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Physics
Letters
B
www.elsevier.com/locate/physletb
Centrality
and
pseudorapidity
dependence
of
the
charged-particle
multiplicity
density
in
Xe–Xe
collisions
at
√
s
NN
=
5
.
44 TeV
.
ALICE
Collaboration
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
i
n
f
o
a
b
s
t
r
a
c
t
Articlehistory:
Received24May2018
Receivedinrevisedform23November2018 Accepted21December2018
Availableonline28December2018 Editor:L.Rolandi
InthisLetter,theALICECollaborationpresentsthefirstmeasurementsofthecharged-particlemultiplicity density,dNch/dη,and totalcharged-particle multiplicity, Ntotch,inXe–Xe collisions atacentre-of-mass
energypernucleon–nucleonpairof√sNN=5.44 TeV.The measurementsareperformedasafunction
of collision centralityover awide pseudorapidity range of−3.5<
η
<5. The values ofdNch/dη atmid-rapidityandNtot
ch forcentralcollisions,normalisedtothenumberofnucleonsparticipatinginthe
collision(Npart)asafunctionof√sNN followthetrendsestablishedinpreviousheavy-ionmeasurements.
The samequantitiesare alsofoundtoincreaseas afunctionofNpart,and uptothe 5%mostcentral
collisionsthetrendsarethesameastheonesobservedinPb–Pb atasimilarenergy.Formorecentral collisions, the Xe–Xe scaled multiplicities exceed those in Pb–Pb fora similar Npart. The results are
compared to phenomenological models and theoretical calculations based on different mechanisms for particleproduction innuclear collisions.Allconsidered models describethe data reasonably well within 15%.
©2018PublishedbyElsevierB.V.ThisisanopenaccessarticleundertheCCBYlicense (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).FundedbySCOAP3.
1. Introduction
Aplasma ofstrongly interacting quarksand gluonsis formed in the hot and dense nuclear matter created in ultra-relativistic heavy-ioncollisions [1,2].Themultiplicityofchargedparticles pro-duced in the collisions is a key observable to characterise the propertiesofthe mattercreatedinthesecollisions,astheoverall particleproductionis relatedto theinitial energydensity.Nuclei are extended objects and the degree of geometrical overlap be-tween them in the collision, expressed in terms of the impact parameter (b), varies. Since b is not directly measurable, an ex-perimentalproxyofcentralityis usedtocharacterise theamount ofnuclearoverlapinthecollisions.Typicalfeatures relatedtothe collisioncentralityarethenumberofnucleonsparticipatinginthe collision, Npart, andthenumber ofbinary nucleon–nucleon
colli-sions,Ncoll,amongtheparticipantnucleons.Collisionsofnucleiof
differentsizes leadtodifferent Npart and Ncoll forsimilarrelative
nuclearoverlap.The studyofthe productionof chargedparticles withdifferent collision systems andat various collision energies canhelp shed light on the role ofthe initial energydensity and theproductionmechanismoffinal-stateparticles.
Previous measurements of the system-size dependence of the charged-particle pseudorapidity density(dNch
/
dη
) wereper-formedatRHIC,comparingAu–AuandCu–Cucollisions atvarious
E-mailaddress:alice-publications@cern.ch.
centre-of-massenergies [3].TheALICE,ATLASandCMS Collabora-tions at the LHC have previously reported on dNch
/
dη
inPb–Pbcollisions at
√
sNN=
2.
76 TeV [4–7] and 5.02 TeV [8,9]. Thede-pendenceofthecharged-particle densityaveragedatmid-rapidity (
|
η
|
<
0.
5) dNch/
dη
over the centre-of-mass energy shows asteeper increase in central heavy-ion collisions than in proton– proton (pp) and proton–nucleus (pA) collisions. The values of
dNch/
dη
, normalised by the number of nucleon pairspartici-patinginthecollision,increasefasterthanlinearlywithNpart.No
significantdifferencesbetweentheshapesoftheNpartdependence
forthedifferentcollisionenergieswereobserved.
In this Letter, the ALICECollaboration presents the first mea-surementoftheproductionofcharged,primaryparticlesinXe–Xe collisionsat
√
sNN=
5.
44 TeV.ThesizeoftheXe–Xe systemisin-termediatebetweenpreviouslystudiedsystemsattheLHC,Pb–Pb [4,5,8,9] being the largestand p–Pb andpp [10,11] the smallest. Thecharged-particle pseudorapidity densityispresentedover the interval
−
3.
5<
η
<
5 andasafunctionofthecollisioncentrality. The mid-rapidity valuesnormalised by thenumber of participat-ing nucleon–nucleon pairs arealso reported.The results are also comparedwithmeasurementsatlowercollisionenergiesandwith theoreticalcalculations.2. Experimentalsetup
ThedatawererecordedwiththeALICEapparatusin6hoursof stabledata-takingwith129Xebeams(16bunchesperbeam)
collid-https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2018.12.048
ingat
√
sNN=
5.
44 TeV in October2017. Thedatawere collectedwithareducedmagneticfieldof0.2 T(ascomparedtothe nomi-nalvalueof0.5 T)intheALICEsolenoidmagnet.Theperformance anda detaileddescriptionofALICEcan be foundelsewhere [12]. Inthefollowing,thedetectorelementsrelevanttothisanalysisare brieflydescribed.
