ȺȾɆɂɇɂɋɌɊȺɐɂə ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ɈȻɅȺɋɌɂ ȺɄȺȾȿɆɂə ȼɈȿɇɇɈ-ɂɋɌɈɊɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ɇȺɍɄ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ
ɂɋɌɈɊɂə ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼɕ:
ɉɊɈȻɅȿɆɕ ɂ ɉȿɊɋɉȿɄɌɂȼɕ
ɂɋɋɅȿȾɈȼȺɇɂə ɂ ɋɈɏɊȺɇȿɇɂə ɉȺɆəɌɂ
ɋȻɈɊɇɂɄ ɇȺɍɑɇɕɏ ɋɌȺɌȿɃ Ʉɭɪɫɤ, 14-15 ɦɚɹ 2018 ɝɨɞɚ Ʉɭɪɫɤ-2018 ɍȾɄ 94(470)"20/21" ȻȻɄ 63.3(2)622,12ɹ431 ɂ 90 Ɋɟɞɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɹ: ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ Ʉɭɪɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɢɦ. ɇ.ɇ. Ⱥɫɟɟɜɚ Ƚ.ȼ. ȼɟɬɪɨɜɚ; ɞɨɤɬ. ɢɫɬ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɘɝɨ-Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ȼ.ȼ. Ʉɨɪɨɜɢɧ (ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ); ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ Ʉɭɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɧɨ-ɝɨ ɤɪɚɟɜɟɞɱɟɫɤɨɨɛɥɚɫɬɧɨ-ɝɨ ɦɭɡɟɹ ɂ.ȼ. Ʌɨɬɚɲɨɜɚ; ɱɥɟɧ-ɤɨɪɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬ Ⱥȼɂɇ, ɤɚɧɞ. ɢɫɬ. ɧɚɭɤ Ⱥ.ɇ. Ɇɚɧɠɨɫɨɜ; ɱɥɟɧ-ɤɨɪɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬ Ⱥȼɂɇ, ɤɚɧɞ. ɢɫɬ. ɧɚɭɤ Ʌ.ɋ. ɏɨɥɬɨɛɢɧɚ. ɂ 90 ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ Ʉɭɪɫɤɨɣ ɛɢɬɜɵ: ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ: ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɚ-ɭɱɧɨ-ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɣ 75-ɥɟɬɢɸ ɩɨɛɟɞɵ ɜ Ʉɭɪɫɤɨɣ ɛɢɬɜɟ, 14-15 ɦɚɹ 2018 ɝ., ɝ. Ʉɭɪɫɤ / ɪɟɞ. ɤɨɥ.: ȼ. ȼ. Ʉɨɪɨɜɢɧ (ɝɥ. ɪɟɞ.) [ɢ ɞɪ.]. – Ʉɭɪɫɤ: ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɫɤɚɹ ɤɧɢɝɚ, 2018. – 380 ɫ. ISBN 978-5-907049-24-6 ȼ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɵ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɩɪɢɧɹɜɲɢɯ ɭɱɚ-ɫɬɢɟ ɜ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ «ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ Ʉɭɪɫɤɨɣ ɛɢɬɜɵ: ɩɪɨ-ɛɥɟɦɵ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ», ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɣ 75-ɥɟɬɢɸ ɩɨɛɟɞɵ ɜ Ʉɭɪɫɤɨɣ ɛɢɬɜɟ. ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɦɟɦɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɟ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬɚɦ, ɩɪɟɩɨ-ɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɢ ɜɫɟɦ, ɤɬɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɩɚɬɪɢɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ. ɋɬɚɬɶɢ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɢ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ: Ʉɭɪɫɤɢɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɪɚɟɜɟɞɱɟ-ɫɤɢɣ ɦɭɡɟɣ; Ʉɭɪɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɧɚɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɚɹ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ ɢɦ. ɇ.ɇ. Ⱥɫɟɟɜɚ; ɎȽȻɈɍ ȼɈ «ɘɝɨ-Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɵɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ»; ɆȻɍȾɈ «Ⱦɜɨɪɟɰ ɩɢɨɧɟ-ɪɨɜ ɢ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ Ʉɭɪɫɤɚ»; ɎȽȻɍɄ «Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɨɟɧɧɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɭɡɟɣ-ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ "ɉɪɨɯɨɪɨɜɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ"» ISBN 978-5-907049-24-6 ɍȾɄ 94(470)"20/21" ȻȻɄ 63.3(2)622,12ɹ431 ©Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ, 2018ɈȽɅȺȼɅȿɇɂȿ ɊȺɁȾȿɅ 1. ɂɋɌɈɊɂə ɂ ɁɇȺɑȿɇɂȿ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼɕ ȼ ɈɐȿɇɄȿ ɋɈȼɊȿɆȿɇɇɕɏ ɂɋɋɅȿȾɈȼȺɌȿɅȿɃ ... 7 Ⱥɳɟɭɥɨɜ Ɉ.ȿ. ɂɋɌɈɊɂə ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂə ȽȼȺɊȾȿɃɋɄɂɏ ɆɂɇɈɆȿɌɇɕɏ ɑȺɋɌȿɃ ȼ 1941-1943 ȽɈȾȺɏɂ ɂɏ ɍɑȺɋɌɂȿ ȼ ɈȻɈɊɈɇɂɌȿɅɖɇɕɏȻɈəɏ ȼɈɊɈɇȿɀɋɄɈȽɈ ɎɊɈɇɌȺ ȼ ɏɈȾȿ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼɕ ... 7 Ȼɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ Ɉ.ɋ. ɂɋɌɊȿȻɂɌȿɅɖɇɈ-ɉɊɈɌɂȼɈɌȺɇɄɈȼɕȿ ȺɊɌɂɅɅȿɊɂɃɋɄɂȿ ȻɊɂȽȺȾɕ ȼ ȻɈəɏ ɇȺ ɋȿȼȿɊɇɈɆ ɎȺɋȿ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȾɍȽɂ ... 13 Ⱦɠɭɫɬɢ Ɇ.-Ɍ. ɈɌ ɄɍɊɋɄȺ ȾɈ ɆɂɎȺ ɋɈȼȿɌɋɄɈȽɈ ɋɈɘɁȺ. ɁɇȺɑȿɇɂȿ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼɕ ȾɅə ɂɌȺɅɖəɇɋɄɈɃ ȼɇɍɌɊȿɇɇȿɃ ɉɈɅɂɌɂɄɂ ... 18 Ⱦɭɞɢɧɚ ɇ.ɇ. ȺɗɊɈȾɊɈɆɇɈ-ɌȿɏɇɂɑȿɋɄɈȿ ɈȻȿɋɉȿɑȿɇɂȿ 2-Ƀ ȼɈɁȾɍɒɇɈɃ ȺɊɆɂɂ ȼȿɋɇɈɃ – ɅȿɌɈɆ 1943 ȽɈȾȺ ɇȺ ɌȿɊɊɂɌɈɊɂɂ ɉɊɈɏɈɊɈȼɋɄɈȽɈ ɊȺɃɈɇȺ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ɈȻɅȺɋɌɂ... 24 Ⱦɶɹɤɨɜɚ ȿ.ȼ. ɏɈȾ ɏȺɊɖɄɈȼɋɄɈɃ ɇȺɋɌɍɉȺɌȿɅɖɇɈɃ ɈɉȿɊȺɐɂɂ ɇȺ ȼɈɋɌɈɄȿ ɂ ɘȽɈ-ȼɈɋɌɈɄȿ ɈȻɅȺɋɌɂ ... 29 Ɂɚɦɭɥɢɧ ȼ.ɇ. ɈɋɇɈȼɇɕȿ ɇȺɉɊȺȼɅȿɇɂə ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂə ɈɌȿɑȿɋɌȼȿɇɇɈɃ ɂɋɌɈɊɂɈȽɊȺɎɂɂ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼɕ (1957-1970 ɝɝ.) ... 36 Ɂɚɦɭɥɢɧ ȼ.ȼ.Ʉ ȼɈɉɊɈɋɍ Ɉ ɉɊɈɌɂȼɈɊȿɑɂȼɈɋɌɂ ȼ ɉɈɋɌȺɇɈȼɄȿ ȻɈȿȼɕɏ ɁȺȾȺɑ ȼɈɃɋɄȺɆ ȼɈɊɈɇȿɀɋɄɈȽɈ ɂ ɋɌȿɉɇɈȽɈ ɎɊɈɇɌɈȼ ȼ ɏɈȾȿ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼɕ ... 47 ɂɡɨɧɨɜ ȼ.