108 M. Chadwick,108J. E. Cole,108P. R. Hobson,108A. Khan,108P. Kyberd,108D. Leslie,108I. D. Reid,108 L. Teodorescu,108T. Bose,109A. Clough,109A. Heister,109J. St. John,109P. Lawson,109D. Lazic,109J. Rohlf,109 L. Sulak,109J. Andrea,110A. Avetisyan,110S. Bhattacharya,110J. P. Chou,110D. Cutts,110S. Esen,110U. Heintz,110
S. Jabeen,110G. Kukartsev,110G. Landsberg,110M. Narain,110D. Nguyen,110T. Speer,110K. V. Tsang,110 M. A. Borgia,111R. Breedon,111M. Calderon De La Barca Sanchez,111D. Cebra,111M. Chertok,111J. Conway,111
P. T. Cox,111J. Dolen,111R. Erbacher,111E. Friis,111W. Ko,111A. Kopecky,111R. Lander,111H. Liu,111 S. Maruyama,111T. Miceli,111M. Nikolic,111D. Pellett,111J. Robles,111T. Schwarz,111M. Searle,111J. Smith,111
M. Squires,111M. Tripathi,111R. Vasquez Sierra,111C. Veelken,111V. Andreev,112K. Arisaka,112D. Cline,112 R. Cousins,112A. Deisher,112S. Erhan,112,bC. Farrell,112M. Felcini,112J. Hauser,112M. Ignatenko,112C. Jarvis,112
C. Plager,112G. Rakness,112P. Schlein,112,aJ. Tucker,112V. Valuev,112R. Wallny,112J. Babb,113R. Clare,113 J. Ellison,113J. W. Gary,113G. Hanson,113G. Y. Jeng,113S. C. Kao,113F. Liu,113H. Liu,113A. Luthra,113 H. Nguyen,113G. Pasztor,113,rA. Satpathy,113B. C. Shen,113,aR. Stringer,113J. Sturdy,113S. Sumowidagdo,113
R. Wilken,113S. Wimpenny,113W. Andrews,114J. G. Branson,114E. Dusinberre,114D. Evans,114F. Golf,114 A. Holzner,114R. Kelley,114M. Lebourgeois,114J. Letts,114B. Mangano,114J. Muelmenstaedt,114S. Padhi,114 C. Palmer,114G. Petrucciani,114H. Pi,114M. Pieri,114R. Ranieri,114M. Sani,114V. Sharma,114,bS. Simon,114Y. Tu,114
A. Vartak,114F. Wu¨rthwein,114A. Yagil,114D. Barge,115M. Blume,115C. Campagnari,115M. D’Alfonso,115 T. Danielson,115J. Garberson,115J. Incandela,115C. Justus,115P. Kalavase,115S. A. Koay,115D. Kovalskyi,115 V. Krutelyov,115J. Lamb,115S. Lowette,115V. Pavlunin,115F. Rebassoo,115J. Ribnik,115J. Richman,115R. Rossin,115 D. Stuart,115W. To,115J. R. Vlimant,115M. Witherell,115A. Bornheim,116J. Bunn,116M. Gataullin,116D. Kcira,116 V. Litvine,116Y. Ma,116H. B. Newman,116C. Rogan,116K. Shin,116V. Timciuc,116J. Veverka,116R. Wilkinson,116 Y. Yang,116R. Y. Zhu,116B. Akgun,117R. Carroll,117T. Ferguson,117D. W. Jang,117S. Y. Jun,117M. Paulini,117
J. Russ,117N. Terentyev,117H. Vogel,117I. Vorobiev,117J. P. Cumalat,118M. E. Dinardo,118B. R. Drell,118 W. T. Ford,118B. Heyburn,118E. Luiggi Lopez,118U. Nauenberg,118J. G. Smith,118K. Stenson,118K. A. Ulmer,118
S. R. Wagner,118S. L. Zang,118L. Agostino,119J. Alexander,119F. Blekman,119A. Chatterjee,119S. Das,119 N. Eggert,119L. J. Fields,119L. K. Gibbons,119B. Heltsley,119W. Hopkins,119A. Khukhunaishvili,119B. Kreis,119
V. Kuznetsov,119G. Nicolas Kaufman,119J. R. Patterson,119D. Puigh,119D. Riley,119A. Ryd,119X. Shi,119 W. Sun,119W. D. Teo,119J. Thom,119J. Thompson,119J. Vaughan,119Y. Weng,119P. Wittich,119A. Biselli,120
G. Cirino,120D. Winn,120S. Abdullin,121M. Albrow,121J. Anderson,121G. Apollinari,121M. Atac,121 J. A. Bakken,121S. Banerjee,121L. A. T. Bauerdick,121A. Beretvas,121J. Berryhill,121P. C. Bhat,121I. Bloch,121 F. Borcherding,121K. Burkett,121J. N. Butler,121V. Chetluru,121H. W. K. Cheung,121F. Chlebana,121S. Cihangir,121 M. Demarteau,121D. P. Eartly,121V. D. Elvira,121I. Fisk,121J. Freeman,121Y. Gao,121E. Gottschalk,121D. Green,121 O. Gutsche,121A. Hahn,121J. Hanlon,121R. M. Harris,121E. James,121H. Jensen,121M. Johnson,121U. Joshi,121
R. Khatiwada,121B. Kilminster,121B. Klima,121K. Kousouris,121S. Kunori,121S. Kwan,121P. Limon,121 R. Lipton,121J. Lykken,121K. Maeshima,121J. M. Marraffino,121D. Mason,121P. McBride,121T. McCauley,121 T. Miao,121K. Mishra,121S. Mrenna,121Y. Musienko,121,sC. Newman-Holmes,121V. O’Dell,121S. Popescu,121 R. Pordes,121O. Prokofyev,121N. Saoulidou,121E. Sexton-Kennedy,121S. Sharma,121R. P. Smith,121,aA. Soha,121
W. J. Spalding,121L. Spiegel,121P. Tan,121L. Taylor,121S. Tkaczyk,121L. Uplegger,121E. W. Vaandering,121 R. Vidal,121J. Whitmore,121W. Wu,121F. Yumiceva,121J. C. Yun,121D. Acosta,122P. Avery,122D. Bourilkov,122
M. Chen,122G. P. Di Giovanni,122D. Dobur,122A. Drozdetskiy,122R. D. Field,122Y. Fu,122I. K. Furic,122 J. Gartner,122B. Kim,122S. Klimenko,122J. Konigsberg,122A. Korytov,122K. Kotov,122A. Kropivnitskaya,122
T. Kypreos,122K. Matchev,122G. Mitselmakher,122Y. Pakhotin,122J. Piedra Gomez,122C. Prescott,122 R. Remington,122M. Schmitt,122B. Scurlock,122P. Sellers,122D. Wang,122J. Yelton,122M. Zakaria,122C. Ceron,123
V. Gaultney,123L. Kramer,123L. M. Lebolo,123S. Linn,123P. Markowitz,123G. Martinez,123D. Mesa,123 J. L. Rodriguez,123T. Adams,124A. Askew,124J. Chen,124B. Diamond,124S. V. Gleyzer,124J. Haas,124 S. Hagopian,124V. Hagopian,124M. Jenkins,124K. F. Johnson,124H. Prosper,124S. Sekmen,124V. Veeraraghavan,124