Theinnermost partofthetrackingsystemofALICEis the Sil-icon Pixel Detector (SPD) [13] which consists of two cylindrical layersofhybridsiliconpixelassemblies.Theinner andouter SPD layers are placed at radii of3.9 and7.6 cm fromthe interaction point and cover
|
η
|
<
2 and|
η
|
<
1.
4, respectively. The Forward MultiplicityDetector(FMD) [14,15] consistsofthreesetsofsilicon strip sensors,coveringthe pseudorapidities−
3.
5<
η
<
−
1.
8 and 1.
8<
η
<
5. The FMD records the energy deposited by charged particles impinging the detector.The V0detector [15,16] is used fortriggering andcentrality classification.It consists oftwo sub-detectors, V0-A and V0-C, covering the pseudorapidity regions 2.
8<
η
<
5.
1 and−
3.
7<
η
<
−
1.
7, respectively. The V0 has a timing resolutionbetter than 1 ns,allowing its fastsignalsto be combinedin a programmable logic toreject beam-induced back-groundevents while ensuring maximumefficiency forthe selec-tionofcollisionevents.TheZero-Degree Calorimeters(ZDCs) [17] are located at a distance of 112.5 m from the interaction point alongthebeamline,oneithersideoftheexperiment.They mea-suretheenergyofspectator(non-interacting)nucleons.TheZDCs are alsoused fortriggering andprovide timing informationused toselectcollisionsoccurringintheinteractionpointregion.3. Datasampleandanalysismethod
ThehadronicinteractionrateinALICEwasabout150(80) Hzat thebeginning(end)ofthedata-taking.Themagneticfieldof0.2 T, reduced ascompared to normal Pb–Pb settings (0.5 T) increases the acceptance forlow-momentum particles, thus enhancing the acceptanceoftheV0systemforelectromagnetic(EM)interactions, which constitutea background forthis analysis. Inorder to sup-pressthissourceofcontamination, theminimumbiasinteraction trigger required a signal in each of the V0 sub-detectors in co-incidencewith a signal ineach ofthe two neutron ZDCs.It was verified by means ofa set ofcontrol triggers that such a trigger is fullyefficient forhadronicinteractions in the 0–90% centrality range.Inaddition,beam-backgroundinteractionsareremoved us-ingtheV0andtheZDCtiminginformation.The interaction prob-ability per bunch-crossing was sufficiently small that the chance oftwohadronicinteractionsoccurringwithintheintegrationtime ofthe involved detectors,so-calledpileup events,was negligible. A totalofabout1millionhadroniccollisionsareusedinthis anal-ysis.
The classification of collisions into centrality classes uses the sumoftheamplitudesofthesignalsintheV0-A andV0-C detec-tors.Amodel ofparticleproduction,basedona Glauber descrip-tion [18,19], is fitted to the V0 amplitude distribution [20]. The numberof particles inthe V0detector iscalculated witha two-componentmodelforthenumberofsourcesgivenby
Nsources
=
f×
Npart+ (
1−
f)
×
Ncoll,
(1)where f constrains the relative contributions of Npart and Ncoll,
coupled to a particle production model foreach source parame-terisedbythenegativebinomialdistribution(NBD).IntheGlauber calculation,thenucleardensityfor129XeisdescribedbyaWoods– Saxondistributionforadeformednucleus
ρ
(
r, ϑ)
=
ρ
01
1
+
expr−Ra(ϑ ).
(2)
Theparameter
ρ
0 isthenucleondensity,whichprovidestheover-allnormalisation.Thenuclearskinthicknessisa
=
0.
59±
0.
07 fm [21]. The nuclear radius R is parametrised as a function of the polar angleϑ
by R(ϑ)
=
R0[
1+ β
2Y20(ϑ)
]
, where R0 is theav-erage radius andthe Legendre polynomial Y20 describes the
nu-cleus deformation foran axially symmetric casewith no depen-dence on the azimuthal angle. For the average radius we used
R0
=
5.
4±
0.
1 fm, scaling the results for 132Xe reported in [21]bytheatomicmassnumber(A)dependenceoftheradius,namely
(
129/
132)
1/3 [19].Thedeformationparameterβ
2=
0.
18±
0.
02 isobtainedby linearlyinterpolatingthe valuesmeasured fortheXe A-evenisotopesfrom124to136 [22].IntheGlaubermodel calcu-lation,theorientation ofthespheroid symmetryaxisisrandomly sampled. For
√
sNN=
5.
44 TeV collisions, an inelastic nucleon–nucleon cross section of 68
.
4±
0.
5 mb, obtained by logarithmic interpolation of cross section measurements with respect to col-lision energies inpp collisions [23], isused. TheNBD-Glauber fit provides a gooddescription oftheobserved V0amplitude in the region corresponding to the top 90% of the hadronic cross sec-tion,wheretheeffectsoftriggerinefficiencyandcontaminationby EM processesare negligible.The averagenumbers ofparticipants NpartreportedinTable1areestimatedfromtheGlaubermodelimposing thesame cutsappliedto the dataonthe simulatedV0 response. One should note that the centrality selection based on theV0amplitudeinduces abiasonthemeasured
dNch/
dη
.Thisleadstoa
dNch/
dη
inthe70–80%(80–90%)centralityclassabout3% (10%)lower thanthevalueonewouldobtainwithacentrality selectionbasedontheimpactparameter.
For all the collisions in the 0–90% centrality range the co-ordinates of the primary interaction point can be reconstructed withgoodaccuracybycorrelatinghitsinthetwo SPDlayers. The measurement ofthe charged-particle multiplicity densityat mid-rapidityusesinformationfromtheSPD.TheacceptanceoftheSPD for charged particles spans different pseudorapidity regions de-pending on the positionof the interactionpoint along the beam line, z.Forexample,forcollisions withthe vertexlocated within
|
z| <
7 cm a maximum acceptance of|
η
| <
1.