ȼ. Ʉ ȼɈɉɊɈɋɍ Ɉ ɋɈɁȾȺɇɂɂ ȽɊɍɉɉɂɊɈȼɄɂ ɂ ɉɈɋɌɊɈȿɇɂɂ ɋɂɋɌȿɆɕ ɈȽɇə ȺɊɌɂɅɅȿɊɂɂ ȼ ɈȻɈɊɈɇɂɌȿɅɖɇɈɃ ɈɉȿɊȺɐɂɂ 13-Ƀ ȺɊɆɂɂ ȼ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼȿ (5–6 ɂɘɅə 1943 ɝ.) ... 54 ɂɫɚɟɜ Ⱥ.ȼ. ɈȻɈɊɈɌɇȺə ɋɌɈɊɈɇȺ ɉɊȿȾɇȺɆȿɊȿɇɇɈɃ ɈȻɈɊɈɇɕ: ɄɊɈɆɋɄɈ-ȾɆɂɌɊɈȼɋɄȺə ɈɉȿɊȺɐɂə ɐȿɇɌɊȺɅɖɇɈȽɈ ɎɊɈɇɌȺ ... 60 Ʉɨɡɥɨɜ ɇ.Ⱦ. ȽȿɇȿɊȺɅɕ ɂ ɈɎɂɐȿɊɕ ȼȿɊɆȺɏɌȺ Ɉ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼȿ ... 70 Ʉɨɪɲɭɧɨɜ ɗ.Ʌ. «ȼȿɋɌɇɂɄ ɌȺɇɄɈȼɈɃ ɉɊɈɆɕɒɅȿɇɇɈɋɌɂ», ɊɈɀȾȿɇɇɕɃ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼɈɃ ... 74 Ɇɚɥɵɲɟɜɚ ȿ.Ɇ. ɇȺ ɉɍɌɂ Ʉ ɉɈȻȿȾȿ: ɈɐȿɇɄȺ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼɕ ɑȿɊȿɁ 75 ɅȿɌ .... 87 Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɱɢɧ ȼ.ȼ. Ɉ ȾȿəɌȿɅɖɇɈɋɌɂ ɈɄɄɍɉȺɐɂɈɇɇɕɏ ɋɌɊɍɄɌɍɊ ɂ ɋɉȿɐɋɅɍɀȻ ȼ ɉȿɊɂɈȾ ɉɈȾȽɈɌɈȼɄɂ ɂ ɉɊɈȼȿȾȿɇɂə ɇȺɋɌɍɉȺɌȿɅɖɇɈɃ ɈɉȿɊȺɐɂɂ «ɐɂɌȺȾȿɅɖ» ɇȺ ɋȿȼȿɊɇɈɆ ɎȺɋȿ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȾɍȽɂ ... 92 Ɇɢɲɤɢɧɚ Ɉ.ɋ. «ɄȺɀȾɕɃ ȼɈɁȼɊȺɓȿɇɇɕɃ ȼ ɋɌɊɈɃ ȼɈɂɇ – ɗɌɈ ɇȺɒȺ ɉɈȻȿȾȺ. ɗɌɈ ɉɈȻȿȾȺ ɋɈȼȿɌɋɄɈɃ ȼɈȿɇɇɈ-ɆȿȾɂɐɂɇɋɄɈɃ ɇȺɍɄɂ …» ... 97 ɉɚɪɚɦɨɧɨɜ Ⱥ.Ɏ. ɄɍɊɋɄȺə ȻɂɌȼȺ – ɎɂɇȺɅ ... 104 ɉɟɧɫɤɨɣ ȼ.ȼ. ɈɌ ɋɌɊȺɌȿȽɂɂ ɋɈɄɊɍɒȿɇɂə Ʉ ɋɌɊȺɌȿȽɂɂ ɂɋɌɈɓȿɇɂə: ȽȿɊɆȺɇɋɄɈȿ ȼɈȿɇɇɈȿ ɉɅȺɇɂɊɈȼȺɇɂȿ ȼȿɋɇɈɃ 1943 ȽɈȾȺ ... 110 Ɍɚɪɚɫɨɜ ɋ.Ⱥ. ȼɈȿɇɇɈ-ȼɈɁȾɍɒɇɕȿ ɋɂɅɕ ɄɊȺɋɇɈɃ ȺɊɆɂɂ ȼ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼȿ: ɇȺ ɉɊɂɆȿɊȿ ȾȿəɌȿɅɖɇɈɋɌɂ 279-ɣ ɂɋɌɊȿȻɂɌȿɅɖɇɈɃ ȺȼɂȺɐɂɈɇɇɈɃ ȾɂȼɂɁɂɂ ... 118 Ɍɺɩɩɟɥɶ Ɋ. ɇȺɋɌɍɉɅȿɇɂȿ ɇȺ ɄɍɊɋɄ ɅȿɌɈɆ 1943 ȽɈȾȺ ɄȺɄ ɊȿɁɍɅɖɌȺɌ ȾɅɂɌȿɅɖɇɈȽɈ ɉɊɈɐȿɋɋȺ ɉɊɂɇəɌɂə Ɋȿɒȿɇɂə ... 124 Ɍɤɚɱɟɧɤɨ ɋ.ɇ. ȺȼɂȺɐɂɈɇɇɈȿ ɋɇȺȻɀȿɇɂȿ ɉȺɊɌɂɁȺɇ ɆɂɇɇɈ-ȼɁɊɕȼɇɕɆɂ ɋɊȿȾɋɌȼȺɆɂ ȼ ɉȿɊɂɈȾ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼɕ ... 131 ɒɚɦɪɚɣ ȼ.Ⱥ. ȻɈȿȼɕȿ ȾȿɃɋɌȼɂə 2-Ƀ ȼɈɁȾɍɒɇɈɃ ȺɊɆɂɂ ȼ ɉȿɊȼɕɃ Ⱦȿɇɖ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼɕ ... 135 ɒɟɧɞɪɢɤɨɜ ȿ.Ⱥ. ɄɍɊɋɄȺə ȻɂɌȼȺ ȼ ȾɇȿȼɇɂɄȺɏ, ɉɂɋɖɆȺɏ ɂ ȼɈɋɉɈɆɂɇȺɇɂəɏ ɋɈȼɊȿɆȿɇɇɂɄɈȼ ... 144 ɊȺɁȾȿɅ 2. ȼɄɅȺȾ ɇȺɋȿɅȿɇɂə ɊȿȽɂɈɇɈȼ ɊɈɋɋɂɂ ɂ ɋɈɘɁɇɕɏ ɊȿɋɉɍȻɅɂɄ ȼ ɉɈȻȿȾɍ ɇȺ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȾɍȽȿ ... 153 Ⱥɦɢɪɯɚɧɹɧ Ɇ.Ⱦ. ȺɊɆəɇȿ – ɍɑȺɋɌɇɂɄɂ ȼȿɅɂɄɈɃ ɈɌȿɑȿɋɌȼȿɇɇɈɃ ȼɈɃɇɕ (Ʉ ɂɋɌɈɊɂɂ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼɕ) ... 153 Ⱥɪɝɭɧɨɜ Ɉ.ɇ. ȾɈɄɍɆȿɇɌɕ ȺɊɏɂȼɇɈȽɈ ɎɈɇȾȺ «ɄɍɊɋɄɂɃ ɈȻɅȺɋɌɇɈɃ ɋɈȼȿɌ ȾȿɉɍɌȺɌɈȼ ɌɊɍȾəɓɂɏɋə ɂ ȿȽɈ ɂɋɉɈɅɇɂɌȿɅɖɇɕɃ ɄɈɆɂɌȿɌ» ɄȺɄ ɈɋɇɈȼɇɈɃ ɂɋɌɈɑɇɂɄ ɉɈ ɂɋɌɈɊɂɂ ɋɈɐɂȺɅɖɇɈ-ɏɈɁəɃɋɌȼȿɇɇɈɃ ɀɂɁɇɂ ɄɍɊɋɄɈȽɈ ɋȿɅȺ ȼ Ⱦɇɂ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼɕ ... 158 ȼɨɥɤɨɜ Ƚ.ɘ., ȼɨɥɤɨɜɚ ȿ.ɘ. ɄɈɋɌɊɈɆɂɑɂ – ɍɑȺɋɌɇɂɄɂ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼɕ ... 162 ȿɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ ɋ.Ⱥ. ɆɈȻɂɅɂɁȺɐɂə ɆȿɋɌɇɈȽɈ ɇȺɋȿɅȿɇɂə ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ɈȻɅȺɋɌɂ ȾɅə ȻɈɊɖȻɕ ɋ ɇȿɆȿɐɄɂɆɂ ɁȺɏȼȺɌɑɂɄȺɆɂ ɇȺ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɆ ȼɕɋɌɍɉȿ ... 168 Ʉɚɛɢɪɨɜɚ Ⱥ.ɒ. ɌȺɌȺɊɋɌȺɇɐɕ – ɍɑȺɋɌɇɂɄɂ ɋɊȺɀȿɇɂɃ ɇȺ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȾɍȽȿ .. 172 Ʉɨɧɨɧɨɜ ɇ.Ƚ. Ɉ ɌɊɍȾɈȼɈɆ ɉɈȾȼɂȽȿ ɊȺȻɈɑɂɏ ɉɂɓȿȼɈɃ ɉɊɈɆɕɒɅȿɇɇɈɋɌɂ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ɈȻɅȺɋɌɂ ɇȺɄȺɇɍɇȿ ɂ ȼ ɉȿɊɂɈȾ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼɕ ... 176 Ʉɪɨɯɢɧɚ Ⱥ.ȼ., Ɇɚɧɠɨɫɨɜ Ⱥ.ɇ., Ʉɨɯɧɸɤ Ⱦ.ȼ., əɪɨɲɟɧɤɨ ȿ.Ⱦ. ȼɈȿɇɇɈ-ɗɄɋɉɅɍȺɌȺɐɂɈɇɇɕȿ ɎɈɊɆɂɊɈȼȺɇɂə ɇȺɊɄɈɆȺɌȺ ɉɍɌȿɃ ɋɈɈȻɓȿɇɂə (ɇɄɉɋ) ȼ ɉȿɊɂɈȾ ɉɈȾȽɈɌɈȼɄɂ ɂ ɉɊɈȼȿȾȿɇɂə ȻɂɌȼɕ ɇȺ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȾɍȽȿ (ɆȺɊɌ-ȺȼȽɍɋɌ 1943 ɝ.) ... 184 Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɚɹ ȼ.Ⱥ. ȼɈɋɋɌȺɇɈȼɅȿɇɂȿ ɗɄɈɇɈɆɂɄɂ ȼ ɈɋȼɈȻɈɀȾȬɇɇɕɏ ɊȺɃɈɇȺɏ ɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈɃ ɎȿȾȿɊȺɐɂɂ ȼ ȽɈȾɕ ȼȿɅɂɄɈɃ ɈɌȿɑȿɋɌȼȿɇɇɈɃ ȼɈɃɇɕ ... 188 Ɇɚɧɠɨɫɨɜ Ⱥ.ɇ., Ƚɨɥɨɜɢɧ ȿ.Ⱥ., ɇɨɜɢɤɨɜ ȼ.ɇ. ɇȺ ɊȿɅɖɋȺɏ ɈȽɇȿɇɇɈɃ ȾɍȽɂ (ɂɁ ȻɂɈȽɊȺɎɂɃ ɀȿɅȿɁɇɈȾɈɊɈɀɇɂɄɈȼ – ɍɑȺɋɌɇɂɄɈȼ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼɕ, ɂɁȻɂɊȺȼɒɂɏɋə ȼ ȼɕɋɒɂȿ ɈɊȽȺɇɕ ȼɅȺɋɌɂ ɋɌɊȺɇɕ) ... 191 Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɚ ɋ.ȼ. ɇȺɊɈȾɇɕȿ ȽɈɋɉɂɌȺɅɂ ȼ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ɈȻɅȺɋɌɂ ȼȿɋɇɈɃ 1943 ȽɈȾȺ: ɂɋɌɈɊɂə ɂ ɍɊɈɄɂ ... 196 Ɇɭɯɢɧɚ Ɂ.Ɂ., ɉɢɜɨɜɚɪɨɜɚ Ʌ.ɇ. ɋɌɊɈɂɌȿɅɖɋɌȼɈ ɀȿɅȿɁɇɈɃ ȾɈɊɈȽɂ ɋɌȺɊɕɃ ɈɋɄɈɅ – ɊɀȺȼȺ ȼ ɉȿɊɂɈȾ ɉɈȾȽɈɌɈȼɄɂ Ʉ ȻɈəɆ ɇȺ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȾɍȽȿ (Ʉ ȼɈɉɊɈɋɍ Ɉ ɑɍȼɋɌȼȺɏ ɂ ɉȿɊȿɀɂȼȺɇɂəɏ ɀȿɇɓɂɇ ȼɈ ȼɊȿɆə ȼȿɅɂɄɈɃ ɈɌȿɑȿɋɌȼȿɇɇɈɃ ȼɈɃɇɕ) ... 200 ɉɢɥɢɲɜɢɥɢ Ƚ.Ⱦ. ȾȿəɌȿɅɖɇɈɋɌɖ ɂɋɌɊȿȻɂɌȿɅɖɇɕɏ ȻȺɌȺɅɖɈɇɈȼ ɉɈ ɈɏɊȺɇȿ ɈȻɓȿɋɌȼȿɇɇɈȽɈ ɉɈɊəȾɄȺ ɂ ȻɈɊɖȻȿ ɋ ɉɊȿɋɌɍɉɇɕɆ ɗɅȿɆȿɇɌɈɆ ɇȺ ɌȿɊɊɂɌɈɊɂɂ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ɈȻɅȺɋɌɂ ȼ 1943 ȽɈȾɍ ... 204 ɋɚɥɬɵɤ Ƚ.Ⱥ., ɉɪɢɯɨɞɶɤɨ ȼ.Ɇ. «ɌɊɍȾɈȼɕɆ ɉɈȾȼɂȽɈɆ ɇȺ ɉɈȻȿȾɕ ɎɊɈɇɌɈȼɂɄɈȼ ɈɌȼȿɑȺɅɂ ɄɍɊəɇȿ …» (ɉɈ ɋɌɊȺɇɂɐȺɆ ɉȿɊɂɈȾɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ɉȿɑȺɌɂ) ... 209 ɏɢɫɚɦɭɬɞɢɧɨɜɚ Ɋ.Ɋ. ɉɈɆɈɓɖ ɀɂɌȿɅȿɃ ɘɀɇɈȽɈ ɍɊȺɅȺ ȼ ȼɈɋɋɌȺɇɈȼɅȿɇɂɂ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ɈȻɅȺɋɌɂ ȼ ɏɈȾȿ ȼȿɅɂɄɈɃ ɈɌȿɑȿɋɌȼȿɇɇɈɃ ȼɈɃɇɕ ... 213 ɒɜɟɰ Ɍ.Ⱦ. ɊɈɅɖ ɆɈɅɈȾȬɀɂ ȼ ȼɈɁɊɈɀȾȿɇɂɂ ȾɍɏɈȼɇɈɃ ɀɂɁɇɂ, ɄɍɅɖɌɍɊɕ ɂ ɋɂɋɌȿɆɕ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɇɂə ... 220