M. M. Baarmand,125S. Guragain,125M. Hohlmann,125H. Kalakhety,125H. Mermerkaya,125R. Ralich,125 I. Vodopiyanov,125M. R. Adams,126I. M. Anghel,126L. Apanasevich,126V. E. Bazterra,126R. R. Betts,126 J. Callner,126R. Cavanaugh,126C. Dragoiu,126E. J. Garcia-Solis,126C. E. Gerber,126D. J. Hofman,126 S. Khalatian,126F. Lacroix,126E. Shabalina,126A. Smoron,126D. Strom,126N. Varelas,126U. Akgun,127 E. A. Albayrak,127B. Bilki,127K. Cankocak,127W. Clarida,127F. Duru,127C. K. Lae,127E. McCliment,127
J.-P. Merlo,127A. Mestvirishvili,127A. Moeller,127J. Nachtman,127C. R. Newsom,127E. Norbeck,127J. Olson,127 Y. Onel,127F. Ozok,127S. Sen,127J. Wetzel,127T. Yetkin,127K. Yi,127B. A. Barnett,128B. Blumenfeld,128 A. Bonato,128C. Eskew,128D. Fehling,128G. Giurgiu,128A. V. Gritsan,128Z. J. Guo,128G. Hu,128P. Maksimovic,128
S. Rappoccio,128M. Swartz,128N. V. Tran,128A. Whitbeck,128P. Baringer,129A. Bean,129G. Benelli,129 O. Grachov,129M. Murray,129V. Radicci,129S. Sanders,129J. S. Wood,129V. Zhukova,129D. Bandurin,130 T. Bolton,130I. Chakaberia,130A. Ivanov,130K. Kaadze,130Y. Maravin,130S. Shrestha,130I. Svintradze,130Z. Wan,130
J. Gronberg,131D. Lange,131D. Wright,131D. Baden,132M. Boutemeur,132S. C. Eno,132D. Ferencek,132 N. J. Hadley,132R. G. Kellogg,132M. Kirn,132A. Mignerey,132K. Rossato,132P. Rumerio,132F. Santanastasio,132 A. Skuja,132J. Temple,132M. B. Tonjes,132S. C. Tonwar,132E. Twedt,132B. Alver,133G. Bauer,133J. Bendavid,133
W. Busza,133E. Butz,133I. A. Cali,133M. Chan,133D. D’Enterria,133P. Everaerts,133G. Gomez Ceballos,133 M. Goncharov,133K. A. Hahn,133P. Harris,133Y. Kim,133M. Klute,133Y.-J. Lee,133W. Li,133C. Loizides,133 P. D. Luckey,133T. Ma,133S. Nahn,133C. Paus,133C. Roland,133G. Roland,133M. Rudolph,133G. S. F. Stephans,133 K. Sumorok,133K. Sung,133E. A. Wenger,133B. Wyslouch,133S. Xie,133Y. Yilmaz,133A. S. Yoon,133M. Zanetti,133 P. Cole,134S. I. Cooper,134P. Cushman,134B. Dahmes,134A. De Benedetti,134P. R. Dudero,134G. Franzoni,134
J. Haupt,134K. Klapoetke,134Y. Kubota,134J. Mans,134V. Rekovic,134R. Rusack,134M. Sasseville,134 A. Singovsky,134L. M. Cremaldi,135R. Godang,135R. Kroeger,135L. Perera,135R. Rahmat,135D. A. Sanders,135 P. Sonnek,135D. Summers,135K. Bloom,136S. Bose,136J. Butt,136D. R. Claes,136A. Dominguez,136M. Eads,136 J. Keller,136T. Kelly,136I. Kravchenko,136J. Lazo-Flores,136C. Lundstedt,136H. Malbouisson,136S. Malik,136 G. R. Snow,136U. Baur,137I. Iashvili,137A. Kharchilava,137A. Kumar,137K. Smith,137M. Strang,137J. Zennamo,137 G. Alverson,138E. Barberis,138D. Baumgartel,138O. Boeriu,138S. Reucroft,138J. Swain,138D. Wood,138J. Zhang,138 A. Anastassov,139A. Kubik,139R. A. Ofierzynski,139A. Pozdnyakov,139M. Schmitt,139S. Stoynev,139M. Velasco,139 S. Won,139L. Antonelli,140D. Berry,140M. Hildreth,140C. Jessop,140D. J. Karmgard,140J. Kolb,140T. Kolberg,140
K. Lannon,140S. Lynch,140N. Marinelli,140D. M. Morse,140R. Ruchti,140J. Slaunwhite,140N. Valls,140 J. Warchol,140M. Wayne,140J. Ziegler,140B. Bylsma,141L. S. Durkin,141J. Gu,141P. Killewald,141T. Y. Ling,141
G. Williams,141N. Adam,142E. Berry,142P. Elmer,142D. Gerbaudo,142V. Halyo,142A. Hunt,142J. Jones,142 E. Laird,142D. Lopes Pegna,142D. Marlow,142T. Medvedeva,142M. Mooney,142J. Olsen,142P. Piroue´,142 D. Stickland,142C. Tully,142J. S. Werner,142A. Zuranski,142J. G. Acosta,143X. T. Huang,143A. Lopez,143 H. Mendez,143S. Oliveros,143J. E. Ramirez Vargas,143A. Zatzerklyaniy,143E. Alagoz,144V. E. Barnes,144 G. Bolla,144L. Borrello,144D. Bortoletto,144A. Everett,144A. F. Garfinkel,144Z. Gecse,144L. Gutay,144M. Jones,144
O. Koybasi,144A. T. Laasanen,144N. Leonardo,144C. Liu,144V. Maroussov,144P. Merkel,144D. H. Miller,144 N. Neumeister,144K. Potamianos,144I. Shipsey,144D. Silvers,144H. D. Yoo,144J. Zablocki,144Y. Zheng,144
P. Jindal,145N. Parashar,145V. Cuplov,146K. M. Ecklund,146F. J. M. Geurts,146J. H. Liu,146J. Morales,146 B. P. Padley,146R. Redjimi,146J. Roberts,146B. Betchart,147A. Bodek,147Y. S. Chung,147P. de Barbaro,147 R. Demina,147H. Flacher,147A. Garcia-Bellido,147Y. Gotra,147J. Han,147A. Harel,147D. C. Miner,147D. Orbaker,147 G. Petrillo,147D. Vishnevskiy,147M. Zielinski,147A. Bhatti,148L. Demortier,148K. Goulianos,148K. Hatakeyama,148
G. Lungu,148C. Mesropian,148M. Yan,148O. Atramentov,149Y. Gershtein,149R. Gray,149E. Halkiadakis,149 D. Hidas,149D. Hits,149A. Lath,149K. Rose,149S. Schnetzer,149S. Somalwar,149R. Stone,149S. Thomas,149