5 can be reached, with approximately constant acceptance for|
η
| <
0.
5. To extend thepseudorapiditycoverageupto|
η
| <
2,allcollisionswitha pri-maryvertexlocatedwithin|
z| <
20 cm havebeenconsidered.Following the method developed earlier [4,5,8,9,24], tracklets (short track segments) are formed using the position ofthe pri-mary vertex and all possible combinations of hits between the two SPD layers. The primary charged-particle multiplicity den-sity dNch
/
dη
isobtained fromthe numberof tracklets that passthe quality selection criteria, after correcting for detector accep-tance,reconstruction andselectionefficiencies andcontamination from combinatorial background and secondary charged particles. This selection allows primary charged-particle detection down to a momentum of 30 MeV/c. The corrections are estimated using a detailedsimulation basedonevents generatedwiththe HIJING eventgenerator[25] withparticletransportinALICEperformedby GEANT3 [26]. Thedecayproducts oflong-liveddecaying particles like K0S,
,
¯
and other strange hadrons are classified as sec-ondaryparticles[27] andthecontaminationfromtheseparticlesis subtracted fromdata.Itisknownthat HIJINGunderestimates the relativeproductionrateofstrange particlesinhigh-energy heavy-ioncollisions. Forthisreason, thesimulationhasbeenreweighed toreproducetherelativeparticleabundancesobservedinthedata which are about30% (50%) higher than HIJING inthe most cen-tral (peripheral) collisions. The reweighing factors have been de-rivedfroman estimateofK0S,
and
¯
relativeproductioninthedata,obtainedviainvariant massreconstructionandcomparedto HIJING.
Table 1
ThedNch/dηandNtotch valuesfordifferentcentralityclasses,definedbyV0multiplicity.Theerrorsaretotaluncertainties,thestatisticalcontributionbeingnegligible.The
valuesofNpartobtainedwiththeGlaubermodelarealsoreported.TheerrorsareobtainedbyvaryingtheparametersoftheNBD-Glaubercalculation.
Centrality Npart dNch/dη Npart2 dNch/dη N
tot ch 2 NpartN tot ch 0–1% 246±2 1302±17 10.6±0.2 14700±300 119.5±2.6 1–2% 241±2 1223±25 10.1±0.2 13840±250 114.9±2.3 2–3% 236±3 1166±23 9.88±0.23 13250±280 112.3±2.8 3–4% 231±2 1113±20 9.64±0.19 12700±290 110.0±2.7 4–5% 225±3 1069±20 9.50±0.22 12180±260 108.3±2.7 0–2.5% 242±2 1238±25 10.2±0.2 14100±320 116.5±2.8 2.5–5.0% 229±2 1096±27 9.57±0.25 12440±280 108.6±2.6 5.0–7.5% 214±3 986±25 9.21±0.27 11230±330 105.0±3.4 7.5–10% 199±2 891±24 8.95±0.26 10300±300 103.5±3.2 0–5% 236±2 1167±26 9.89±0.24 13230±280 112.1±2.6 5–10% 207±3 939±24 9.07±0.27 10820±280 105.0±3.1 10–20% 165±3 706±17 8.56±0.26 8200±310 99.4±4.2 20–30% 118±4 478±11 8.10±0.33 5670±300 96.1±6.0 30–40% 82.2±3.9 315±8 7.66±0.41 3770±270 91.7±7.9 40–50% 54.6±3.6 198±5 7.25±0.51 2460±220 90.1±10 50–60% 34.1±3.0 118±3 6.92±0.63 1480±170 86.8±13 60–70% 19.7±2.1 64.7±2.0 6.57±0.73 828±44 84.1±10 70–80% 10.5±1.1 32.0±1.3 6.10±0.68 437±16 83.2±9.2 80–90% 5.13±0.46 13.3±0.9 5.19±0.58 181±7.0 70.6±6.9
The deposited energy signal in the FMD is used to measure thecharged-particlepseudorapiditydensityintheforwardregions (
−
3.
5<
η
<
−
1.
8 and 1.
8<
η
<
5), following the method de-scribedelsewhere [5].Theenergylossismeasuredinthe51,200 Si stripsensors ofthedetectoranda statisticalapproachis usedto calculatethe inclusivenumberofchargedparticles.Adata-driven correctionderivedfrompreviousstudies [24] correctsforthe back-groundofsecondaryparticles,whichareabundant intheforward regions.4. Systematicuncertainties
The systematicuncertainties on
Npart are obtainedbyvary-ing the parameters of the Glauber model independently within their estimated uncertainties and repeating the NBD-Glauber fit. The uncertaintydue to the centrality determination isestimated bychangingthevalueofV0amplitudethatcorrespondstothetop 90% ofthehadroniccrosssectionby
±
0.
5%.Thisresultsinan un-certaintyon dNch/
dη
of0.1% to4.8%fromcentral toperipheralcollisions.An additional 4% uncertaintyassignedto the most pe-ripheralclass,arising fromtheremaining contaminationfromEM processes,wasestimatedbystudyingtheenergydepositioninthe ZDCs [28].