ɊȺɁȾȿɅ 3. ɍɑȺɋɌɂȿ ȺɊɏɂȼɈȼ, ɆɍɁȿȿȼ ɂ ȻɂȻɅɂɈɌȿɄ ȼ ɋɈɏɊȺɇȿɇɂɂ ɂɋɌɈɊɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ɉȺɆəɌɂ Ɉ ɋɈȻɕɌɂəɏ ɂ ȽȿɊɈəɏ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼɕ ... 225 Ȼɨɪɨɞɢɧɚ ɋ.ȼ. Ɉɇɂ ɉɈɒɅɂ ɇȺ ɌȺɊȺɇ ... 225 ɀɭɤɨɜɚ Ɇ.Ɇ. ɄɂɇɈɎɈɌɈɎɈɇɈȾɈɄɍɆȿɇɌɕ ɎȿȾȿɊȺɅɖɇɕɏ ȺɊɏɂȼɈȼ ɉɈ ɂɋɌɈɊɂɂ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼɕ: ȼɈɉɊɈɋɕ ɉɈɂɋɄȺ ɂ ɂɁɍɑȿɇɂə... 232 Ʉɚɧɚɬɨɜɚ ɂ.Ɇ. «ȼȿȾɖ ɗɌȺ ɉȺɆəɌɖ – ɇȺɒȺ ɋɈȼȿɋɌɖ …» ... 238 Ʉɨɥɹɤɢɧɚ Ɉ.Ⱥ.ɓɂɌ ɂ Ɇȿɑ ȼɕɋɈɌɕ 254,5 ... 240 Ʉɚɲɢɧɚ ɇ.Ⱥ., Ɇɚɡɧɟɜɚ ȿ.ȼ. ȼɄɅȺȾ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ɈȻɅȺɋɌɇɈɃ ɇȺɍɑɇɈɃ ȻɂȻɅɂɈɌȿɄɂ ɂɆ. ɇ.ɇ. ȺɋȿȿȼȺ ȼ ȽɊȺɀȾȺɇɋɄɈ-ɉȺɌɊɂɈɌɂɑȿɋɄɈȿ ȼɈɋɉɂɌȺɇɂȿ ɆɈɅɈȾȿɀɂ ... 243 Ʉɨɪɨɜɢɧ ȼ.ȼ., ȼɨɪɨɧɰɨɜ Ɋ.ɋ. ɊɈɅɖ ɆɍɁȿə ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼɕ ȼ ɋɈɏɊȺɇȿɇɂɂ ɂɋɌɈɊɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ɉȺɆəɌɂ Ɉ ȼȿɅɂɄɈɃ ɈɌȿɑȿɋɌȼȿɇɇɈɃ ȼɈɃɇȿ ... 249 Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɚ ɉ.ɉ., Ɇɚɧɠɨɫɨɜ Ⱥ.ɇ.ɉɍɋɌɖ ȻɍȾȿɌ ȼɈȿɇɇȺə ɉȺɆəɌɖ ɋɌɊɈȽȺ (ɋɈɏɊȺɇȿɇɂȿ ɉȺɆəɌɂ Ɉ ɀȿɅȿɁɇɈȾɈɊɈɀɇɂɄȺɏ – ɍɑȺɋɌɇɂɄȺɏ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼɕ ȼ ɆɍɁȿȿ ɀȿɅȿɁɇɈȾɈɊɈɀɇɈȽɈ ɌɊȺɇɋɉɈɊɌȺ ȼ ɄɍɊɋɄȿ) ... 257 Ɉɡɟɪɨɜɚ ȼ.ȼ. ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢȿ Ɋɨɥɂ Ʉ.Ʉ. ɊɈɄɈɋɋɈȼɋɄɈȽɈ ɂ ȿȽɈ ɋɈɊȺɌɇɂɄɈȼ ȼ ɉɈȻȿȾȿ ɇȺ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȾɍȽȿ ȼ ɗɄɋɉɈɁɂɐɂɂ ɂɋɌɈɊɂɄɈ-ɆȿɆɈɊɂȺɅɖɇɈȽɈ ɆɍɁȿə «Ʉɉ ɐȿɇɌɊȺɅɖɇɈȽɈ ɎɊɈɇɌȺ» ... 260 ɉɪɢɛɵɲ ɋ.Ɇ. ɄɍɊɋɄȺə ȻɂɌȼȺ ȼ ɗɄɋɉɈɁɂɐɂɂ ȻȿɅɈɊɍɋɋɄɈȽɈ ȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɈȽɈ ɆɍɁȿə ɂɋɌɈɊɂɂ ȼȿɅɂɄɈɃ ɈɌȿɑȿɋɌȼȿɇɇɈɃ ȼɈɃɇɕ . 273 Ɋɸɦɲɢɧɚ ȼ.ȼ. ȼɄɅȺȾ ɌɊɍȾəɓɂɏɋə ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ, ɈɊɅɈȼɋɄɈɃ, ȼɈɊɈɇȿɀɋɄɈɃ ɂ ɏȺɊɖɄɈȼɋɄɈɃ ɈȻɅȺɋɌȿɃ ȼ ɉɈȻȿȾɍ ɇȺ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȾɍȽȿ ... 276 Ɋɹɛɰɟɜɚ ȼ.Ɇ. ɋɌɊɍɄɌɍɊȺ ɈɊȽȺɇɂɁȺɐɂɂ ɍɉɊȺȼɅȿɇɂə ȼɈɊɈɇȿɀɋɄɂɆ ɎɊɈɇɌɈɆ ... 282 ɏɚɧɢɩɨɜɚ ɂ.ɂ. ɋɈɏɊȺɇȿɇɂȿ ɂɋɌɈɊɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ɉȺɆəɌɂ Ɉ ȼȿɅɂɄɈɃ ɈɌȿɑȿɋɌȼȿɇɇɈɃ ȼɈɃɇȿ ȼ ɆɍɁȿɃɇɈɆ ɉɊɈɋɌɊȺɇɋɌȼȿ ɌȺɌȺɊɋɌȺɇȺ ... 287 ɊȺɁȾȿɅ 4. ɇȺɊɈȾɇȺə ɉȺɆəɌɖ Ɉ ɋɍȾɖȻȺɏ ɉɈɄɈɅȿɇɂə ɋɈɈɌȿɑȿɋɌȼȿɇɇɂɄɈȼ ȼɈȿɇɇɈȽɈ ȼɊȿɆȿɇɂ ... 293 Ȼɚɥɵɤɢɧɚ ɇ.Ⱥ. ɈɌ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼɕ ȾɈ ȻȿɊɅɂɇȺ: ɋɍȾɖȻȺ ɋɕɇȺ ɉɈɅɄȺ ȼɂɄɌɈɊȺ ɆɂɌɂɇȺ ... 293 Ȼɭɞɚɟɜ Ɇ.Ɋ. ɆɈɃ ȾȿȾ – ɍɑȺɋɌɇɂɄ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼɕ ... 295 Ƚɪɚɧɤɢɧ ȼ.ȿ. ɋɌɊȺɇɂɐɕ ȻɂɈȽɊȺɎɂɂ ȼɈɋɉɂɌȺɇɇɂɄȺ 13-Ƀ ȽȼȺɊȾȿɃɋɄɈɃ ɋɌɊȿɅɄɈȼɈɃ ȾɂȼɂɁɂɂ ȺɅȿɄɋȿə ȾɆɂɌɊɂȿȼɂɑȺ ȼɈȾɇȿȼȺ ... 297 Ⱦɪɭɝɨɜɫɤɚɹ Ⱥ.ɘ. ɄɍɊɋɄȺə ȻɂɌȼȺ ȼ ȼɈɋɉɈɆɂɇȺɇɂəɏ ȼɈȿɇɇɕɏ ɆȿȾɂɄɈȼ .. 300 Ʉɚɩɢɧɨɫ ɋ.ȼ. ɎɊɈɇɌɈȼɂɄ–ȺɊɌɂɅɅȿɊɂɋɌ ɉȬɌɊ Ɇɂɏɂɇ ... 304 Ʉɨɧɨɧɨɜɚ Ɉ.Ⱥ. ɈɌ ɋɕɇȺ ɉɈɅɄȺ ȾɈ ɉɈȾɉɈɅɄɈȼɇɂɄȺ ... 306 ɉɨɝɨɠɢɧ ɇ.ɋ. ȼɈɋɉɈɆɂɇȺɇɂə ɇ.ɋ. ɉɈȽɈɀɂɇȺ – ɉɊȿȾɋȿȾȺɌȿɅə ɋɈȼȿɌȺ ȼȿɌȿɊȺɇɈȼ ɇȺɐɂɈɇȺɅɖɇɈȽɈ ɂɋɋɅȿȾɈȼȺɌȿɅɖɋɄɈȽɈ əȾȿɊɇɈȽɈ ɍɇɂȼȿɊɋɂɌȿɌȺ «ɆɂɎɂ» Ɉ ɋɈȻɕɌɂəɏ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼɕ ... 308 ɋɚɛɚɟɜɚ Ⱥ.Ⱦ. ɈɌȼȺɀɇɕɃ ɈɋȿɌɂɇ ɏȺɋȺɇ ɐȿȻɈȿȼ – ɍɑȺɋɌɇɂɄ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼɕ ... 310 Ɍɨɤɦɚɤɨɜɚ ȿ.Ɉ. ɒɄɈɅȺ ɀɂɁɇɂ ɋɕɇȺ ɉɈɅɄȺ ɉȺȼɅȺ ɑȺɅɈȽɈ ... 312 ɏɨɥɬɨɛɢɧɚ Ʌ.ɋ. ɈɊɅəɌȺ ɈȽɇȿɇɇɈɃ ȾɍȽɂ – ɘɇɕȿ ȻɈɃɐɕ 121-ɣ ɋɌɊȿɅɄɈȼɈɃ ȾɂȼɂɁɂɂ ... 314 ɐɨɪɢɟɜɚ ɂ.Ⱥ. ɋɕɇɕ ɋȿȼȿɊɇɈɃ ɈɋȿɌɂɂ – ȽȿɊɈɂ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼɕ ... 318 ɑɭɛɚɪɨɜ Ⱥ.ɂ. ȼɈɋɉɂɌȺɇɇɂɄɂ ȼɈɂɇɋɄɂɏ ɑȺɋɌȿɃ ȼ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼȿ (ɉɈ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅȺɆ ȼɈȿɇɇɈ-ɂɋɌɈɊɂɑȿɋɄɈȽɈ ɆɍɁȿə «ɘɇɕȿ ɁȺɓɂɌɇɂɄɂ ɊɈȾɂɇɕ») ... 321 ɊȺɁȾȿɅ 5. ɉɈɂɋɄɈȼɈȿ Ⱦȼɂɀȿɇɂȿ ɇȺ ɁȿɆɅȿ ȼȿɅɂɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼɕ ɂ ɈɋɆɕɋɅȿɇɂȿ ɋɈȻɕɌɂɃ ȼɈȿɇɇɈɃ ɂɋɌɈɊɂɂ ɆɈɅɈȾȿɀɖɘ ... 325 Ⱥɧɭɪɨɜ ɇ.ȿ. ɈɊɍɀɂȿ ɄɊȺɋɇɈɃ ȺɊɆɂɂ ȼ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼȿ ... 325 Ȼɚɡɢɤɚɥɨ Ⱦ.ɋ. ȼɈȿɇɇɈ-ɂɋɌɈɊɂɑȿɋɄɈȿ ɁɇȺɑȿɇɂȿ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼɕ ... 331 Ȼɨɠɤɨ Ⱥ.ȼ. ɂɋɄɍɋɋɌȼɈ ȼɈɃɇɕ: ɋɌɊȺɌȿȽɂə ɂ ɌȺɄɌɂɄȺ ȼȿȾȿɇɂə ȻɈȿȼ ɇȺ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȾɍȽȿ ... 334 Ƚɪɢɛɚɧ ɂ.ȼ. ɉɊȺɄɌɂɄɈɈɊɂȿɇɌɂɊɈȼȺɇɇɕɃ ɉɈȾɏɈȾ Ʉ ɋɈɏɊȺɇȿɇɂɘ ɂɋɌɈɊɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ɉȺɆəɌɂ Ɉ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼȿ (ɂɁ ɈɉɕɌȺ ɍɊȺɅɖɋɄɈȽɈ ȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɈȽɈ ɉȿȾȺȽɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɈȽɈ ɍɇɂȼȿɊɋɂɌȿɌȺ) ... 337 Ⱦɭɥɢɧɚ ɇ.ȼ., Ⱥɧɭɮɪɢɟɜɚ ȿ.ȼ., Ɇɢɲɬɚ ɋ.ɉ. Ⱦȼȿ ȼȿɅɂɄɂȿ ȻɂɌȼɕ ȼ ɉɊɈɋɌɊȺɇɋɌȼȿ ɈȾɇɈɃ ȼɈɃɇɕ: ɉȺɆəɌɖ ɉɈɄɈɅȿɇɂɃ ... 341 ɂɥɶɢɧɨɜɚ Ⱥ.ɂ., Ɍɪɟɬɶɹɤɨɜ Ⱥ.ȼ. ɍɑȺɋɌɂȿ ɉɊȿȾɉɊɂɇɂɆȺɌȿɅȿɃ ȼ ɋɈɏɊȺɇȿɇɂɂ ɉȺɆəɌɂ Ɉ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼȿ ȼ ɇȺɑȿɅȿ XXI ȼȿɄȺ ... 347 Ʉɚɡɧɚɱɟɟɜɚ Ƚ.Ⱥ. ɉɈɂɋɄɈȼɈȿ Ⱦȼɂɀȿɇɂȿ ɈɊɅɈȼɋɄɈɃ ɆɈɅɈȾȿɀɂ ɇȺ ɁȿɆɅȿ ȼȿɅɂɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼɕ ... 351 ɇɢɤɨɧɨɜɚ ɋ.