G. Cerizza,150M. Hollingsworth,150S. Spanier,150Z. C. Yang,150A. York,150J. Asaadi,151R. Eusebi,151 J. Gilmore,151A. Gurrola,151T. Kamon,151V. Khotilovich,151R. Montalvo,151C. N. Nguyen,151J. Pivarski,151
A. Safonov,151S. Sengupta,151D. Toback,151M. Weinberger,151N. Akchurin,152C. Bardak,152J. Damgov,152 C. Jeong,152K. Kovitanggoon,152S. W. Lee,152P. Mane,152Y. Roh,152A. Sill,152I. Volobouev,152R. Wigmans,152
E. Yazgan,152E. Appelt,153E. Brownson,153D. Engh,153C. Florez,153W. Gabella,153W. Johns,153P. Kurt,153 C. Maguire,153A. Melo,153P. Sheldon,153J. Velkovska,153M. W. Arenton,154M. Balazs,154M. Buehler,154 S. Conetti,154B. Cox,154R. Hirosky,154A. Ledovskoy,154C. Neu,154R. Yohay,154S. Gollapinni,155K. Gunthoti,155
R. Harr,155P. E. Karchin,155M. Mattson,155C. Milste`ne,155A. Sakharov,155M. Anderson,156M. Bachtis,156 J. N. Bellinger,156D. Carlsmith,156S. Dasu,156S. Dutta,156J. Efron,156L. Gray,156K. S. Grogg,156M. Grothe,156
M. Herndon,156P. Klabbers,156J. Klukas,156A. Lanaro,156C. Lazaridis,156J. Leonard,156D. Lomidze,156 R. Loveless,156A. Mohapatra,156G. Polese,156D. Reeder,156A. Savin,156W. H. Smith,156
J. Swanson,156and M. Weinberg156
1Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, Armenia 2Institut fu¨r Hochenergiephysik der OeAW, Wien, Austria 3National Centre for Particle and High Energy Physics, Minsk, Belarus
4Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerpen, Belgium 5Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium 6Universite´ Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
7Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
8Universite´ Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium 9
Universite´ de Mons, Mons, Belgium
10Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 11Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 12Instituto de Fisica Teorica, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil
13Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Sofia, Bulgaria 14University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
15Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, China
16State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China 17Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, Colombia
18Technical University of Split, Split, Croatia 19University of Split, Split, Croatia 20Institute Rudjer Boskovic, Zagreb, Croatia
21University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
22Academy of Scientific Research and Technology of the Arab Republic of Egypt, Egyptian Network of High Energy Physics, Cairo, Egypt
23National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia 24
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland 25Helsinki Institute of Physics, Helsinki, Finland
26Lappeenranta University of Technology, Lappeenranta, Finland
27Laboratoire d’Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules, IN2P3-CNRS, Annecy-le-Vieux, France 28DSM/IRFU, CEA/Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
29Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique, IN2P3-CNRS, Palaiseau, France
30Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Universite´ de Strasbourg, Universite´ de Haute Alsace Mulhouse, CNRS/IN2P3, Strasbourg, France
31Centre de Calcul de l’Institut National de Physique Nucleaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), Villeurbanne, France 32Universite´ de Lyon, Universite´ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS-IN2P3, Institut de Physique Nucle´aire de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
33E. Andronikashvili Institute of Physics, Academy of Science, Tbilisi, Georgia 34RWTH Aachen University, I. Physikalisches Institut, Aachen, Germany 35RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany 36RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut B, Aachen, Germany
37Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany 38University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany 39Institut fu¨r Experimentelle Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany 40Institute of Nuclear Physics ‘‘Demokritos,’’ Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
41University of Athens, Athens, Greece 42University of Ioa´nnina, Ioa´nnina, Greece
43KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Budapest, Hungary 44Institute of Nuclear Research ATOMKI, Debrecen, Hungary
45University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary 46
Panjab University, Chandigarh, India 47University of Delhi, Delhi, India 48Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India 49Tata Institute of Fundamental Research–EHEP, Mumbai, India 50Tata Institute of Fundamental Research–HECR, Mumbai, India 51Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics & Mathematics (IPM), Tehran, Iran