Forthetrackletanalysisatmid-rapiditytherelativesystematic uncertaintyonthemeasurementofthecharged-particle multiplic-ityinperipheral(central)eventsarisesfromthefollowingsources: tracklet selection 0.1% (0.8%), calculated by varying the tracklet qualitycut up to4 timesthenominalvalue;combinatorial back-ground subtraction 0.5% (2.0%), estimated from simulations and cross-checked using an alternative method where artificial SPD clustersare addedto the data andthe numberof corresponding artificialreconstructedtracklets are usedforbackground subtrac-tion;particle composition 0.2%(0.2%),estimated bychanging the relative abundances ofprotons, pions andkaons by
±
30% inthe simulation;contamination by weak decays0.3% (0.3%),estimated by changing thereweighting factors; extrapolation to zero trans-versemomentum 0.6% (0.6%),obtained fromthe variation ofthe estimatedyieldofparticlesatlowtransversemomentumbya fac-toroftwointhesimulation;variationsindetectoracceptanceand efficiency1% (1%),evaluated by carrying out theanalysisfor dif-ferentslices of the z-position of theinteraction vertexandwith subsamples in azimuth. At forward rapidities, the uncertaintiesFig. 1. Charged-particlepseudorapiditydensityfor12centralityclassesoverabroad
ηrangeinXe–Xe collisionsat √sNN=5.44 TeV.Boxesaroundthe pointsreflect
thetotalsystematicuncertainties,whilethefilledsquaresontherightreflectthe normalisationuncertaintyfromthecentralitydetermination.Statisticalerrorsare negligible.Thereflection(opencircles)ofthe3.5<η<5 valuesaroundη=0 is alsoshown.Thelinescorrespondtofitstoagaussiandistributioninrapidity mul-tipliedbyaneffectiveJacobianoftransformationfromηtoy.
relatedtothemeasurement ofmultiplicity arisefromthe follow-ingsources:thedata-drivencorrection forsecondary particles [9] 6.1%; themerging algorithms ofsignalsfromSi stripstoa single particle 1%;variationin rejectionthresholdfor calculationof the charged-particle multiplicity per event +−1%2%; particle composition 2%,estimatedinthesamewayasinthetrackletanalysis.
Thesystematicuncertaintiesfromcentralityselectionand elec-tromagnetic interactions affect the overall normalisation of the results. The total systematic uncertainty, obtained by adding in quadrature all contributions,amounts to 6.4% (2%) forperipheral (central) in
|
η
|
<
2, to6.9% forη
>
3.
5 andto 6.4%elsewhere in theforwardregion,andispartiallycorrelatedoverη
andbetween differentcentralityclasses.5. Results
Fig.1 presentsthe charged-particle multiplicity densitydNch
/
d
η
as a function of pseudorapidity for 12 centrality classes.The measurement is obtained from the SPD at mid-rapidity, FMD in forward-rapidities, and combined in regions of overlap (1.
8<
|
η
|
<
2) betweenthetwo detectors bytakingthe weightedaver-age using the non-shared uncertainties asweights. The data are symmetrisedaround
η
=
0,averaging positiveandnegativeη
re-sultswherever possible,andextendedintothe non-measured re-gion−
5<
η
<
−
3.
5 by reflecting the 3.
5<
η
<
5 valuesaroundη
=
0.Averagedvalues(leftandright)agreewithinthe uncertain-ties. Assumingthatthe charged-particlerapidity densitydNch/
d yhasGaussian shapeandusinganeffectiveJacobian,themeasured dNch
/
dη
is fitted withthisansatz anda width ofσ
=
4.
4±
0.
1isfound, consistentwiththe value obtainedinPb–Pb at
√
sNN=
5
.
02 TeV [9].The multiplicity density averaged over
|
η
|
<
0.
5 in different centrality classes is shownin Table 1. The total charged-particle multiplicity Ntotch is determined from the data in the measured regionandfromextrapolations,up toη
= ±
ybeam,intheunmea-suredregion.Threedifferentfunctionsareusedtoextrapolatethe datapoints:thedifferenceoftwoGaussiandistributionscentredat
η
=
0;aWoods–Saxon-likedistributioninrapidityasproposedby PHOBOS [29];andatrapezoidalform.Thetrapezoidansatz inthe forwardunmeasuredregionscorrespondstoalinearextrapolation uptoη
= ±
ybeamwiththestartingpointconstrainedbythemea-surements.AGaussiandNch
/
d y inrapidityresultsinadistributionin pseudorapidity which is very similar to the difference of two Gaussianscentred at
η
=
0. Thecentral value inthe unmeasured regions(−
8.
6<
η
<
−
3.
5 and5<
η
<
8.
6)istakenastheaverage betweenthetrapezoidalfunction(whichgivesthelowestNtotch)and
theGaussian dNch
/
d y (which givesthehighest Ntotch).Thecontri-butionfromthe extrapolatedregionislessthan 30%of Ntot ch.The
systematicuncertaintyoftheextrapolatedNtotch iscalculatedasthe quadraticsumofcontributionsfromthesystematicuncertaintyof the data and a conservative contribution obtained by comparing the results fromthe different fit functions. It amounts to about 14% (4%)of Ntot
ch inperipheral(central) events.Inorderto
com-parebulkparticleproductionatdifferentenergiesandindifferent collisionsystems,theaveragecharged-particle multiplicitydensity
dNch/
dη
at mid-rapidity is divided by the average number ofparticipatingnucleonpairs,
Npart/2. Thisallowsone to comparenuclear collisions to pp andpp collisions. The
Npart valuesarecalculatedwithintheGlaubermodel.