ɂ. ɄɍɊɋɄȺə ȻɂɌȼȺ ȼ ȼɈɋɉɈɆɂɇȺɇɂəɏ ɍɑȺɋɌɇɂɄɈȼ (ɉɈ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅȺɆ ɉɈɂɋɄɈȼɈȽɈ ɉɊɈȿɄɌȺ "ɎȺɄȿɅ") ... 355 ɉɟɬɪɨɜ Ɋ.ȼ. ɍȼȿɄɈȼȿɑɂȼȺə ɉȺɆəɌɖ Ɉ ɘɇɕɏ ɁȺɓɂɌɇɂɄȺɏ ɊɈȾɂɇɕ: ɉɈɂɋɄɈȼɈ-ɂɋɋɅȿȾɈȼȺɌȿɅɖɋɄȺə ɊȺȻɈɌȺ ȼȺɅȿɇɌɂɇȺ ȻȺɊȺɇɑɂɄɈȼȺ ... 358 ɋɟɜɨɫɬɶɹɧɨɜɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ., Ɇɚɫɥɨɜɚ ɘ.ɉ. ɋɍȾɖȻɕ ɆɈɅɈȾɕɏ ɍɑȺɋɌɇɂɄɈȼ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼɕ – ɉɈȼɈȾ ȽɈɊȾɂɌɖɋə ɋȼɈȿɃ ɋɌɊȺɇɈɃ ... 362 Ɍɢɬɨɜ Ⱦ.Ⱥ., ɉɚɧɨɜɚ Ⱥ.ȼ. ɁɇȺɑȿɇɂȿ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼɕ ȼ ȼȿɅɂɄɈɃ ɈɌȿɑȿɌȼȿɇɇɈɃ ȼɈɃɇȿ ... 364 ɐɭɤɚɧɨɜ ɂ.ɉ. ɋɈɏɊȺɇȿɇɂȿ ɉȺɆəɌɂ Ɉ ɋɈȻɕɌɂəɏ ȼɌɈɊɈɃ ɆɂɊɈȼɈɃ ȼɈɃɇɕ: ɊȿȽɂɈɇȺɅɖɇɕɃ ȺɋɉȿɄɌ ... 367 əɤɭɧɢɧ Ɉ.ȼ. ɉɈɂɋɄɈȼȺə ɊȺȻɈɌȺ ɒɄɈɅɖɇɈȽɈ ɆɍɁȿə ɇȺ ɋɈȼɊȿɆȿɇɇɈɆ ɗɌȺɉȿ (ɉɈ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅȺɆ ɆɍɁȿə ȻɈȿȼɈɃ ɋɅȺȼɕ 75-ɣ ȽȼȺɊȾȿɃɋɄɈɃ ɋɌɊȿɅɄɈȼɈɃ ȾɂȼɂɁɂɂ ɒɄɈɅɕ ʋ 1 ɄɍɊɋɄȺ) ... 370 ɋȼȿȾȿɇɂə ɈȻ ȺȼɌɈɊȺɏ ... 375
ɟɳɟ 11 ɨɪɭɞɢɣ ɫɜɟɥɚ ɛɨɟɜɭɸ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɪɢɝɚɞɵ ɤ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢ-ɹɦ[3, c. 141-142]. ȼ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɞɟɧɶ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɣ ɛɨɣ ɜɵɩɚɥ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɸ 1329-ɝɨ ɂɉɌȺɉ ɢɡ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ 2-ɣ ɢɩɬɚɛɪ[6, c. 1]. ɇɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɬɭɩɚɯ ɤ ɫɬ. ɉɨɧɵɪɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɦɨɳɧɨ-ɝɨ ɚɪɬɧɚɥɟɬɚ ɚɬɚɤɨɜɚɥ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɤɚ ɫɢɥɚɦɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɟɯɨɬɵ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɨɬ-ɯɨɞɭ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɨɜɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɸ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɛɚɬɚɪɟɣ. ɉɨɞɩɨɥ-ɤɨɜɧɢɤ Ⱥ.ɇ. ɋɚɪɞɚɪ ɫɦɨɝ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɟɦ ɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɡɚɯɜɚ-ɬɚ ɨɪɭɞɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤɨɦ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɨ 60 ɫɨɥɞɚɬ ɢ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤɚ, ɜɡɹɬɨ 4 ɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ[7, c. 1]. 9 ɢɸɥɹ 3-ɹ ɢɛɪ ɫɦɟɫɬɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɫɬɵɤ 140-ɣ ɢ 70-ɣ ɝɜ. ɫɞ ɧɚ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɜɵɫ. 238,1 – ɉɨɝɨɪɟɥɨɜɰɵ[4, c. 122; 10]. ɇɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɦɰɟɜ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɢɥɨɫɶ. ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɭɬɪɟɧ-ɧɢɟ ɚɬɚɤɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɉɨɝɨɪɟɥɨɜɰɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɢɬɵ, ɧɨ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɞ ɭɝɪɨɡɨɣ ɨɤ-ɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɪ-ɧɟ ɉɨɝɨɪɟɥɨɜɰɵ – ɜɵɫ. 234,0. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶ-ɬɚɬɟ ɨɠɟɫɬɨɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤ ɛɵɥ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ. 10 ɢɸɥɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ 3-ɣ ɢɫɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɪɢɝɚɞɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɪɭɱɟɧɵ ɩɟɪ-ɜɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɚɞɵ ɡɚ ɫɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɮɚɫɟ Ʉɭɪɫɤɨɣ ɞɭ-ɝɢ[3, c. 144]. ɗɬɨ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨ-ɦɚɧɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɬɨɝɨɜɨɦ ɭɫɩɟɯɟ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1. Ȼɨɟɜɚɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɬɚɧɤɨɜɵɯ ɚɪɬɢɥɥɟɪɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɛɪɢɝɚɞ ɜ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɨɹɯ 5-11 ɢɸɥɹ 1943 ɝ. [ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɩɨ: 8, ɫ. 1] ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ Ʉɨɦɚɧɞɢɪ ɛɪɢɝɚɞɵ ɉɨɞɛɢɬɨ ɢ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɨ ɬɚɧɤɨɜ 3-ɹ ɢɫɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɪɢɝɚɞɚ ɩɨɥɤɨɜɧɢɤ ȼ.ɇ. Ɋɭɤɨɫɭɟɜ 108 2-ɹ ɢɫɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɬɚɧɤɨɜɚɹ ɚɪɬɢɥɥɟɪɢɣɫɤɚɹ ɛɪɢɝɚɞɚ ɝɜ. ɩɨɥɤɨɜɧɢɤ Ȼ.ɇ. Ⱥɛɭɡɢɧ 48 13-ɹ ɢɫɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɬɚɧɤɨɜɚɹ ɚɪɬɢɥɥɟɪɢɣɫɤɚɹ ɛɪɢɝɚɞɚ ɩɨɥɤɨɜɧɢɤ ɇ.