52aINFN Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy 52bUniversita` di Bari, Bari, Italy 52cPolitecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy 53a
INFN Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy 53bUniversita` di Bologna, Bologna, Italy 54aINFN Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
54bUniversita` di Catania, Catania, Italy 55aINFN Sezione di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
55bUniversita` di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
56INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy 57INFN Sezione di Genova, Genova, Italy 58aINFN Sezione di Milano-Biccoca, Milano, Italy
58bUniversita` di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy 59aINFN Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy 59bUniversita` di Napoli ‘‘Federico II,’’ Napoli, Italy
60aINFN Sezione di Padova, Padova, Italy 60b
IUniversita` di Padova, Padova, Italy 60cUniversita` di Trento (Trento), Padova, Italy
61aINFN Sezione di Pavia, Pavia, Italy 61bUniversita` di Pavia, Pavia, Italy 62aINFN Sezione di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
62bUniversita` di Perugia, Perugia, Italy 63aINFN Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
63bUniversita` di Pisa, Pisa, Italy 63cScuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
64aINFN Sezione di Roma, Roma, Italy 64bUniversita` di Roma ‘‘La Sapienza,’’, Roma, Italy
65aINFN Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy 65bUniversita` di Torino, Torino, Italy
65cUniversita` del Piemonte Orientale (Novara), Torino, Italy 66aINFN Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
66bUniversita` di Trieste, Trieste, Italy 67
Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
68Chonnam National University, Institute for Universe and Elementary Particles, Kwangju, Korea 69Korea University, Seoul, Korea
70University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea 71Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
72Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
73Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico 74Universidad Iberoamericana, Mexico City, Mexico
75Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico 76Universidad Auto´noma de San Luis Potosı´, San Luis Potosı´, Mexico
77University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand 78University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
79National Centre for Physics, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan 80Institute of Experimental Physics, Warsaw, Poland
81Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, Poland
82Laborato´rio de Instrumentac¸a˜o e Fı´sica Experimental de Partı´culas, Lisboa, Portugal 83Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia
84Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina (St. Petersburg), Russia 85Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow, Russia
86Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, Russia 87Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
88P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, Russia
89State Research Center of Russian Federation, Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russia 90
Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia
91Centro de Investigaciones Energe´ticas Medioambientales y Tecnolo´gicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain 92Universidad Auto´noma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
93Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
94Instituto de Fı´sica de Cantabria (IFCA), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain 95CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
96Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
97Institute for Particle Physics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland 98Universita¨t Zu¨rich, Zurich, Switzerland
99
National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan 100National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan
101Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
102Physics Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey 103Department of Physics, Bogazic¸i University, Istanbul, Turkey
104National Scientific Center, Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology, Kharkov, Ukraine 105University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
106Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom 107Imperial College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