Fig.2(top) showsthemid-rapidity charged-particle multiplic-itynormalisedbythenumberofnucleonpairsparticipatinginthe collision, N2
part
dNch/
dη
,inpp, pp,¯
p(d)A andincentral heavy-ioncollisionsasafunctionofthecentre-of-massenergy.Thelines representfitstolowerenergyresults.TheXe–Xe resultisin agree-ment within the uncertainties with the trend established from previousheavy-ionmeasurements,whichshowsastrongerriseas a function of√
sNN than for pp andp–Pb collisions. Fig. 2(bot-tom)showsthetotal charged-particle multiplicity per participant nucleonpair N2
partN
tot
ch,whichfollowsthetrendforcentral
heavy-ioncollisions.
Fig.3showsthecentralitydependenceofthemid-rapidityand the total multiplicities per participant nucleon pairs. The point-to-pointcentrality-dependent uncertainties areindicated by error bars whereas the shaded bands show the correlated uncertain-ties. The valuesof N2
part
dNch/
dη
and2
NpartN
tot
ch decrease by a
factor 2from the mostcentral to the mostperipheral collisions, where they agree with the values measured in minimum bias pp and p–Pb collisions [10,11]. The data are compared to lower energy results at
√
sNN=
200 GeV [3] for the RHIC experiment,√
sNN
=
2.
76 TeV [4,5] and√
sNN=
5.
02 TeV [8,9] forPb–Pbcolli-sionswherethelatterhasbeenre-analysedwiththesameanalysis techniqueinnarrowercentralityclasses,scaledtomatchtheXe–Xe dataat
√
sNN=
5.
44 TeV. The scalingfactors arecalculatedusingthefitfunction ofFig.2 forthetop5% central collisions.Forthe 5% most central Xe–Xeand forthe 2% mostcentral Pb–Pb
colli-Fig. 2. Valuesof Npart2 dNch/dη(top)and
2 NpartN
tot
ch (bottom)forthe 5%most
centralXe–Xe collisionscomparedtopreviousmeasurementsinPb–Pb [4,6–9,30] and Au–Au [3,31–34] asafunctionof√sNN,aswellasfor inelasticpp,pp [10,
35,36] andnon-singlediffractivepAanddAcollisions[11,37].Thelinesarepower lawfitstothedata,excludingXe–Xe results.ThecentralPb–Pb measurementsfrom CMSandATLASat2.76 TeVhavebeenshiftedhorizontallyforclarity.
sions, the N2
part
dNch/
dη
increasessteeply. A similar conclusion wasalsoreachedfortheRHICdata[3]:theCu–Cutrendresembles that ofAu–Au uptothemostcentralcollisionsandrisesabove it for the mostcentral collisions. The RHIC dataare alsoshown in Fig. 3 anda deviationfrom theLHC data for Npart<
100 isvis-ible, although withlargeuncertainties. The steeper risemight be duetomultiplicityfluctuationsinthetailoftheXe–XeV0 ampli-tude distribution [22]. Thefluctuationsoccurboth inthenumber ofcollisionsoverparticipantsandinthenumberofcharged parti-clesoverparticipants.Theriseisquantitativelyreproducedbythe NBD-Glauber fit.The total numberofcharged particles scaledby thenumberofparticipantpairsshowsaslightincreaseasa func-tion ofthe numberof participants in Fig. 3 (bottom),similar to thatofthemidrapidityresults,albeitwithlargerexperimental un-certainties.Fig.4showstheXe–XeandPb–Pbresultsasafunction of a differentscaling variable
(
Npart−
2)/(
2 A)
,where A is theatomic mass number of the colliding nucleus. The figure shows that N2
part
dNch/
dη
and2
NpartN
tot
ch have a similar dependence
on the numberof participants relative tothe possible maximum numberofparticipants,whichindicatesastrongerdependenceon geometricpropertiesofthecollisionzonethanonthecollision sys-temsizes.
The study of the centrality dependence of particle multiplic-ity for different collision systems provides a variable number of nucleon–nucleon collisions at equal number of participating nu-cleons and therefore may provide further information to clarify the measured deviation from Npart scaling. The scaling of the
charged-particle multiplicity by the number of participant nu-cleons was studied in detail and a deviation from Npart-scaling
was observed at RHIC energies [3,30,38–40]. The deviation from
in-Fig. 3. The Npart2 dNch/dη(top)and
2 NpartN
tot
ch (bottom)forXe–Xe collisionsat
√
sNN=5.44 TeV as a functionofNpart. Theerror barsindicatethe
point-to-pointcentrality-dependentuncertaintieswhereastheshadedbandshowsthe cor-relatedcontributions. Alsoshowninthefigureistheresultfrominelasticppat
√
s=5.02 TeV aswellasnon-singlediffractivep–Pb collisions [11] andPb–Pb col-lisionsat √sNN=5.02 TeV [8,9].NotethatPb–Pb dataat√sNN=5.02 TeV were
re-analysedinnarrowercentrality classes.Data from lowerenergiesat √sNN=
2.76 TeV [4,5] and200 GeV[3] areshownforcomparison.
crease in hard processes in central collisions, but no conclusive evidencewasfoundtosupportthisinterpretation.Fig.5compares
2
Npart
dNch/
dη
inXe–Xe collisionsat√
sNN
=
5.
44 TeV withdif-ferent parameterisations for particle production. Specifically, we used the two-component model in Eq. (1) and two power-law functions
dNch/
dη
∝
Nαpart anddNch/
dη
∝
Nβcoll.The functionswere fitted to the Pb–Pb data at
√
sNN=
5.