ɉ. ɋɚɡɨɧɨɜ 91 ɂɬɨɝɨ 247 Ʌɢɱɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢɫɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɫɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɬɚɧɤɨɜɵɯ ɛɪɢɝɚɞ ɜɧɟɫ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɣ ɢɫɯɨɞ ɫɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɮɚɫɟ Ʉɭɪɫɤɨɣ ɞɭɝɢ ɥɟɬɨɦ 1943 ɝ. ɗɬɨɬ ɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɬɪɭɞ ɛɵɥ ɩɨ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɭ ɨɰɟɧɟɧ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɜɚ-ɧɢɟɦ: 6 ɚɪɬɢɥɥɟɪɢɫɬɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɞɨɫɬɨɟɧɵ ɡɜɚɧɢɹ Ƚɟɪɨɹ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ (4 ɩɨ-ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨ), ɜɫɟ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɢɪɵ ɢɩɬɚɩ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɵ ɨɪɞɟɧɚɦɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ, ɚ 3-ɹ ɢɛɪ ɢ 13-ɹ ɢɩɬɚɛɪ ɜɫɤɨɪɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɝɜɚɪɞɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɚ. ȼ ɧɨɹɛɪɟ 1943 ɝ. ɧɚ Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɜɵɫɨɬɚɯ ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ ɨ ɦɭɠɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɣɫɤ ɛɵɥ ɨɬɤɪɵɬ ɦɨɧɭɦɟɧɬ «Ƚɟɪɨɹɦ-ɚɪɬɢɥɥɟɪɢɫɬɚɦ». Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ: 1.ɂɫɫɟɪɫɨɧ Ƚ.ɋ. ɇɨɜɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ. Ɇ., 1940. 2. Ɇɚɤɚɪɨɜ Ɇ., ɉɪɨɧɢɧ Ⱥ. ɉɪɨɬɢɜɨɬɚɧɤɨɜɚɹ ɚɪɬɢɥɥɟɪɢɹ Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɣ ɚɪɦɢɢ 1941-1945 ɝɝ. // Ɏɪɨɧɬɨɜɚɹ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ. 2003. ʋ 5. 3. ɀɭɪɧɚɥ ɛɨɟɜɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ 2-ɣ ɢɫɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɢɜɢɡɢɢ // ɐȺɆɈ ɊɎ. Ɏ. 9673. Ɉɩ. 1. Ⱦ. 4 // https://pamyat-naroda.ru/documents/view/?id=130020075 4. Ɂɚɦɭɥɢɧ ȼ., ɂɜɚɧɨɜ ɂ., ɋɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ Ⱥ. Ʉɭɪɫɤɚɹ ɛɢɬɜɚ. Ɉɝɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɥɟɬɨ 1943 ɝ. Ʉɭɪɫɤ, 2013. 5. ɇɚɝɪɚɞɧɨɣ ɥɢɫɬ Ƚ.ɉ. Ʉɪɢɜɨɯɢɠɢɧɚ ɨɬ 9.07.1943 // https://pamyat-naroda.ru/heroes/podvig-chelovek_nagrazhdenie17093575 6. ɇɚɝɪɚɞɧɨɣ ɥɢɫɬ Ȼ.ɇ. Ⱥɛɭɡɢɧɚ ɨɬ 11.07.1943 // https://pamyat-naroda.ru/heroes/podvig-chelovek_nagrazhdenie18660007 7. ɇɚɝɪɚɞɧɨɣ ɥɢɫɬ Ⱥ.ɇ. ɋɚɪɞɚɪɚ ɨɬ 21.07.1943 // https://pamyat-naroda.ru/heroes/podvig-chelovek_nagrazhdenie17482335 8. ɇɚɝɪɚɞɧɨɣ ɥɢɫɬ ȼ.ɇ. Ɋɭɤɨɫɭɟɜɚ ɨɬ 10.07.1943 // https://pamyat-naroda.ru/heroes/podvig-chelovek_nagrazhdenie12056793/ 9. ɐȺɆɈ ɊɎ. Ɏ. 9687. Ɉɩ. 1. Ⱦ. 84. Ʌ. 2. 10. Ʉɨɪɨɜɢɧ ȼ.ȼ., Ƚɨɥɨɜɢɧ ȿ.Ⱥ.Ɉɛɨɪɨɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɨɢ 19-ɝɨ ɬɚɧɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɧɚ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɮɚɫɟ Ʉɭɪ-ɫɤɨɣ ɞɭɝɢ (ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɬɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɲɬɚɛɚ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ) // Ʉɭɪɫɤɢɣ ɜɨɟɧɧɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ. ȼɵɩ. 18. Ʉɭɪɫɤ: ɂɡ-ɜɨ ɁȺɈ «ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɫɤɚɹ ɤɧɢɝɚ», 2017. ɋ. 10-25. Ⱦɠɭɫɬɢ Ɇ.-Ɍ. ɈɌ ɄɍɊɋɄȺ ȾɈ ɆɂɎȺ ɋɈȼȿɌɋɄɈȽɈ ɋɈɘɁȺ. ɁɇȺɑȿɇɂȿ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼɕ ȾɅə ɂɌȺɅɖəɇɋɄɈɃ ȼɇɍɌɊȿɇɇȿɃ ɉɈɅɂɌɂɄɂ Ⱦɠɭɫɬɢ Ɇ.-Ɍ. ɈɌ ɄɍɊɋɄȺ ȾɈ ɆɂɎȺ ɋɈȼȿɌɋɄɈȽɈ ɋɈɘɁȺ. ɁɇȺɑȿɇɂȿ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ȻɂɌȼɕ ȾɅə ɂɌȺɅɖəɇɋɄɈɃ ȼɇɍɌɊȿɇɇȿɃ ɉɈɅɂɌɂɄɂ Ⱥɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɹ. ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɣɫɤ ɜ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ «Ȼɚɪ-ɛɚɪɨɫɫɚ» ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɜɟɪɦɚɯɬɨɦ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɢ Ɇɭɫɫɨɥɢɧɢ ɩɨ-ɩɚɫɬɶ ɜ ɜɨɣɧɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ ɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɟɭɞɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɦɩɚ-ɧɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ. Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɦɢɮɭ ɋɨɜɟɬ-ɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɛɟɞɵ, ɢ ɫɩɨɪɧɵɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɜɨɣɧɵ, ɤɚɤ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɋɋɋɊ, ɬɟɦɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɜ 1948 ɝɨɞɚ.
Abstract. The paper deals with the participation of Italian troops in the operation “Bar-barossa”alongside the Wehrmacht. The reasons which led Mussolini to get into the waragainst the Soviet Union have been examined as well the consequences of the Russian campaign on the Italian domestic politics. Particular attention has been paid both to the myth of the Soviet Union after the victory and to some controversial questions, in the post-war period, like prisoners of warin the So-viet Union, an argumentwhich was used by Italian political parties for the elections of 1948.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɮɚɲɢɡɦ, ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ Ȼɚɪɛɚɪɨɫɫɚ, ɜɨɟɧɧɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɟ; ɪɟɩɚɬɪɢɚɰɢɹ; ɦɢɮ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ.
Key words: fascism; operation Barbarossa; prisoners of war; repatriation; myth of the Ussr.