108Brunel University, Uxbridge, United Kingdom 109Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA 110Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA 111University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA 112
University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA 113University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA 114University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA 115University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
116California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA 117Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA 118University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
119Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-5001, USA 120Fairfield University, Fairfield, Connecticut 06824, USA
121Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510-0500, USA 122University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8440, USA 123Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA 124Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4350, USA 125Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, USA 126University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois 60607-7059, USA
127The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1479, USA 128
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA 129The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA 130Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
131Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94720, USA 132University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA 133Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
134University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA 135University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA 136University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0111, USA 137State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-1500, USA
138Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA 139Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3112, USA
140University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA 141The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA 142Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544-0708, USA
143University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00680 144Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1396, USA
145Purdue University Calumet, Hammond, Indiana 46323, USA 146Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, USA 147University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627-0171, USA 148The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021-6399, USA
149Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8019, USA 150University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1200, USA
151
Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4242, USA 152Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1051, USA
153Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA 154University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA
155Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA 156University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA aDeceased.
bAlso at CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland.
cAlso at Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique, IN2P3-CNRS, Palaiseau, France. d
Also at Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, Poland. eAlso at Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
fAlso at Institute of Nuclear Research ATOMKI, Debrecen, Hungary. gAlso at University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
hAlso at Tata Institute of Fundamental Research–HECR, Mumbai, India. iAlso at California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
jAlso at INFN Sezione di Roma, Universita` di Roma ‘‘La Sapienza,’’ Roma, Italy. kAlso at University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
lAlso at The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
mAlso at Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, Russia. nAlso at Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland.
oAlso at Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia. pAlso at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom. qAlso at INFN Sezione di Perugia, Universita` di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
rAlso at KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Budapest, Hungary. sAlso at Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow, Russia.