02 TeV [8]. For theXe–Xe dataonlytheabsolutenormalisationwasadjusted.The val-uesofthe parameters are alsoconsistent withthose obtainedat SPSandRHICenergies[30,41].Whilenouniquephysicsconclusion canbe drawnfromsuch fits,thissuggeststhatgeometrical argu-mentsmaybe sufficientto provideagood descriptionofparticle productionacrossdifferentcollidingsystemsandbeamenergies.
Describing particle production in relativistic heavy-ion colli-sionsasasuperpositionofemissionfromathermalcoreandhard scatteringsinacorona [42],onecanclassifytheparticipating nu-cleonsinto those that scatter only once (Ncorona
part ) and those that
scatter multiple times (Npartcore). The multiplicity can then be fit-ted with the sum of those contributions,
dNch/
dη
ppNpartcorona+
dNch/
dη
coreNcorepart, where dNch/
dη
pp is the multiplicitymea-suredininelasticpp collisions [10] and
dNch/
dη
core isthecon-tributiontothecharged-particle multiplicity fromthecoreofthe fireball,whichisfittedtothedata.Fig.5alsoshows
dNch/
dη
perparticipantquark Nq-partcalculatedwithaGlaubermodelusing
ef-fectivewoundedconstituentquarks [44][43],asafunctionofNpart,
aswasdoneforPb–Pb collisionsat
√
sNN=
5.
02 TeV [45] thathavebeenre-analysed innarrowercentralityclasses.Inthe implemen-tationofthequark-Glaubermodelthepartonicdegreesoffreedom (3 or 5) are located around the nucleon centres [43]. The
effec-Fig. 4. The Npart2 dNch/dη(top)and
2 NpartN
tot
ch (bottom)forXe–Xe collisionsat
√
sNN=5.44 TeV asafunctionof(Npart−2)/(2 A).
Fig. 5. The 2
NpartdNch/dηfor Xe–Xe collisionsat
√s
NN=5.44 TeV andPb–Pb
collisionsat√sNN=5.02 TeV [8],asafunctionofNpart.ThePb–Pb dataare
fit-tedwithvariousparameterisationsofNpartand Ncoll,calculatedwiththeGlauber
model.Thesamefunctions,withthevaluesoftheparametersfromthePb–Pbfit, areusedfortheXe–Xe data.AlsoshownisdNch/dηperparticipantquark,Nq-part,
calculatedwiththeeffectivewoundedconstituentquarksmodel [43],asafunction ofNpart.ThenumberofparticipantquarksNq-part isnormalisedbytheaverage
numberofparticipantquarksinppcollisions,μ.
tive inelastic scattering cross section for collisions of constituent quarks is set to 20.38 mb and9.76 mb, for Nq
=
3 and Nq=
5,respectively, adjusted toreproduce the 68.4 mb nucleon–nucleon inelasticcrosssectionat5.44 TeV. Nq-part hasbeendividedbythe
Fig. 6. The 2
NpartdNch/dηforXe–Xe collisionsat
√s
NN=5.44 TeV asafunction
ofNpartcomparedtomodelpredictions[46,47,49–65].Thebottompanelshows
theratioofthemodelstothedata.Theshadedbandaroundthepointsreflectsthe correlatedsystematicuncertainties.
Nq
=
3 (Nq=
5).ComparingthebehaviourofdNch/
dη
intermsofthedependenceonthenumberofnucleonorquarkparticipants in the collision, one concludes that Nq-part scaling describesthe
data better than Npart scaling as previously observed [40,45]
ex-ceptthe 0–10%centralityrangeinXe–Xecollisionswherea clear scalingviolationisobserved.
Fig. 6 shows a comparison of the Xe–Xe data to calculations fromtheoretical models at mid-rapidity. HIJING 2.1 [46,47] com-bines perturbative QCD processes with soft interactions, and in-cludes a strong impact parameter dependence of parton shad-owing [48]. For Xe–Xe data at
√
sNN=
5.
44 TeV it uses a largegluon shadowing parameter of 0.28to limit the multiplicity per participant. With this choice, the same as in Pb–Pb collisions at
√
sNN
=
5.
02 TeV, the multiplicities at mid-rapidity andthecen-tralitydependence inthe most central collisions are reproduced. AMPT [50,51] is amodelwhich implementshydrodynamical evo-lution of an initial state produced by HIJING. It includes spatial coalescence of quarks to hadrons, followed by hadronic scatter-ing.AMPT describesboth theshapeandtheoverall magnitudeof themid-rapiditydata.PYTHIA/Angantyr [52] extendsthenucleon– nucleonmodelofPYTHIA8.230 [53] tothecaseofheavy-ion colli-sions,essentiallyperformingindividualnucleon–nucleoncollisions atthepartonlevel,whiletheresultingLund-stringsarehadronised as an ensemble. It is interesting to note that this model agrees reasonably well with the data even though it was developed as an extension of a generator fornucleon–nucleon collisions. EPOS LHC [49] is a parton model based on the Gribov–Regge theory, designedforminimumbias hadronicinteractions,which incorpo-rates collective effects treatedvia a flow parameterisation and a separationoftheinitialstate intocore-coronaparts.Theshapeof thecentrality dependenceis reproduced fairly well at intermedi-ate centralities, however, the model underestimates the absolute valuesof the multiplicity,as was the casein Pb–Pb collisions at
√
sNN
=
5.