ȼ ɂɬɚɥɢɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɯɨɞ Ɇɭɫɫɨɥɢɧɢ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɸ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɜɨɥɧɨɜɚɥ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧ-ɫɤɭɸ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ: ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɟɦɶɟ ɛɵɥ ɨɬɟɰ, ɫɵɧ, ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤ, ɞɪɭɝ, ɩɪɨɩɚɜɲɢɣ ɜ ɛɟɫɤɪɚɣɧɟɦ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɋɨɸɡɟ. ȼ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɪɚɡɝɪɨɦ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɦɢɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɭɸ ɬɪɚɜɦɭ, ɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɚɦ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ – ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɢɬɶ. Ʉɚɤɨɜɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɢ Ɇɭɫɫɨɥɢɧɢ ɩɨɩɚɫɬɶ ɜ ɜɨɣɧɭ? ȼɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɩɟɯɢ ɧɚɰɢɫɬɨɜ ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɜ 1940 ɝ. ɩɨɞɬɨɥɤɧɭɥɢ Ɇɭɫɫɨɥɢɧɢ ɤ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɸ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɜɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɂɬɚɥɢɢ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɭɸ ɜɨɣɧɭ ɢ ɜ 1941 ɝ. ɜ ɨɩɟɪɚ-ɰɢɸ «Ȼɚɪɛɚɪɨɫɫɚ». ɇɚ ɷɬɨ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɢɦɟɥɫɹ ɪɹɞ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ: 1. Ⱦɢɤɬɚɬɨɪ ɫɱɢ-ɬɚɥɫɹ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɫɨɸɡɧɢɤɨɦ Ƚɢɬɥɟɪɚ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɥ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɨɫ-ɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɮɪɨɧɬɟ, ɯɨɬɹ Ƚɢɬɥɟɪ ɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥ. 2. Ɇɭɫɫɨɥɢɧɢ ɯɨɬɟɥ ɩɨɦɟɲɚɬɶ ɋɋɋɊ ɞɨɛɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɋɪɟɞɢɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ, ɢ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɬɚɦ ɧɟɱɬɨ ɜɪɨɞɟ «ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶ-ɧɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ» ɫ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɟɣ. 3. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ – ɰɟɥɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɭɸ ɧɟɮɬɶ[1, c. 52]. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɟ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ «ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ», ɫɪɚɡɭ ɠɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥɢ ɧɟɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɣɫɤ ɢ ɢɯ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ: ɚɬɚɤɚ ɧɚ
Ƚɪɟɰɢɸ (28 ɨɤɬɹɛɪɹ 1940 ɝ.) ɨɛɪɚɬɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɫɟɪɢɸ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ, ɢ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɂɬɚɥɢɹ ɜɨɟɜɚɥɚ ɭɠɟ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ, ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ, 30 ɦɚɹ 1941 ɝ. Ɇɭɫɫɨɥɢɧɢ ɩɨɪɭɱɢɥ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤɭ Ƚɟɧɲɬɚɛɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɭ ɍɝɨ Ʉɚɜɚɥɥɟɪɨ ɨɪ-ɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɂɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɪɩɭɫ (Corpodispedizioneitaliano) ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ 10 ɢɸɥɹ 1941 ɝ. ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɤ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ Ⱦɠɨɜɚɧɧɢ Ɇɟɫɫɟ[2, c. 57]. ɗɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɪɩɭɫ ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɥ 62 ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ. ɂɬɚɥɶɹɧɰɵ ɧɟ ɛɵ-ɥɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɵ ɤ ɜɨɣɧɟ: ɧɚɞɨ ɜɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɝɪɭɡɨɜɢɤɨɜ ɧɟ ɯɜɚɬɚɥɨ, ɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɟɲɤɨɦ ɨɬ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨ-ɪɭɦɵɧɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɞɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɮɪɨɧ-ɬɚ. ɂɬɚɥɶɹɧɰɚɦ ɧɟ ɯɜɚɬɚɥɨ ɡɚɩɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɭɞɨɜɥɟ-ɬɜɨɪɹɥɨ ɧɭɠɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ. Ʉɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɨɫɶ ɢ ɫ ɨɛ-ɦɭɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɨɫɨɛɨ ɩɟɱɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɛɭɜɢ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ, ɛɵɥɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ. Ʉ ɤɨɧɰɭ ɨɤɬɹɛɪɹ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧ-ɰɵ ɩɨɞɫɬɭɩɢɥɢ ɤ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɭ Ⱦɨɧɰɚ ɢ ɤ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ – ɝ. ɋɬɚɥɢɧɨ (ɫɨɜɪ. Ⱦɨɧɟɰɤ). ɇɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɩɟɯɢ ɧɟɦɰɟɜ, Ɇɭɫɫɨɥɢɧɢ ɪɟɲɢɥ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɶ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬ-ɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɮɪɨɧɬ ɛɵɥ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɚɪɦɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɪɩɭɫ, 8-ɹ ɚɪɦɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɚɹ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ «Armata Italianain Russia» (ARMIR), ɬ.ɟ. ɂɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɚɹ ɚɪɦɢɹ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɤɭɞɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɥɢ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ CSIRɚ. ɇɨɜɚɹ ɚɪɦɢɹ, ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɜ 229 ɬɵɫ. ɫɨɥɞɚɬ, ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ ɂɬɚɥɨ Ƚɚɪɢɛɨɥɶ-ɞɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ CSIRɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɭɠɟ ɜɨɟɜɚɥ ɜ ɋɜɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɋɨɸɡɟ, ɜ 8-ɭɸ ɚɪɦɢɸ ɜɨ-ɲɥɢ 2-ɨɣ ɩɟɯɨɬɧɵɣ ɤɨɪɩɭɫ ɢ ɚɥɶɩɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɚɪɦɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɪɩɭɫ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɥɞɚɬ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɸ ɜ ɞɟɦɨɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ, ɧɟ ɠɟɥɚɹ ɬɚɦ ɜɨɟɜɚɬɶ (ɦɧɨɝɢɟ, ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɟɪɧɭɥɢɫɶ ɢɡ Ⱥɥ-ɛɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢ). ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨ ɩɭɬɢ ɧɚ ɮɪɨɧɬ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɜɵɫɤɚ-ɡɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɫ ɋɋɋɊ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɥɢ ɫɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɨɪɱɭ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɤɚɡɚɪɦɚɯ[3, ɥ. 18–26]. ɑɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ: ɩɢɫɶɦɚ, ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɥ-ɞɚɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɚɦɢ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦ, ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɚɪɯɢɜɚɯ, ɩɨɤɚ-ɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɪɚɫɨɱɧɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ, ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɰɟɧɡɭɪɨɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɨɬɱɟɬɵ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɲɩɢɨɧɨɜ ɮɚɲɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɡ-ɧɚɬɶ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɰɟɜ ɤ ɜɨɣɧɟ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɰɟɜ, ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɮɪɨɧɬ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɨ ɡɧɚɥɢ ɨ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ. ɂɦ ɛɵ-ɥɨ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɶ Ɋɨɫɫɢɸ ɨɬ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢ ɜ ɰɟɛɵ-ɥɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥ ɬɚɤɢɦ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɮɚɲɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɨɣ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɦ ɚɬɟɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɤɨɜ. Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɫɨɥɞɚɬ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɧɚɥɢ ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ – ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɋɨɸɡ, ɧɨ ɨɧ ɜɫɟ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɨɫ-ɬɚɜɚɥɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦ, ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɦɢɪɨɦ. ɉɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɵ Ɇɭɫɫɨɥɢɧɢ ɧɚɞɟɹɥɫɹ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢx ɜɨɟɧɧɵx ɜ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɛɨɣɰɨɜ, ɧɨ ɜɞɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɞɨɦɚ, ɛɨɪɹɫɶ ɫ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɦ ɤɥɢɦɚ-ɬɨɦ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɹ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɣ ɨɛɭɜɢ ɢ ɨɞɟɠɞɵ, ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɱɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚ-ɧɢɹ, ɢɥɢ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɣ ɩɢɳɢ, ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɟ «ɜɨɣɫɤɚ ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɢɞɟɨ-ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɛɨɣɰɚɦɢ»[4, c. 167]. ɉɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɧɚ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɪɢɫɤɨɜɚɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ Ɇɭɫɫɨɥɢɧɢ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɫɬɚɪɚɹ ɫɨɥɢɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɱɧɨ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɟɣ ɮɚ-ɲɢɫɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɪɨɞɢɧɵ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ. ɂ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɂɬɚɥɢɢ ɚɬɚɤɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ ɫɨɛɪɚɥɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɫɢɥɵ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɪɨɞɢɧɵ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɹ ɪɢɫɤɭ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɮɪɨɧɬ. ɉɨɥɢɰɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɲɩɢɨɧɵ ɮɚɲɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɥɢ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ: «ȼɨɣɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɲɥɚ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɪɚ-ɛɨɱɢɯ. <...> ə ɫɥɵɲɚɥ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɥɢ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ɞɨɛɶɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɩɟɯɚ ɜ ɤɨɥɨɫɫɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ»[5, ɥ. 1]. ɂ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ: «ȼ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ ɜɨɣɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɚ. ɇɚ ɫɬɟɧɚɯ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ ɡɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɡɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɮɚɲɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɥɢɞɟ-ɪɚ»[6, ɥ. 2]. ȼɨɨɛɳɟ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɥɞɚɬɵ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɧɟɦɰɟɜ, ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɥɢ ɫɢɦɩɚ-ɬɢɸ ɤ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɦ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɥɢ ɢɦ ɜ ɬɪɭɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. ɂɡ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ «ɜɨɥɹ ɠɟɪɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ, ɭɦɟɪɟɬɶ ɡɚ ɪɨɞɢɧɭ», ɡɚ «ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ ɜɨɣɧɵ» ɢɥɢ «ɡɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɛɟɞɵ» [7, ɥ. 134-136]. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɩɢɫɶɦɚ ɢɡ ɂɬɚɥɢɢ ɧɚ ɮɪɨɧɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɭɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɜɨɣ-ɧɵ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɬɵ ɧɟ ɨɬɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɜɟɪɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɦɨɣ. ɂɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɚɹ ɚɪɦɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɹɧɭɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɺɧɧɵɣ ɮɪɨɧɬ: ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɞɢɜɢɡɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɚ ɩɪɢɤɪɵɜɚɬɶ ɨɤɨɥɨ 30-40 ɤɦ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟ-ɦɹ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɦ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɬɚɤɢ ɞɢɜɢɡɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵ-ɥɚ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɮɪɨɧɬ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 7–8 ɤɦ. ȼ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɜɫɟɣ ɮɪɨɧɬɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɰɚɦ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɜɵɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɧɚɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɨɣ, ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɧɢɤɨɝɨ ɜ ɬɵɥɭ. Ʉɨɧɬɪɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɣ Ⱥɪɦɢɢ ɜ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɟ 1942 ɝ. ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɪɚɫɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ Ʉɪɚɫɧɚɹ Ⱥɪɦɢɹ ɜɤɥɢɧɢɥɚɫɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ 8-ɣ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɦɢɟɣ ɢ 6-ɣ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɣ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɉɚɭɥɸɫɚ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɳɢɬ-ɧɢɤɨɜ ɋɬɚɥɢɧɝɪɚɞɚ. ȼ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɟ 1942 ɝ. ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ «Ɇɚɥɵɣ ɋɚɬɭɪɧ» ɡɚɤɨɧɱɢɥɚɫɶ ɩɨɥɧɵɦ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ARMIRɚ. ɉɪɨɛɢɜ ɮɪɨɧɬ, Ʉɪɚɫɧɚɹ Ⱥɪɦɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɥɚɫɶ ɡɚ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɵɥɨɜɵɯ ɱɚɫ-ɬɟɣ ɜɪɚɝɚ, ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɰɟɜ, ɤɬɨ ɭɰɟɥɟɥɢ, ɨɫɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɨɜɢɚɧɬɚ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɤɨɦɚɧɞ. ȼ ARMIRɟ ɰɚɪɢɥ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɯɚɨɫ. Ɂɢɦɧɟɟ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɢɥɨɫɶ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɚɥɶɩɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɣɫɤ. ɇɚɱɚɥɨ 1943 ɝ., ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɬɚɥɨ ɪɨɤɨɜɵɦ ɞɥɹ ARMIRɚ: ɜɫɟɝɨ ɡɚ 45 ɞɧɟɣ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɰɵ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɥɢ ɭɛɢɬɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ 95 ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨ-ɝɨ, ɨɧɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɜ ɪɭɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤɚ ɜɫɸ ɚɪɬɢɥɥɟɪɢɸ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 1 ɬɵɫ. ɩɭɲɟɤ), 13 ɬɵɫ. ɚɜɬɨɦɚɲɢɧ, 20 ɬɵɫ. ɦɭɥɨɜ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ. Ɉɬɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɲɢɦ ɫɬɟɩɹɦ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɭɠɚɫɧɵɦ. ɋɨɬɧɢ ɦɟɦɭɚɪɨɜ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɨ ɫɬɪɚɲɧɵɯ ɷɩɢɡɨ-ɞɚɯ, ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɚɤɬɚɯ ɠɟɫɬɨɤɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɵɠɢɬɶ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɩɨɯɨɞɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɩɥɟɧɚ ɢ ɪɟɩɚɬɪɢɚɰɢɢ. ɋɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɥɟɧɭ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɟɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ: ɢɡ 80 ɬɵɫ. ɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɂɬɚɥɢɸ ɜɟɪɧɭɥɢɫɶ ɥɢɲɶ 10 032 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ[8, c. 12].