02 TeV [8]. The Dukeglobal calibratedmodel is basedon a Bayesian Statistics analysis using TRENTo initial conditions for high-energy nuclear collisions [66,67]. The subsequent trans-portdynamicsisthensimulatedusingtheiEBE-VISHNU event-by-event simulations for relativistic heavy-ion collisions which uses ahybridapproachbasedon(2
+
1)-dimensionalviscous hydrody-namicscoupledtoahadroniccascademodel [68].TheDukeglobal calibratedmodelcanreproducetheshapeofthemid-rapidity dis-tribution,butoverestimatesslightlytheoverallmagnitude.Saturation-inspired models (rcBK-MC [54,55], KLN [56–59], ASW[60],IP-Glasma[61,62] andEKRT[63–65])relyon perturba-tive QCD andan energy-dependent saturationscale, whichlimits thenumberofproducedpartons,andinturnthenumberof pro-duced particles. This results in a factorisation of the energyand centralitydependenceofparticleproductionor,inother words,in theinvarianceofthecentralitygrowth,asobservedinthe experi-mentaldata [69].ThercBK-MCmodellimitsthecentralitygrowth using the rc-BK equation. It provides a good description of the mid-rapidity data, both of the shape and the highest multiplic-ityreachedincentralcollisions.TheASWpredictionoverestimates thedata,whileitwas veryaccurateinPb–Pb at
√
sNN=
5.
02 TeV.The KLN model doesnot describe the shape well and, although it agrees with the value measured for most central collisions, it is significantly above the centrality dependence of the data. The IP-Glasma model naturally produces initial energy fluctua-tions computed within the Color Glass Condensate framework combining an impact parameter dependent saturation model. It uses a gluon multiplicity scaled todescribe hadron multiplicities measured in Pb–Pb collisions at
√
sNN=
5.
02 TeV [8]. Thecen-tralitydependenceis strongerthanthat observed inmid-rapidity data over(under)-predicting the datain central (peripheral) colli-sions. The EKRT model forheavy-ion collisions uses perturbative QCD with a conjecture of gluon saturation to suppress soft par-tonproduction.Thesaturationscaleisalsodependentonthelocal productofthicknessfunctions,implyingageometricalscaling.The space–time evolution of the system is then described with vis-cous fluid dynamics event-by-event. The normalisation is fixed by exploitingthe 0–5%most centralmultiplicity measurement in Pb–Pb collisions at
√
sNN=
2.
76 TeV [70]. As forPb–Pb collisionsat
√
sNN=
5.
02 TeV,theEKRTmodelcan describeboththeshapeandtheoverallmagnitudeofmultiplicityoncentrality.Ingeneral, almost all models reproduce the steep rise versus
Npart whileEPOS-LHC,ASWandKLNshowasaturationbehaviour.The predic-tionsshowasimilartrendasforthePb–Pbcase [8] andaltogether aflatterdistributionwithrespecttodata.
In Fig. 7, the models are compared to the pseudorapidity dependence of the dNch
/
dη
for the top 5% central collisions.HIJING 2.1 reproduces the pseudorapidity dependence at mid-rapidity well, butoverestimatesthe dataatforwardrapidity,due to the large value of the shadowing parameter used. AMPT and PYTHIA/Angantyrdescribe thedatafairlywell, witha slight over-estimate at forward rapidities. EPOS LHC reproduces the shape well, but under-predicts the multiplicity overall. The rcBK-MC is restrictedto
|
η
|
<
2.
5 sinceitsformalism canonlybeusedfor ra-pidities far from the fragmentation regions. It shows a narrower distributionthanwhatisseenindata.KLNagreeswiththedataat mid-rapidity, butnot atforwardrapidity,whereitunder-predicts thedata.ForIP-Glasmatherapiditydependenceisprovidedbythe IP-Sat model [71] andit isconverted to pseudorapidity usingan effectivemassof0.2 GeV/c2.The shapeis widerthanthat ofthe data.Regardingthecaseofthepseudorapiditydependenceallthe models showsimilar trendsasforPb–Pb collisions [9] except HI-JING2.1whichdescribestheXe–Xemeasurementsbetterthanthe Pb–Pbdata.Fig. 7. ComparisonofdNch/dηasafunctionofηinthe0–5%centralclasstomodel
predictions.The bottompanelshowsthe ratioofthemodelstothe data.Boxes aroundthepointsreflectthetotaluncorrelatedsystematicuncertainties.
6. Conclusions
The measurements of the charged-particle multiplicity den-sityandits centrality dependencein Xe–Xe collisionsat
√
sNN=
5
.
44 TeV have been presented over the pseudorapidity range−
3.
5<
η
<
5 usingthe fullacceptanceofthe ALICEdetector. For the5% mostcentral collisions, theaveragecharged-particle pseu-dorapiditydensityatmid-rapidity(|
η
|
<
0.
5)is1167±
26 andthe total number ofcharged particles is 13230±
280.Scaled by the numberof participant pairs, theseare found to followthe same power-lawdependencewithenergyestablishedinprevious heavy-ionmeasurements.The centrality dependences of N2
part
dNch/
dη
and2
NpartN
tot ch
arevery similartothose previouslymeasured inPb–Pb collisions atsimilarorlowerenergiesup tothe5%mostcentralXe–Xe col-lisions,wheretheXe–Xe resultsare largerthanthePb–Pb results ata similarnumberofparticipatingnucleons.Similar conclusions were drawn atRHIC fromthe comparisonof thedata forCu–Cu andAu–Aucollisions [72].Thesteeperrisemightbedueto multi-plicityfluctuationsinthetailoftheXe–XeV0amplitude.
While measurements of particle production in large and medium-sizedcollidingsystemssuch asXe–Xe areabundant and becomeevenmoreprecise,theunderlyingmechanismtodescribe theincrease withenergyandcentralityisstill notcompletely un-derstood.Deeperinsightofthesystemsizedependenceofparticle productionmaycomefromthestudyoflight-nucleicollisions,still notmuchexploredathighenergy,whichcouldbridgethegap be-tween the trends observed in pp andpA collisions andthose of themid-sizedXe–Xe andthelargePb–Pb systems.
Acknowledgements
TheALICECollaborationwouldliketothankN.Armesto, W.-T. Deng, A. Dumitru, K. Eskola, G. Levin, L. Lonnblad, S. Moreland,
H. Niemi,T.PierogandB.Schenkeforhelpfuldiscussionsontheir modelpredictions.
The ALICE Collaboration would like to thank all its engineers andtechniciansfortheir invaluablecontributions tothe construc-tionoftheexperimentandtheCERNacceleratorteamsforthe out-standingperformanceoftheLHCcomplex.TheALICECollaboration gratefully acknowledges the resources and support provided by all Gridcentres andtheWorldwide LHC ComputingGrid (WLCG) collaboration. The ALICE Collaboration acknowledges the follow-ingfundingagenciesfortheirsupportinbuildingandrunningthe ALICEdetector:A.I. AlikhanyanNationalScienceLaboratory (Yere-vanPhysicsInstitute) Foundation (ANSL),StateCommittee of Sci-enceandWorldFederationofScientists(WFS), Armenia;Austrian AcademyofSciencesandNationalstiftungfürForschung, Technolo-gie und Entwicklung, Austria; Ministry of Communications and High Technologies, National Nuclear Research Center, Azerbaijan; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Fi-nanciadora de Estudos e Projetos (Finep) and Fundação de Am-paroàPesquisa doEstadode SãoPaulo (FAPESP),Brazil; Ministry of Science & Technology of China (MSTC), National Natural Sci-ence Foundation of China (NSFC) and Ministry of Education of China (MOEC), China; Ministry of Science and Education, Croa-tia;MinistryofEducation,YouthandSportsoftheCzechRepublic, CzechRepublic;TheDanishCouncilforIndependentResearch Nat-ural Sciences, the CarlsbergFoundation and Danish National Re-search Foundation (DNRF), Denmark; HelsinkiInstitute of Physics (HIP),Finland;Commissariatàl’EnergieAtomique(CEA)and Insti-tut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3) andCentre Nationalde la Recherche Scientifique(CNRS), France; Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie (BMBF) and GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schw-erionenforschung GmbH, Germany; General Secretariat for Re-search andTechnology, Ministryof Education,Research and Reli-gions,Greece;NationalResearch,DevelopmentandInnovation Of-fice,Hungary;DepartmentofAtomicEnergy, GovernmentofIndia (DAE),DepartmentofScienceandTechnology,GovernmentofIndia (DST), University Grants Commission,Government ofIndia (UGC) andCouncilofScientific andIndustrialResearch(CSIR),India; In-donesian Institute of Science, Indonesia; Centro Fermi – Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi and Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy; Institute for Innovative Science and Technology, Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science (IIST), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHIandJapaneseMinistryofEducation,Culture, Sports, Sci-enceandTechnology (MEXT), Japan;Consejo Nacional de Ciencia (CONACYT) y Tecnología, through Fondo de Cooperación Interna-cional enCienciay Tecnología(FONCICYT)andDirección General deAsuntosdelPersonalAcademico(DGAPA),Mexico;Nederlandse OrganisatievoorWetenschappelijkOnderzoek(NWO),Netherlands; TheResearchCouncilofNorway,Norway;CommissiononScience andTechnology forSustainable Developmentin theSouth (COM-SATS),Pakistan;PontificiaUniversidadCatólicadelPerú,Peru; Min-istry ofScience and Higher Education andNational Science Cen-tre, Poland; Korea Institute of Science and Technology Informa-tion and National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), Republic ofKorea;MinistryofEducationandScientificResearch,Instituteof Atomic Physicsand Romanian NationalAgency forScience, Tech-nology and Innovation, Romania; Joint Institute for Nuclear Re-search (JINR), Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian FederationandNationalResearchCentre KurchatovInstitute, Rus-sia; Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic, Slovakia; NationalResearch Foundation of South Africa,South Africa;Centrode AplicacionesTecnológicasy Desar-rollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Cubaenergía, Cuba and Centro de
Inves-tigacionesEnergéticas,MedioambientalesyTecnológicas(CIEMAT), Spain;SwedishResearchCouncil(VR)andKnut&AliceWallenberg Foundation(KAW),Sweden;EuropeanOrganizationforNuclear Re-search,Switzerland;NationalScienceandTechnologyDevelopment Agency(NSDTA),SuranareeUniversityofTechnology(SUT)and Of-fice of the Higher Education Commission under NRU project of Thailand,Thailand;TurkishAtomicEnergyAgency(TAEK),Turkey; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine; Science and TechnologyFacilitiesCouncil(STFC),UnitedKingdom;National Sci-enceFoundationoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica(NSF)andUnited StatesDepartmentof Energy,Office ofNuclear Physics (DOE NP), UnitedStatesofAmerica.
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ALICECollaboration