ȼ ɢɬɨɝɟ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɵɫɹɱɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ, ɚ ɪɚɡɝɪɨɦ ȺɊɆɂɊɚ ɢ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɦɢɢ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ (ɛɢɬɜɚ ɗɥɶ-Ⱥɥɚɦɟɣɧɚ ɜ ɧɨɹɛɪɟ 1942 ɝ.) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜ-ɥɹɥɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɮɚɲɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɯɨɬɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɰɟɜ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɮɪɨɧɬɟ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɬɚɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɪɨɧɬɚɯ, ɤɚɤ ɜ Ƚɪɟɰɢɢ, Ⱥɥɛɚɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɢɢ, ɪɚɡɝɪɨɦ ɷɬɨɬ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɞɨ ɧɚ-ɲɢɯ ɞɧɟɣ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤ-ɰɢɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ȺɊɆɂɊɚ ɜ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɋɨɸɡɟ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɪɟɲɚɸɳɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɚɥɟ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɹ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɤ Ɇɭɫɫɨɥɢɧɢ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɹɫɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ, ɱɬɨ Ɇɭɫɫɨɥɢɧɢ ɧɟɞɨɨɰɟɧɢɥ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɋɋɋɊ ɢ Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɣ Ⱥɪɦɢɢ, ɩɟɪɟɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɹ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɫɢɥɭ ɚɪɦɢɣ Ɉɫɢ. 10 ɢɸɥɹ 1943 ɝ. ɜɵɫɚɞɤɚ aɧɝɥɨ-ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɰɟɜ ɧɚ ɋɢɰɢɥɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɝɪɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɥɫɹ 25 ɢɸɥɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ Ɇɭɫ-ɫɨɥɢɧɢ ɛɵɥ ɨɛɟɫɤɭɪɚɠɟɧ ȼɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɋɨɜɟɬɨɦ ɮɚɲɢɡɦɚ. ȼɵɫɚɞɤɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɰɟɜ ɜ ɂɬɚɥɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɮɚɲɢɡɦɚ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɥɢ ɫ Ʉɭɪɫɤɨɣ ɛɢɬɜɨɣ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɮɪɨɧɬɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ȼɟɪɦɚɯɬ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɥ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶ-ɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɲɥɚ ɤ Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɣ ɚɪ-ɦɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɮɚɲɢɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɉɢɟɬɪɨ Ȼɚɞɨɥɶɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɪɨɥɶ ɧɚɡɧɚ-ɱɚɥ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɨ Ɇɭɫɫɨɥɢɧɢ, ɛɵɥɨ ɹɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɂɬɚɥɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɜɵɣɬɢ ɢɡ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɢ ɨɬɫɸɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɵ ɫ ɚɧɝɥɨ-ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɰɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɟ-ɪɟɦɢɪɢɹ 8 ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɹ 1943 ɝ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɪɦɢɣ Ɉɫɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞ, ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɮɪɨɧɬɟ, ɧɨ ɜ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɋɨɸɡɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɬɵɫɹɱɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ. ɂɡ ɨɤɨɥɨ 80 000 ɱɟɥ., ɜɡɹɬɵɯ ɜ ɩɥɟɧ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɭɦɟɪɥɨ ɜ ɥɚɝɟɪɹɯ ɨɬ ɝɨɥɨɞɚ, ɬɢɮɚ ɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɨ-ɟɧɧɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɥɚɝɟɪɹɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɚ 56,5% ɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɜ 4 ɪɚɡɚ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɪɟɞ-ɧɟɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɦɰɟɜ. Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɟɯ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɋɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɚ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɠɟɫɬɨɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɰɵ ɫɬɪɚ-ɞɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɯɨɥɨɞɚ: ɢɯ ɨɞɟɠɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ, ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɜɫɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɰɟɜ ɩɨɩɚɥɚ ɜ ɥɚɝɟɪɹ ɜ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɨɣɧɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɥɚɝɟɪɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɢ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɞɢɤɚɦɟɧ-ɬɨɜ ɧɟ ɯɜɚɬɚɥɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɣ Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɣ Ⱥɪɦɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɫɥɨ-ɜɢɹɯ ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɥɚɝɟɪɟɣ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɟɪɜɨɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚ-ɱɟɣ. ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɋɨɸɡ ɛɵɥ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɪɟɩɚɬɪɢɢɪɨɜɚɥɚ ɢɬɚɥɶ-ɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ. ɗɬɨ, ɧɚɜɟɪɧɨɟ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɫɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɨ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɟ 1945 ɝ. ɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɪɟɩɚɬɪɢɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɥɞɚɬ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɢɸɥɟ 1946 ɝ. ɜɟɪɧɭɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɪɨɞɢɧɭ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɟ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɵ. Ɉɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɠɟɪɬɜɚɦɢ ɩɨɥɢ-ɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɉɚɥɦɢɪɨ Ɍɨɥɶɚɬɬɢ ɩɨɫɨɜɟɬɨɜɚɥ Ⱥ.ə. ȼɵɲɢɧɫɤɨɦɭ ɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɋɋɋɊ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɜɟɪɧɭɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɂɬɚɥɢɸ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɥɢ-ɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɞɭɦɚ 2 ɢɸɧɹ 1946 ɝ.: ɨɧ ɛɨ-ɹɥɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚɦɢ ɨ ɩɥɟɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɞɢɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɭ ɂɄɉ (ɂɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɚɹ Ʉɨɦɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɟ-ɫɤɚɹ ɉɚɪɬɢɹ). ɂɄɉ ɩɵɬɚɥɚɫɶ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɩɨɞ ɫɜɨɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɟɧ-ɧɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɪɨɞɢɧɭ ɜ ɂɬɚɥɢɸ. Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɡɜɪɚ-ɬɢɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɠɟ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ 1945 – ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 1946 ɝɨɞɨɜ ɛɟɡ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɰɢɢ ɫ «ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɚɦɢ» ɜɵɡɵɜɚɥɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚ-ɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɂɄɉ. Ʌɢɞɟɪɵ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɫɬɨɜ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɨɩɚɫɚɥɢɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɩɚɬɪɢɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ, ɡɧɚɤɨɦɵɯ ɩɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɨɩɵɬɭ ɫ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢ-ɟɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɬɚɥɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɩɨɞɨɪɜɟɬ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢ-ɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɵ. ɗɬɚ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɚ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɜɲɚɹ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɜ ɋɋɋɊ ɜ «ɪɨ-ɡɨɜɨɦ» ɰɜɟɬɟ, ɫɬɪɟɦɢɥɚɫɶ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɦɟ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɢ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ. Ɉɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɷɮ-ɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɢ ɪɹɞɨɜɵɟ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɰɵ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɝɥɚɡɚɦɢ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɠɢɡ-ɧɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɠɢɡ-ɧɢɹ. ɂɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɢ ɦɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɢ ɩɪɟɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɧɢɯ, ɧɨ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜ ɋɋɋɊ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɨɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɨɦɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɸ, ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɥɚ ɢɥɥɸɡɢɢ ɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɟ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɤɭɥɶɬɢɜɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɨ-ɩɚɝɚɧɞɨɣ ɂɄɉ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɟ 1946 ɝ. ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ Ɇɢɧɢ-ɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɥ ɡɚɹɜɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɩɚɬɪɢɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɢɥɚɫɶ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɜ ɋɋɋɊ ɨɫɬɚɥɚɫɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ (ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɤɨɥɨ 30 ɱɟɥ.), ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɢ, ɷɬɨ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɨ ɜɡɪɵɜ ɧɟɝɨɞɨ-ɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɂɬɚɥɢɢ. Ɂɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɟɩɚɬɪɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɪɧɭɥɨɫɶ ɱɭɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ 10 ɬɵɫɹɱ ɜɨɟɧ-ɧɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ, ɤɭɞɚ ɠɟ ɞɟɥɢɫɶ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ? ȼ ɂɬɚɥɢɢ ɩɨɩɨɥɡɥɢ ɫɥɭɯɢ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɢ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɥɞɚɬ ɢ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɨɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɝɞɟ-ɬɨ ɜ ɫɢɛɢɪɫɤɢɯ ɥɚɝɟɪɹɯ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɬɶ. ɍ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨ-ɫɨɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɫɬɜ ɜ ɂɬɚɥɢɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɦɢɬɢɧɝɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɚ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɨ-ɟɧɧɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ. Ɍɪɚɝɟɞɢɹ ɫɟɦɟɣ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɜɲɢɯ ɧɚɞɟɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɡ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɩɚɜɲɢɯ, ɭɫɭɝɭɛɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɩɟɤɭɥɹɰɢɹɦɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɚɪ-ɬɢɣ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɹɯ. Ɋɟɩɚɬɪɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɢɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɧɟɦɚɥɨɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɟɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɵɛɨɪɚɯ ɜ ɚɩɪɟɥɟ 1948 ɝ., ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɵɛɨɪɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ 20 ɥɟɬ ɮɚɲɢɡɦɚ. Ⱦɨ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɚɹ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɚɪɬɢɟɣ «ɏɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɹ» – ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɫɬɨɜ – ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ. ɉɚɪɬɢɹ «ɏɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ», ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɵɢɝɪɚɥɚ ɜɵɛɨɪɵ, ɧɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɹɫɶ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɚ ɬɪɚɝɟɞɢɸ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɩɪɟɞɜɵɛɨɪɧɨɣ ɚɝɢɬɚɰɢɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɵɛɨɪɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɤɚɬɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɸɱɟɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɨɣ ɫ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɶɸ «Ɉɬɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɸ ɮɚɲɢɫɬɚɦɢ, ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɫɬɚɦɢ» [9, ɫ. 258]. ȼ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɩɥɚɤɚɬɟ, ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡ ɋɒȺ ɢ ɢɡ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɜɫɟ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɪɧɭɥɢɫɶ, ɡɚɞɚɜɚɥɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ: «Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ: 80 000 ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ; ɜɟɪɧɭɥɢɫɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ 10 000. ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɟ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ?»[9, c. 258]
ȼ ɩɪɟɞɜɵɛɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɢ «ɏɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱦɟ-ɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ» ɨɛɜɢɧɹɥɢ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɫɬɨɜ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɋɨɸɡɟ: ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɧɚ-ɱɚɥɟ 1990-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɢɡ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɵ ɭɡɧɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɭɦɟɪɥɨ ɜ ɥɚɝɟɪɹɯ. ȿɳɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 1950-ɯ ɢ 1960-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɚɡɟɬɚɯ ɢ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚɯ (ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɤɢɧɨ) ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɟɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɨɛ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɰɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɠɢɬɶ ɜ ɋɋɋɊ. ɂɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɢ-ɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɚɪɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɨɬ Ɇɨɫɤɜɵ ɫɩɢɫɤɢ ɦɟɪɬɜɵɯ ɜɨɟɧɧɨ-ɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɥɚɝɟɪɹɯ, ɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɫɥɭɯɢ, ɧɨ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɨ-ɪɨɧɚ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɨɬɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɞɨ 1990-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ [9, c. 258]. Ʉɚɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ, ɜ ɂɬɚɥɢɢ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɜɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɛɟɞɢɥ ɮɚɲɢɡɦ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɋɋɋɊ, ɧɟɨɞɧɨ-ɡɧɚɱɧɵɣ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɨɬ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɫɚɦ ɮɚɲɢɫɬɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɯɨɞ ɜ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɋɨɸɡ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ, ɚ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɯ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɨɞɢɧɭ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɥɢɹɬɟɥɶɧɵ, ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɠɢɦ Ɇɭɫɫɨɥɢɧɢ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɚ ɫɚɦɭ ɩɨ-ɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɢ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ. Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ:
1. Giusti M.T. La campagna di Russia. 1941-1943. Ȼɨɥɨɧɶɹ: Il Mulino, 2016.
2. Le operazioni delle unità italiane al fronte russo(1941–1943), (Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɮɪɨɧɬɟ). Roma: Archivio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito (AUSSME), 1977.
3. ɉɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɞɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɩɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɨɜɨɝɨ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢɨ Ⱥɫɬɟɞɶɹɧɨ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣࡅ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɨɜɭ 6.12.1942. ɋɟɤɪɟɬɧɨ // ɊȽȺɋɉɂ, ɮ. 495, ɨɩ. 77, ɞ. 18.
4. Burgwyn H.J.The Legacy of Italy’s Participation in the German War against the Soviet Union: 1941-1943: «Mondo contemporaneo», 2/2011.
5. Ⱦɟɥɨ Ƚɟɧɭɚ, 1-ɨɝɨ ɢɸɥɹ 1941, ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ Ⱥɪɯɢɜ (ȺCS), Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬ-ɜɨ ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ Ⱦɟɥ, ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɉɨɥɢɰɢɹ (1928-44).
6. PNF (ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɚɲɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ), ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹɯ, (ȺCS), ɞɟɥɨ 25, ɨɩɢɫɶ Ɍɭɪɢɧ, 24.09.1941.
7. Commenti e considerazioni sulla corrispondenza scritta dei soldati e ricevuta dall’Italia dalle loro famiglie ed amici. ɊȽȺɋɉɂ, ɮ. 495, ɨɩ. 77, ɞ. 21a.
8. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɫɦ.: Ⱦɠɭɫɬɢ Ɇ.Ɍ. ɂɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɋɋɋɊ. 1941–1954 / ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ɇ.Ƚ. Ɍɚɥɚɥɚɹ. ɋɉɛ.: Ⱥɥɟɬɟɣɹ, 2010.
9. Ⱦɠɭɫɬɢ Ɇ.Ɍ. I prigionieri italiani in Russia. Ȼɨɥɨɧɶɹ: Il Mulino, 2ɨɟɢɡɞ., 2014.
Ⱦɭɞɢɧɚ ɇ.ɇ. ȺɗɊɈȾɊɈɆɇɈ-ɌȿɏɇɂɑȿɋɄɈȿ ɈȻȿɋɉȿɑȿɇɂȿ 2-Ƀ ȼɈɁȾɍɒɇɈɃ ȺɊɆɂɂ ȼȿɋɇɈɃ – ɅȿɌɈɆ 1943 ȽɈȾȺ ɇȺ ɌȿɊɊɂɌɈɊɂɂ ɉɊɈɏɈɊɈȼɋɄɈȽɈ ɊȺɃɈɇȺ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ɈȻɅȺɋɌɂ Ⱦɭɞɢɧɚ ɇ.ɇ. ȺɗɊɈȾɊɈɆɇɈ-ɌȿɏɇɂɑȿɋɄɈȿ ɈȻȿɋɉȿɑȿɇɂȿ 2-Ƀ ȼɈɁȾɍɒɇɈɃ ȺɊɆɂɂ ȼȿɋɇɈɃ – ɅȿɌɈɆ 1943 ȽɈȾȺ ɇȺ ɌȿɊɊɂɌɈɊɂɂ ɉɊɈɏɈɊɈȼɋɄɈȽɈ ɊȺɃɈɇȺ ɄɍɊɋɄɈɃ ɈȻɅȺɋɌɂ Ⱥɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɹ. ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɷɪɨɞɪɨɦɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ 2-ɣ ɜɨɡ-ɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɚɪɦɢɢ ɧɚɤɚɧɭɧɟ ɢ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ Ʉɭɪɫɤɨɣ ɛɢɬɜɵ, ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɚɷɪɨɞɪɨɦɨɜ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɉɪɨɯɨɪɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ.
Summary. Inthe article there is analyzed the airfield technical support of the 2nd air army on the eve and during the battle of Kursk, the construction of airfields in the territory of Prokhorovsky district.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɚɷɪɨɞɪɨɦ, ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɚɷɪɨɞɪɨɦ, ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɚɹ ɚɪɦɢɹ, ɦɚɫ-ɤɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ.
Key words: airfield, construction, diversionary airfield, air army, mask, mining.
Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɣɫɤ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɭɸ Ɉɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɜɨɣ-ɧɭ 1941–1945 ɝɝ., ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦ ɟɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚɯ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɜ ɬɟɫ-ɧɨɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɜɨɣɫɤ ɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɨ-ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɨɩɟ-ɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɫɬɚɥ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɦɚɫɫɢ-ɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɟɺ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɭɡɤɢɯ ɢ ɪɟɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɮɪɨɧ-ɬɚ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ȼȼɋ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸ-ɳɢɯ, ɡɚɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɚɷɪɨɞɪɨɦɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ, ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɧɟɨɛ-ɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɦɚɧɟɜɪ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɦɚɟ – ɢɸɧɟ 1943 ɝ. ɨɬɞɟɥ ɚɷɪɨɞɪɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ 2-ɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɚɪɦɢɢ (ȼȺ) ɪɟɲɚɥ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɚɷɪɨɞɪɨɦɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ. ɂɡɵɫɤɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢ-ɥɢɫɶ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɫ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬ-ɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɦ ɤɚɪɬɚɦ. ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɚɷɪɨɞɪɨɦɨɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɫɢɥɚɦɢ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɚɷɪɨɞɪɨɦɧɵɯ ɛɚɬɚɥɶɨɧɨɜ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨɡɥɚɝɚɥɚɫɶ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɜɡɥɟɬɧɨ-ɩɨɫɚɞɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 1200 ɯ 300ɦɟɬɪɨɜ, ɪɭɥɟɠɧɵɯ ɞɨɪɨɠɟɤ, ɦɟɫɬ ɫɬɨɹɧɨɤ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚ ɚɷɪɨɞɪɨɦɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ (1 ɤɨɦɚɧɞɧɵɣ ɩɭɧɤɬ, ɞɚɥɟɟ – Ʉɉ; 1–2 ɡɟɦɥɹɧɤɢ). Ⱦɨɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɷɪɨɞɪɨɦɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɫɢɥɚɦɢ ɚɷɪɨɞɪɨɦɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɨɬ ɛɚɬɚɥɶɨɧɨɜ ɚɷɪɨɞɪɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɚɷɪɨɞɪɨɦɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɨ: 2–3 Ʉɉ, 5–6 ɠɢɥɵɯ ɡɟɦɥɹɧɨɤ, 3–4 ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɟɦɥɹɧɤɢ, 1–2 ɫɬɨɥɨɜɵɟ, 20–40 ɭɤɪɵɬɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɨɜ, 10–15 ɭɤɪɵɬɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɲɢɧ, 20–30 ɳɟɥɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ. ȼ ɩɨɥɨɫɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ 2 ȼȺ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɉɪɨɯɨɪɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɣ-ɨɧɚ, ɫ ɦɚɹ ɩɨ ɢɸɧɶ 1943 ɝ. ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɨ 8 ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɯ ɚɷɪɨɞɪɨɦɨɜ, ɢɡ ɧɢɯ 4 – ɥɨɠɧɵɯ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɫɺɥ ɋɜɢɧɨ-ɉɨɝɨɪɟɥɨɜɤɚ, Ȼɨɛɪɨɜɨ, Ƚɪɹɡɧɨɟ ɢ ɯɭɬɨɪɚ Ƚɪɭɲɤɢ, ɥɨɠɧɵɟ – ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɫɺɥ Ƚɪɹɡɧɨɟ, Ɋɚɞɶɤɨɜɤɚ, Ɇɚɫɥɨɜɤɚ ɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɉɪɨɯɨɪɨɜɤɚ. ɋɪɨɤ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɚɷɪɨɞɪɨɦɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɟɜɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɢ 2 ȼȺ ɛɵɥ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ – 25 ɢɸɧɹ 1943 ɝ. ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɥɨɫɶ ɦɟ-ɫɬɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ. ɉɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦ, ɯɪɚɧɹɳɢɦɫɹ ɜ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɚɪɯɢɜɟ Ȼɟɥ-ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɚɷɪɨɞɪɨɦɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ
