DG UQL G LSDU LP Q R GL /LQJ L LFD DG UQ LG LS DU LP Q R GL /L QJ L LF D 8 QL U Lj G D D DE UL D 3 L FL D R RP L R L L R L LQ 1 RU K D DE UL DQ GL D F G D DO GL R D GR D RL D 7 R D S R SD D R S UR LP R SD D R U P R R Q L RQ I LR QD L LF L LD QL DQ LF K L LR D D FL 6 U KL I U G QF LL F DQ G 5 DG GR SS LD P Q R 6L Q D LF R LQ Q UD DQ G 6R K UQ , D LD Q GL D F LF OD VV R 8 Q LS R L D SU R QL Q D G FR Q RQ DQ L RU G D SL UD Q GL D R GL 6D Q LR DQ QL LQ )L RU FLD R RP L R G D D DV L /D S DU D D GL )D FR QD UD D ED Q Q L LI R F RU LF L G / D D DE UL D LR OOD RV D 0 EL QR QL P LQ KT LS Qs )M D RU LQ )U DQ F FR 0 DU LD G D / FF D R D GD O . Do . UD Ns D K sU U K 0 LN UR IMD RU M K RU , L D M s 1 s UE sU L K Q D F VF R O LP D L /D Q RQ DF Ly Q Q D S UL I UL D G D 5 RP DQ LD D LF LD D DE UL D OLV D i G L / LQ JQ DP Q R G LQ RQ D LR Q Q LF RU LG L , D LD QR /6 D LD R D R 6 LR Q G LF RU SR UD S U Q RF DE R DU LR S GD JR JL FR D Q S UD SS U QG Q LG L LD LD QR / LD DV F SD ( LQ pU SU Q R Fy GL JR S QD SU RF D S QD LD LD QR DU J Q LQ R RP SD UD U SD UD LQ US U DU D LD DE L OD L P R L 6 LQ RQ D LR Q G D IU D F DP D L D QD GL DP LQ D D L LD R LD OOR UR E P L RU LF L G FU L L LG LF RP SR L UE R QR P LQ D L DO D R OD GL R RL /R L SS R G D FR P QL FD LR Q GL DG LF D OD LD D D D LD L V SS L D D RO R D LV D DO P LL OD RV DE LO /D UD FU L LR Q G LQ UF D LR QL IR QL FK DP EL Q D L Q UF L LR GL DQ D L LG D FR Q U D LR Q DS S LF D D D FD O L 8 Q RI DU S U D J LR Q G UD FU L LR QL LQ DP EL R SU RF D Q GD DE D GL GR F P Q L RQ RU L FL D R RP L R D R D LG L 24 ,0 0 eu ro IS B N 9 78 -8 8-25 5-38 06 -9 L L/ L L LF 6 GL LQ RQ RU G SU RI -R KQ 7U P S U D F D GL / FL DQ R 5 RP LR DG UQ LG LS DU LP Q R GL /L QJ L 8 QL U Lj G D D DE UL D Q
4XDGHUQL GHO LSDUWLPHQWR GL /LQJXLVWLFD
8QLYHUVLWj GHOOD &DODEULD
Comitato scienti co
0DULR &DOLJLXUL 81,9(56,7 (// & / 5,
QJHOD &RVWDELOH 81,9(56,7 (// & / 5,
)UDQFHVFD &RVWD 81,9(56,7 & 772/,& (/6 &52&825( 0,/ 12
5REHUWD H )HOLFL 81,9(56,7 (// & / 5,
*LRYDQQHOOD *UHFR 81,9(56,7 (// & / 5,
0DXUR *XHUULQL 81,9(56,7 (*/,678 , ,),5(1=(
3LHU *LRYDQQL *X]]R && (0, (,/,1&(,
0RQLFD /DQ]LOORWWD 81,9(56,7 (// & / 5,
0DXUL]LR 3DROHWWL 81,9(56,7 (// & / 5,
/XFLDQR 5RPLWR 81,9(56,7 (// & / 5,
,GD 5XIIROR 81,9(56,7 (// & / 5,
*LXVHSSH 6SDGDIRUD 81,9(56,7 (// & / 5,
&KULVWLDQ 9DVVDOOR 81,9(56,7 (// & / 5,
)UDQFHVFD 9HOWUL 81,9(56,7 (// & / 5,
RPL D R GL U GD LR
0DQXHOD )URQWHUD 81,9(56,7 (// & / 5,
/XFLDQR 5RPLWR 81,9(56,7 (// & / 5,
6 U ULD GL U GD LR
VVXQWD &DUXVR 81,9(56,7 (// & / 5,
/D ULYLVWD 4XDGHUQL GHO LSDUWLPHQWR GL /LQJXLVWLFDμ q XQD ULYLVWD scienti ca inerente agli ambiti di ricerca del Dipartimento di Cul WXUH (GXFD]LRQH H 6RFLHWj HG q FHQVLWD GDOO· 1985 SHU O· UHD Scienze dell’antichità, lologico-letterarie e storico-artistiche e l’A rea 11 – Scienze storiche, loso che, pedagogiche e psicologiche. /R VFRSR GHOOD ULYLVWD q GL FUHDUH XQ·RFFDVLRQH LQ FXL VWXGLRVL GR FHQWL H ULFHUFDWRUL SRVVDQR FRQGLYLGHUH LGHH VXOOD ULFHUFD H GLGDWWLFD VYROWD QHO FDPSR GL VWXGLR SURSRVWR DWWUDYHUVR XQR VJXDUGR FROOD ERUDWLYR H LQQRYDWLYR /D ULYLVWD LQFOXGH GLYHUVH VRWWR DUHH FRQ O·LQ WHQWR GL LQFRUDJJLDUH OD FRQGLYLVLRQH GL XQD SL DPSLD JDPPD GL HVSHULHQ]H ULVXOWDWL VFDPEL GL LGHH
, FRQWULEXWL SRWUDQQR HVVHUH SUHVHQWDWL LQ GLYHUVH OLQJXH DOOR VFR SR GL UDIIRU]DUH O·DVSHWWR PXOWLOLQJXH GHOOD ULYLVWD HG HYLGHQ]LDUH OD SOXUDOLWj GL FXOWXUH H VWLOL FRPXQLFDWLYL FRQ L TXDOL OD FRPXQLWj XQLYHUVLWDULD HQWUD LQ FRQWDWWR GXUDQWH OD TXRWLGLDQLWj DFFDGHPLFD
4XDGHUQL GHO LSDUWLPHQWR GL /LQJXLVWLFD
8QLYHUVLWj GHOOD &DODEULDD
L GL /DERUD RULR GL )R
LFD
6WXGL LQ RQRUH GHO SURI -RKQ 7UXPSHU D FXUD GL
LQIR#DUDFQHHGLWULFH LW &RS\ULJKW ‹ 00;9,,,
*LRDFFKLQR 2QRUDWL HGLWRUH 6 U O XQLSHUVRQDOH
ZZZ JLRDFFKLQRRQRUDWLHGLWRUH LW LQIR#JLRDFFKLQRRQRUDWLHGLWRUH LW YLD 9LWWRULR 9HQHWR
&DQWHUDQR 50
,661
, GLULWWL GL WUDGX]LRQH GL PHPRUL]]D]LRQH HOHWWURQLFD GL ULSURGX]LRQH H GL DGDWWDPHQWR DQFKH SDU]LDOH FRQ TXDOVLDVL PH]]R VRQR ULVHU DWL SHU WXWWL L 3DHVL 1RQ VRQR DVVROXWDPHQWH FRQVHQWLWH OH IRWRFRSLH VHQ]D LO SHUPHVVR VFULWWR GHOO·(GLWRUH
,QGLFH
3U ID LR
/XFLDQR 5RPLWR
6 GL GLD R R LFL 3RVVHVVLYHV LQ 1RUWK &DODEULDQ GLDOHFWV
HQHGHWWD DOGL HRQDUGR 0 6D RLD
7HVWR H DVSHWWR SDVVDWR SURVVLPR H SDVVDWR UHPRWR QHL &RQIHVVLRQDOL VLFLOLDQL DQWLFKL
1XQ]LR D )DXFL
6WUHVV VKLIW VWUHVVHG HQFOLWLFV DQG 5DGGRSSLDPHQWR 6LQWDWWLFR LQ &HQWUDO DQG 6RXWKHUQ ,WDOLDQ GLDOHFWV
0LFKHOD 5XVVR
8Q·LSRWHVL VXOOD SURYHQLHQ]D GHOOH FRQVRQDQWL VRUGH DVSLUDWH QHO GLDOHWWR GL 6DQ *LRYDQQL LQ )LRUH
XFLDQR 5RPLWR QGUHD DUDVL
/D SDUODWD GL )DOFRQDUD DOEDQHVH QHL WHVWL IROFORULFL GH /D &DODEULD
)LRUHOOD H 5RVD
0EL HWQRQLPLQ VKTLS Qs )MDORULQ H )UDQFHVFR 0DULD GD /HFFH V 0DWWHR 0DQGDOj
.XODo .UDYHOH %XNsYDOH KH 3sUUHWK
0LNURIMDORU *MXKHVRU , LVD *MHOOsYH 1s UEsULVKWHQ )UDQFHVFR OWLPDUL
L DPLF L U L L LF UDG LR DFT L L LR / /
/D HQWRQDFLyQ HQ ODV SHULIHULDV GH OD 5RPDQLD *DOLFLD \ &DODEULD (OLVD )HUQiQGH] 5HL
/·LQVHJQDPHQWR GHOO·LQWRQD]LRQH QHL FRUVL GL ,WDOLDQR/6
0DULDQR 6WUDQR
6HOH]LRQH GHL FRUSRUD SHU XQ YRFDERODULR SHGDJRJLFR VXOOH YDOHQ]H SHU DSSUHQGHQWL GL LWDOLDQR/
(XJHQLD 0DVFKHUSD
(O LQWpUSUHWH HQ ORV FyGLJRV SHQDOHV \ SURFHVDOHV SHQDOHV LWDOLDQRV \ DUJHQWLQRV &RPSDUDU SDUD LQWHUSUHWDU
0DULD *DEULHOD 3LHPRQWL
6XOO·LQWRQD]LRQH GHOOD IUDVH HVFODPDWLYD XQD GLVDPLQD 3DWUL]LD 6RULDQHOOR
/L L LFD L D LD D
3UREOHPL WHRULFL H GHVFULWWLYL GHL FRPSRVWL YHUER QRPLQDOL 6DO DWRUH &ODXGLR 6JURL
6 GL D FRP LFD LR /R VYLOXSSR GHOOD FRPXQLFD]LRQH GLDGLFD
)OD LDQD HQXWD 0DULD *LXVHSSLQD DUWROR QQD LVD 3DOHUPLWL QJHOD &RVWDELOH
/L L LFD )RU
/D WUDVFUL]LRQH GHOOH LQWHUFHWWD]LRQL WHOHIRQLFKH H DPELHQWDOL XQ HVHUFL]LR GL DQDOLVL GHOOD FRQYHUVD]LRQH DSSOLFDWD
)UDQFD 2UOHWWL
8Q VRIWZDUH SHU OD JHVWLRQH GHOOH WUDVFUL]LRQL LQ DPELWR SURFHVVXDOH XQ GDWDEDVH GL GRFXPHQWL VRQRUL
XFLDQR 5RPLWR 0DXUR D LGH 9LJq
3UHID]LRQH
/8&, 12 520,72/D SXEEOLFD]LRQH GL TXHVWR YROXPH QRQ q XQD VHPSOLFH IRUPDOLWj OHJDWD DOOD ULFRUUHQ]D GHO WUHQWHQQDOH GHOOD FRVWLWX]LRQH GHO /DER ratorio di Fonetica ma vuole essere un riconoscimento uf ciale a FKL KD UHVR SRVVLELOH FKH FLz DYYHQLVVH -RKQ 7UXPSHU SURIHVVRUH RUGLQDULR GL *ORWWRORJLD H /LQJXLVWLFD
Il laboratorio di Fonetica, n dalla sua costituzione, è stato teatro GL LPSRUWDQWL FROODERUD]LRQL FRQ VWXGLRVL QD]LRQDOL HG LQWHUQD]LR nali proponendo loni di ricerca importanti ed innovativi. Viene FRVWLWXLWR FRQ O·RELHWWLYR GL DSSOLFDUH OD IRQHWLFD VSHULPHQWDOH DOOD GLDOHWWRORJLD H LQ JHQHUDOH DOOR VWXGLR GHO SDUODWR VSRQWDQHR YLVWR FKH LQ TXHJOL DQQL OH DQDOLVL DFXVWLFKH YHQLYDQR HIIHWWXDWH VX SDU ODWR GL ODERUDWRULR R VX QRQ VHQVH ZRUGV ,O SULPR ODYRUR IX SXEEOL FDWR SURSULR QHOO·DQQR GL FRVWLWX]LRQH GHO /DERUDWRULR GL )RQHWLFD DOO·LQWHUQR GHJOL WWL GHO;9,,&RQYHJQR 1D]LRQDOH GHOO· VVRFLD]LR QH ,WDOLDQD GL FXVWLFD 5DPPHQWR FKH LO /DERUDWRULR GL )RQHWLFD DYHYD OD SURSULD VHGH DOO·LQWHUQR GHOOD )DFROWj GL /HWWHUH H )LORVR
a, quindi pubblicare in una sede frequentata da ingegneri e da sici fu una vera innovazione scienti ca basata sulla convinzione FKH VROR O·LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDULHWj H O·DSSRUWR GL FRPSHWHQ]H GLIIHUHQWL SRVVRQR DLXWDUH D FRPSUHQGHUH HYHQWL FRPSOHVVL ,O ODYRUR VFULWWR GDO SURI -RKQ 7UXPSHU H GDO VRWWRVFULWWR DOO·HSRFD VXR DOOLHYR GDO WLWROR Q SUREOHPD GHOOD FRDUWLFROD]LRQH O·LVRFURQLD UL LVLWDWD LQWHQGH va veri care se le ipotesi sulla gestione del tempo nel parlato, te VWDWH VX SDUODWR GL ODERUDWRULR DYHVVHUR UDJLRQ G·HVVHUH QHO SDUODWR QDWXUDOH H YHQLVVHUR FRQIHUPDWH GD PLVXUD]LRQL DFXVWLFKH
, ODYRUL FRQWLQXDQR LQ DPELWR GLDOHWWRORJLFR QHO FRQ OD FRPSDUD]LRQH WUD VLVWHPL YRFDOLFL GL GLYHUVL GLDOHWWL G HVHPSLR VL 30 anni di Laboratorio di Fonetica
ISBN 978-88-255-3806-9 DOI 10.4399/97888255380691 pp. 9-15 (dicembre 2019)
SXEEOLFDURQR OFXQL SUREOHPL GL FRDUWLFROD]LRQH RFDOLFD RFL HQHWH FDPSDQH H FDODEUHVL FRQ WHVW GLDOHWWDOL VHPSUH QHJOL DWWL GHO;9,,, &RQ YHJQR 1D]LRQDOH GHOO· VVRFLD]LRQH ,WDOLDQD GL FXVWLFD QHO
LQ ULYLVWH R VHGL SL FRQVRQH DOOH 6FLHQ]H 8PDQH 9RZHO V VWHPV DQG areas compared: de nitional problemsQHO YROXPH ·LQWHUIDFFLD WUD )R QRORJLD H )RQHWLFD 3DGRYD 8QLSUHVV RXEOH &RQVRQDQWV ,VRFKURQ and Raddoppiamento Fonosintattico: Some Re ectionsQHO YROXPH &HU WDPHQ 3KRQRORJLFXP 7RULQR 5RVHQEHUJ 6HOOLHU R DQFRUD VHPSUH QHOOR VWHVVR DQQR ,VRFURQLD H EDVH GL DUWLFROD]LRQH XQR VWXGLR VX DOFXQH DULHWj PHULGLRQDOLSXEEOLFDWR SURSULR QHL 4XDGHUQL GHO LSDU WLPHQWR GL LQJXLVWLFDGHOO·8QLYHUVLWj GHOOD &DODEULD
Oltre alla dialettologia, un altro lone di ricerca e di collabora zione con ricercatori di altre università, riguarda la de nizione di SURFHGXUH RSHUDWLYH SHU OD PLVXUD]LRQH DFXVWLFD GL VHJPHQWL OLQ JXLVWLFL GLVFLSOLQD DOO·DYDQJXDUGLD H FRPSOHWDPHQWH VSHULPHQ WDOH QHJOL DQQL 1RYDQWD 6L YHGD DG HVHPSLR LO ODYRUR GHO
6WLPH PDQXDOL XQ HVSHULPHQWR SXEEOLFDWR QHJOL DWWL GHO *UXSSR GL )RQHWLFD 6SHULPHQWDOH JUXSSR QDWR DOO·LQWHUQR GHOO· VVRFLD]LR QH LWDOLDQD GL FXVWLFD , JUD]LH DOOD IDWWLYD FROODERUD]LRQH GL ingegneri, sici, linguisti, fonetisti e dialettologi. Con la collabo razione del sico Li Jun nel 1994, si pubblica 6WLPH RFDOLFKH SUR EOHPDWLFKHQHO YROXPH H RFDOL GDWL VSHULPHQWDOL 3UREOHPL OLQJXLVWL FL SSOLFD]LRQL WHFQRORJLFKH LQ WWL GHOOH ,,, *LRUQDWH GL 6WXGLR GHO *UXSSR GL )RQHWLFD 6SHULPHQWDOH 6L LQL]LDURQR DQFKH DG XWLOL] zare in fonetica, strumenti molto speci ci e tecnologici nati per studi sul comportamento muscolare o siologico dell’apparato IRQDWRULR FRPH O·HOHWWURSDODWRJUDIR R OD PDVFKHUD GL 5RWKHP EHUJ 6L SHQVL DL ODYRUL HIIHWWXDWL FRQ PLVXUD]LRQL HOHWWURSDODWR gra che: Retro exion and/or Cacuminalization: the phonology and SKRQHWLFV RI FRPPRQ SURFHVV SXEEOLFDWR D 0DLQ] *HUPDQLD QHO YROXPH 6SUDFKZLVVHQVFKDIW DXI GHP :HJ L,Q LDV GULWWH -DKUWDXVHQG R VWXGL FRQGRWWL FRQ PLVXUD]LRQL UHDOL]]DWH FRQ OD PDVFKHUD GL 5RWKHPEHUJ QDOLVL HOHWWURDFXVWLFD H DHURGLQDPLFD GHOOD VHTXHQ]D FRQVRQDQWLFD 1& QHO GLDOHWWR GL &DWDQ]DUR SUHQDVDOL]]D]LRQH DUWL FROD]LRQH FRPSOHVVD VHFRQGDULD R QHVVR SXEEOLFDWR QHO YROXPH D IRQHWLFD DFXVWLFD FRPH VWUXPHQWR GL DQDOLVL GHOOD DULD]LRQH OLQJXLVWLFD LQ ,WDOLD 5RPD ,O &DODPR
3UHID]LRQH
L’utilizzo di queste apparecchiature so sticate, insieme al sup SRUWR VWDWLVWLFR DL GDWL DFXVWLFL KD SHUPHVVR O·DSSOLFD]LRQH GHOOD IRQHWLFD VSHULPHQWDOH DOOD PHGLFLQD H LQ SDUWLFRODU PRGR DOOH SD tologie del linguaggio (articolatorie e non). Inizia così una pro FXD FROODERUD]LRQH FRQ LO IRQLDWUD SURIHVVRU 0LDQ GHOO·8QLYHUVLWj GL 8GLQH H FRQ LO QHXURORJR SURI HQHV GHOO·8QLYHUVLWj GL 3DGRYD SHU FRQGXUUH LO SULPR VWXGLR OLQJXLVWLFR IRQHWLFR VXOOD VLQGURPH GHOO·DFFHQWR VWUDQLHUR PHJOLR FRQRVFLXWD FRPH ) 6 4XHVWD FROOD ERUD]LRQH SHUPHWWH XQD VHULH GL SXEEOLFD]LRQL VX ULYLVWH PHGLFKH FRPH TXHOOD LQ Pyxis, TXDGULPHVWUDOH GHOO·866/ Q 5HJLRQH &DOD EULD QHO Q LQXVXDOH IHQRPHQR QHXUR OLQJXLVWLFR OD VLQGURPH GHOO·DFFHQWR VWUDQLHURQHJOL DWWL GHOOH, *LRUQDWH GL 6WXGLR GHO *UXSSR GL )RQHWLFD 6SHULPHQWDOHR TXHOOR SUHVHQWDWR DO FRQYHJQR PRQGLDOH GL )RQHWLFD ,&3 6 WHQXWR D 6WRFFROPD LQ 6YH]LD QHO )RUHLJQ
FFHQW 6 QGURPH DQ ,WDOLDQ &DVH 6WXG
Sotto il pro lo articolatorio e muscolare si è instaurata una tta collaborazione con il Centro di logopedia dell’Ospedale di &DWDQ]DUR H OD IDFROWj GL 0HGLFLQD GHOO·8QLYHUVLWj 0DJQD *UHFLD SURI 1LFROD /RPEDUGR H FRQ O·8QLRQH ,WDOLDQL &LHFKL GL 5RPD SURI /XFLDQR 3DVFKHWWD /H GLIIHUHQWL FRPSHWHQ]H H O·XWLOL]]R fonetico di attrezzature speci che hanno permesso la formaliz ]D]LRQH GL DOFXQH PHWRGRORJLH SXEEOLFDWH QHO QHL 4XDGHU QL GHO LSDUWLPHQWR GL /LQJXLVWLFD L’elettropalatogra a nella va OXWD]LRQH IRQRORJLFD XQ FDVR GL ULWDUGR GHO OLQJXDJJLR LO VXSSRUWR statistico ha permesso di de nire le soglie di normalità per alcu QH SDWRORJLH VL YHGD ,O VLVWHPD HUVR XQD VWDQGDUGL]]D]LRQH GHOOH VRJOLH GL QRUPDOLWj QHOOD ULYLVWD 2 , , / , R ,O VLVWHPD VRJOLH GL QRUPDOLWj D FRQIURQWR QHO YROXPH D IRQHWLFD 6SHULPHQWDOH 0HWRGR H SSOLFD]LRQL 7RUULDQD ( .(GLWRUH
/D FROODERUD]LRQH FRQ O·8QLRQH FLHFKL LWDOLDQD LQYHFH KD SHU PHVVR GL DSSURIRQGLUH DOFXQL VWXGL ULJXDUGR OD SHUFH]LRQH QHL VRJJHWWL QDWL QRQ YHGHQWL &RVu QHO q VWDWR SXEEOLFDWR QHOOD ULYLVWD 4XDGHUQL GL HOqPD OD ULFHUFD LVDELOLWj LVL D H WHFQRORJLFD RPR 0DFFKLQD XQ FROORTXLR SRVVLELOH 1HOOR VWHVVR DQQR QHOOD UL YLVWD , ,/ VL SXEEOLFD LVDELOLWj LVL D H WHFQRORJLD H VXF FHVVLYDPHQWH QHO YROXPH &RQWHVWR FRPXQLFDWL R H DULDELOLWj QHOOD SURGX]LRQH H SHUFH]LRQH GHOOD OLQJXD OD ULFHUFD VXOOD SHUFH]LRQH OLQ
JXLVWLFD Il de cit visivo come competenza nella percezione linguistica: XQR VWXGLR SLORWD 5RPD %XO]RQL (GLWRUH H LQ VHJXLWR DOFXQH UL cerche sulla possibilità di nuove gure professionali come ,O QRQ
HGHQWH XQ QXR R ROWR GL WUDVFULWWRUH IRUHQVH SXEEOLFDWR QHO
QHOOD ULYLVWD Oltre il con ne, le nuove frontiere della riabilitazione
5RPD ,5,)25
,O VHWWRUH OHJDWR DOOR VWXGLR GHOOH SDWRORJLH H GHL GLVWXUEL GHOO·DS SUHQGLPHQWR QRQ VL q PDL LQWHUURWWR QFRUD RJJL JOL LQWHUHVVL VL ULYROJRQR DO UDSSRUWR WUD &/,/H GLVOHVVLD LQ DPELWR VFRODVWLFR 1HO YLHQH SXEEOLFDWR /,/H GLVOHVVLD XQD SURSRVWD PHWRGRORJLFD SHU O·DSSUHQGLPHQWR GL XQD/ / GD SDUWH GL VWXGHQWL FRQ QHOOD ULYLVWD (GXFD]LRQH LQJXLVWLFD DQJXDJH (GXFDWLRQ R QHO KH SKRQHWLF SKRQRORJLFDO UHLQIRUFHPHQW RI 6SDQLVK / LQ VWXGHQWV ZLWK HDUQLQJ LVRUGHUV WKURXJK /,/ PHWKRGRORJ SXEEOLFDWR QHOOD ULYLVWD -RXUQDO RI 6HFRQG DQG 0XOWLSOH DQJXDJH FTXLVLWLRQR DQFRUD QHO Q test per valutare le dif coltà di apprendimento degli alunni stranieri SXEEOLFDWR QHO YROXPH 9HUVR XQ HGXFD]LRQH OLQJXLVWLFD LQFOXVL D SUREOHPL GL RJJL SURVSHWWL H GL GRPDQL
8Q XOWHULRUH VHWWRUH GL ULFHUFD q VWDWR TXHOOR UHODWLYR DOOH YRFL VLQWHWLFKH 1HL SULPL DQQL GHO LQL]Lz OD FROODERUD]LRQH FRQ LO UHSDUWR RFH GHOOD 2OLYHWWL SHU OD FRVWUX]LRQH H OD YDOXWD]LRQH GL XQD YRFH VLQWHWLFD FKLDPDWD 2UD]LR , ULVXOWDWL IXURQR SXEEOLFDWL QHO QHOO·DUWLFROR Voice synthesis: prove e veri che sul 2UD ]LR PRG 2OL HWWL QHJOL DWWL GHOO· VVRFLD]LRQH ,WDOLDQD GL FXVWL FD 1HO q VWDWR RSSRUWXQR SXEEOLFDUH XQD 0DSSDWXUD GHOOH
RFL VLQWHWLFKH XWLOL]]DWH VXO WHUULWRULR QD]LRQDOH DQDOLVL H VWXGLR GHOOH DULDELOL IRQHWLFRIRQRORJLFKH GL LWDOLDQR UHJLRQDOH QHJOL DWWL GHOO· V VRFLD]LRQH ,WDOLDQD GL 6FLHQ]H GHOOD 9RFH H QHO QDOLVL SHU FHWWL D PXVLFDOH H DXWRPDWLFD GHOO·LWDOLDQR / VHPSUH QHJOL WWL GHOO· VVRFLD]LRQH ,WDOLDQD GL 6FLHQ]H GHOOD 9RFH /DYRUDQGR VX YRFL VLQWHWLFKH FRQ LQJHJQHUL LQIRUPDWLFL OR VWXGLR GHOOH HPR zioni sotto il pro lo acustico è stato quasi naturale. Così nel
YHQJRQR SXEEOLFDWL GXH ODYRUL Q FRUSXV VSHULPHQWDOH SHU OR VWXGLR FURVV OLQJXLVWLFR HXURSHR GHOOH HPR]LRQL RFDOL D =XULJR H *OL LWDOLDQL H LO GHFRGLQJ GL HPR]LRQL RFDOL LQ TXDWWUR OLQJXH HXURSHH D 1DSROL VHPSUH QHJOL DWWL GHOO· VVRFLD]LRQH LWDOLDQD GL 6FLHQ]H GHOOD YRFH
3UHID]LRQH
A anco agli studi e alla applicazione della fonetica sperimen WDOH DOOD GLDOHWWRORJLD VL VYLOXSSD DQFKH XQ VHWWRUH GL ULFHUFD RJJL de nito sociofonetica) dove si applicano studi e misurazioni DFXVWLFKH DOOD VRFLROLQJXLVWLFD 8Q HVHPSLR q LO ODYRUR GHO
0LFUR H 0DFURIHQRPHQL GL FHQWUDOL]]D]LRQH QHOOD DULD]LRQH GLDIDVLFD ULOH DQ]D GHL GDWL IRQHWLFR DFXVWLFL SHU LO TXDGUR GLDOHWWRORJLFR GHO FDOD EUHVH SXEEOLFDWR QHJOL DWWL GHO *UXSSR GL )RQHWLFD 6SHULPHQWDOH 6WXGLDQGR OH LQWHUD]LRQL L FRQWDWWL H L FRQWUDVWL WUD OLQJXD H GLDOHW WR WUD OLQJXH GLYHUVH R WUD / H / LO SDVVDJJLR DOOR VWXGLR GHOOH YDULD]LRQL LQWHUOLQJXLVWLFKH q VWDWR TXDVL REEOLJDWR RV VRQLGRV GH ODV OHQJXDV IRQpWLFD DUWLFXODWRULD FXVWLFD SHUFHSWL D GHO HVSD RO HO LWDOLDQR HO IUDQFpV HO LQJOpV HO DOHPDQ monogra a SXEEOLFDWD LQ UJHQWLQD QHO H XWLOL]]DWR FRPH OLEUR GL WHVWR QHL FRUVL GL /LQJXLVWLFD JHQHUDOH SUHVVR O·8QLYHUVLGDG 1DFLRQDO GH 5RVD ULR R 9RUUHL SHUGHUH LO PLR DFFHQWR VWUDQLHUR LQGLFL PRWL D]LRQDOL GL PLJUDQWL FXOWXUDOL LQ ,WDOLD SXEEOLFDWR QHL 4XDGHUQL GHO LSDUWL PHQWR GL /LQJXLVWLFD GHOO·81,& / QHO R DQFRUD QD EXVVROD SHU JOL LQVHJQDQWL GL LWDOLDQR / PDSSH IRQRORJLFKH D FRQIURQWR QHO YROXPH R V LOXSSR H OD DOXWD]LRQH GHOOH FRPSHWHQ]H OLQJXLVWLFKH VHW WRULDOL LQ FRQWHVWR DFFDGHPLFR VHFRQGR LO 4XDGUR &RPXQH (XURSHR GL 5LIHULPHQWR , Consiglio d’Europa 2001/2017): spunti di ricerca HG HVSHULHQ]H VXO FDPSR e in ne nel 2014 in Spagna nel volume Fonética Experimental, Educación superior e investigación LO OD RUR Italian Index: rhythmical-prosodic analysis of italian / SURGXFHG E
OEDQLDQ &KLQHVH 3ROLVK DQG 5RPDQLDQ VSHDNHUV 4XHVWH ULFHUFKH KDQQR SHUPHVVR DO /DERUDWRULR GL )RQHWLFD GL FRRUGLQDUH XQ :3 DOO·LQWHUQR GL XQ SURJHWWR HXURSHR + GDO WLWROR 3UDFWLFLHV H GL SXEEOLFDUH L ULVXOWDWL GHOOD ULFHUFD ·DQDOLVL OLQJXLVWLFD FRPH VXSSRU WR DOOD SUH HQ]LRQH GHOOD UDGLFDOL]]D]LRQH QHO YROXPH 0LJUD ]LRQL &RQWLQXLWj FDPELDPHQWL QDUUD]LRQL GHO OD RUR
,O ODERUDWRULR q VWDWR DQFKH SURPRWRUH GHOO· UFKLYLR 6RQRUR GHOOD &DODEULD UDFFRJOLHQGR FRQVHUYDQGR H UHVWDXUDQGR WDQWLV VLPH RUH GL UHJLVWUD]LRQL HIIHWWXDWH D SDUWLUH GDJOL DQQL 6HVVDQWD GD VWXGLRVL DQWURSRORJL R VHPSOLFL DSSDVVLRQDWL *UD]LH DOO·DUFKL YLR q VWDWR SRVVLELOH VYLOXSSDUH DSSURIRQGLPHQWL VX DOFXQL SDHVL
FRPH 0RQWDOWR 8IIXJR 5HQGH R LHOOR &DODEUR SXEEOLFDWL QHOOD FROODQD / / Atlante Linguistico Etnogra co della Calabria 1HJOL
XOWLPL DQQL O·DUFKLYLR VL q DUULFFKLWR DQFKH GL XQD VH]LRQH GHGL FDWD DOO·DOWUD &DODEULD FLRq D WXWWL TXHL SDUODQWL FDODEUHVL UHVLGHQWL IXRUL GDOO·,WDOLD De nizione delle radici (pan)calabresi in terra argen WLQD XQR VWXGLR SLORWD SXEEOLFDWR QHO YROXPH UDLHWWRULH FXOWXUDOL WUD LO 0HGLWHUUDQHR H O· PHULFD DWLQD &RVHQ]D /XLJL 3HOOHJULQL (GLWRUH R 9RFL ORQWDQH FKH SDUODQR GL &DODEULD QHOOD PHQVLOH,7 &
In ne non possiamo non citare un settore di ricerca molto pro cuo come quello della Linguistica Forense o dell’analisi conver VD]LRQDOH ,Q TXHVWR FDVR q LPSRVVLELOH FLWDUH WXWWL L ODYRUL SXEEOL FDWL FKH VSD]LDQR GDOO·DQDOLVL GHOOR VWDWR GHOO·DUWH DOOD GHQXQFLD GHO UDSSRUWR WUD OD JLXULVSUXGHQ]D H OD VFLHQ]D R DOO·DSSOLFD]LRQH GL DQDOLVL OLQJXLVWLFKH LQ DPELWR JLXGL]LDULR 4XHVWL ODYRUL VRQR LO frutto di tutte le competenze citate: le analisi acustiche nalizzate DOOD FRPSDUD]LRQH WUD YRFL DQRQLPH H YRFL QRWH OR VWXGLR GLDOHW tologico per l’identi cazione della provenienza di voci anonime, lo studio della patologia del linguaggio per l’identi cazione di parametri utili ai ni della identi cazione, l’analisi conversazio nale per la corretta de nizione dei ruoli all’interno di una riu QLRQH LQWHUFHWWDWD OD FRUUHWWD SURFHGXUD GD DGRWWDUH QHL FDVL GL WUDVFUL]LRQH )LWWLVVLPD q OD FROODERUD]LRQH FRQ LO 0LQLVWHUR GHJOL ,QWHUQL SHU OD SURJHWWD]LRQH GL XQ VRIWZDUH FKH SRVVD FRDGLXYDUH JOL HVSHUWL QHOOH LQGDJLQL SURJHWWR 60 57 FRQ O· UPD GHL &DUD ELQLHUL SHU OD UHDOL]]D]LRQH GL VHPLQDUL H FRUVL GL IRUPD]LRQH SHU OH IRU]H GHOO·RUGLQH ,O 0DQXDOH GL LQJXLVWLFD )RUHQVH q VWDWR SUH VHQWDWR DO 6HQDWR GHOOD 5HSXEEOLFD GDO 3UHVLGHQWH GRWW *UDVVR LQROWUH LO /DERUDWRULR GL )RQHWLFD q SURPRWRUH GHOOH SULPH OLQHH JXLGD SHU OH DQDOLVL OLQJXLVWLFKH LQ DPELWR IRUHQVH
,O /DERUDWRULR GL )RQHWLFD q VWDWR OXRJR GL ODYRUR GL WDQWLVVLPL GRWWRUDQGL GL ULFHUFD DVVHJQLVWL ERUVLVWL LWDOLDQL H VWUDQLHUL DWWL YDQGR FROODERUD]LRQL FRQ 8QLYHUVLWj GLVWULEXLWH LQ WXWWR LO PRQGR FRQYHQ]LRQL GL FROODERUD]LRQH H GL ULFHUFD FRQ HQWL SXEEOLFL FRPH OD 3UHIHWWXUD LO 0LQLVWHUR GHJOL ,QWHUQL O· UPD GHL &DUDELQLHUL ma anche Uf ci Scolastici Regionali, Ospedali e Cliniche, nonché FRQ WDQWL (QWL SULYDWL ,O PDJJLRU PHULWR GHO /DERUDWRULR GL )RQH WLFD q VWDWR TXHOOR GL HVVHUH VHPSUH SUHVHQWH H DWWLYR VXO WHUULWRULR H QHL GLEDWWLWL QD]LRQDOL H LQWHUQD]LRQDOL 6L q FRQWUDGGLVWLQWR VHP pre nell’anticipare l’Accademia italiana su molti loni di ricerca
3UHID]LRQH
FRPH OD VLQWHVL YRFDOH R LO GRFXPHQWR VRQRUR H VRSUDWWXWWR VXOOD QHFHVVLWj GHOOD LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDULHWj VWLPRODQGR OD FROODERUD]LRQH tra linguisti, fonetisti, neurologi, logopedisti, foniatri, sici, inge JQHUL PD DQFKH *LXGLFL 3XEEOLFL 0LQLVWHUL H YYRFDWL
4XHVWR YROXPH UDFFRJOLH DOFXQL FRQWULEXWL GL FKL QHJOL DQQL KD ODYRUDWR KD FROODERUDWR R KD VROR VWXGLDWR QHO ODERUDWRULR GL )RQHWLFD GL FKL KD FRQRVFLXWR H DSSUH]]DWR L ODYRUL GHO 6XR IRQ GDWRUH SURI -RKQ 7UXPSHU H GHO VXR JUXSSR GL ULFHUFD /·LQWHUGL VFLSOLQDULHWj GHOO·DSSURFFLR GHO ODERUDWRULR FRVu FRPH O·HFOHWWLFLWj GHO VXR IRQGDWRUH VL HYLQFH GDOOD YDVWLWj GHOOH WHPDWLFKH WUDWWD WH QHL FRQWULEXWL SUHVHQWL FKH VSD]LDQR GDOOD GLDOHWWRORJLD DOOR VWXGLR GHOOD SURVRGLD GDOOD VLQWDVVL DOOD FRPSDUD]LRQH WUD OLQJXH GLIIHUHQWL GDOOD IRQHWLFD DOOD IRQRORJLD /·LQWHUQD]LRQDOL]]D]LRQH GHO ODERUDWRULR OD VL VFRUJH DQFKH GDOOH OLQJXH XWLOL]]DWH SHU L FRQ WULEXWL VSDJQROR IUDQFHVH LQJOHVH DOEDQHVH ROWUH RYYLDPHQWH DOO·LWDOLDQR
3RVVHVVLYHV LQ 1RUWK &DODEULDQ GLDOHFWV
(1( (77 / , /(21 5 20 6 92, ∗675 &7 7KLV SDSHU DGGUHVVHV WKH SRVVHVVLYH VWUXFWXUHV LQ 6RXWKHUQ ,WDOLDQ GLD
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
.( :25 6 3RVVHVVLYHV 3DUWLWLYHV /LQNHUV &DODEULDQ GLDOHFWV
, URG F LR
,Q SRVVHVVLYH FRQVWUXFWLRQV RI 6RXWKHUQ ,WDOLDQ GLDOHFWV SRVVHV VLYH HOHPHQWV DUH SUHFHGHG E\ WKH DUWLFOH DQG DW OHDVW LQ D ODUJH GLDOHFWDO DUHD E\ WKH SUHSRVLWLRQ GL LQ SUHGLFDWLYH FRQWH[WV DQG inde nite DPs . De nite 3V VKRZ D PRUH YDULDEOH EHKDYLRU SRVVLEO\ DOVR DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH LQIRUPDWLRQDO SURSHUWLHV RI WKH
,Q WKLV FRQWULEXWLRQ ZH FRQVLGHU RQO\ 3 LQWHUQDO DQG SUHGLFDWLYH RFFXUUHQFHV RI SRVVHVVLYHV WR WKH H[FOXVLRQ RI SRVVHVVLYH SURQRPLQDO RFFXUUHQFHV
∗Dipartimento di Lettere e Filoso a, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italia.
benedetta.baldi@uni .it, lsavoia@uni .it.
30 anni di Laboratorio di Fonetica ISBN 978-88-255-3806-9 DOI 10.4399/97888255380692 pp. 19-40 (dicembre 2019)
VHQWHQFH 7KH VHTXHQFH SUHSRVLWLRQ DUWLFOH SRVVHVVL H JRHV WRJHWK HU ZLWK WKH SRVWQRPLQDO SRVLWLRQ RI SRVVHVVLYHV LQVLGH WKH 3 +RZHYHU DQ LPSOLFDWLRQDO UHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH WZR W\SHV RI GLV WULEXWLRQ GRHV QRW VHHP WR KROG LI ZH WDNH DFFRXQW RI WKH RYHUDOO GLVWULEXWLRQ RI SRVWQRPLQDO SRVVHVVLYHV WKDW LQ PDQ\ 6RXWKHUQ ,WDOLDQ GLDOHFWV GR QRW FRPELQH ZLWK WKH SUHSRVLWLRQDO LQWURGXFHU LQGHSHQGHQWO\ RI WKHLU SRVLWLRQV ZLWK UHVSHFW WR WKH QRXQ
:H IRFXV RQ WKH 1RUWKHUQ DQG &HQWUDO &DODEULDQ YDULHWLHV ZKHUH WKRVH VWUXFWXUHV DUH ZHOO GRFXPHQWHG ,Q VHFWLRQ ZH present the data from some Calabrian varieties and brie y dis FXVV WKH QDWXUH RI WKH SUHSRVLWLRQ GL WKH LQWURGXFHU RI SRVVHV VLYHV ,Q VHFWLRQ WKH FRPSDULVRQ ZLWK WKH SRVVHVVLYH VWUXFWXUHV LQ OEDQLDQ DQG URPDQLDQ ZLOO EH LOOXVWUDWHG ,Q VHFWLRQ ZH will try to provide a rst analysis of the Calabrian structures. 6RPH SRLQWV RI WKH OLWHUDWXUH RQ SDUWLWLYHV ZLOO EH WDNHQ LQWR DFFRXQW LQ RUGHU WR IHDWXUH WKH PDLQ FRQFHSWXDO DQG VWUXFWXUDO SURSHUWLHV LQYROYHG
1RU D DEULD GLD F GD D
,Q 1RUWK &DODEULDQ GLDOHFWV WKDW ZH LOOXVWUDWH ZLWK WKH GDWD IURP 0RUDQR 6DUDFHQD DQG &HUYLFDWL WKH SRVVHVVLYH IROORZV WKH QRXQ LQVLGH 3V DV XVXDOO\ LQ 6RXWKHUQ ,WDOLDQ GLDOHFWV 3RVVHVVLYHV DUH SUHFHGHG E\ WKH SUHSRVLWLRQDO LQWURGXFHU GL IROORZHG E\ WKH de nite article, both inside the 3 DQG LQ SUHGLFDWLYH FRQWH[WV Inside inde nite 3V LQ D D WKH LQWURGXFHU IROORZHG E\ WKH de nite article is usually lexicalized. In de nite 3V LQ E E WKH LQWURGXFHU DQG WKH DUWLFOH PD\ QRW EH OH[LFDOL]HG DOWKRXJK WKHLU RFFXUUHQFH LV DWWHVWHG F DQG F LOOXVWUDWH WKH SRVVHVVLYH
7KH GDWD SUHVHQWHG DQG DQDO\VHG LQ WKLV ZRUN KDYH EHHQ FROOHFWHG E\ PHDQV RI eld investigations with native speakers that we sincerely thank.
3. In the glosses we have used the standard labels. Speci cally, ‘a’ indicates the inde nite articles, D indicates the basis ‘l-‘ of de nite articles,06* )6* 03/ )3/ ,1)/
indicate the gender/ number in ections. It is of note that de nite articles lexicalized only by the in ectional morphemes such as D X L DUH JORVVHG LQ WXUQ RQO\ E\06* )6* 03/ )3/
3RVVHVVL HV LQ 1RUWK &DODEULDQ GLDOHFWV
XVHG DV D QRXQ ZKHUH WKH LQWURGXFHU VHHPV WR EH KRZHYHU SRV VLEOH 7KH DUWLFOH DQG WKH SRVVHVVLYH DJUHH ZLWK WKH SRVVHVVXP WKH QRPLQDO KHDG RI WKH 3 7KLV GLVWULEXWLRQ HPHUJHV DOVR LQ FHQWUDO GLDOHFWV OLNH WKH RQH RI ,DFXUVR &DWDQ]DUR LQ
4. The fact that the examples have been collected through eld investigations ex SODLQV ZK\ D FHUWDLQ KHWHURJHQHLW\ ZLWK UHJDUGV WR WKH DQVZHUV HPHUJHV PDLQO\ LQ WKH contexts characterized by a greater variability, as de nite 3V
(1) a. n-u fiɟɟ-u ɽ u mej-u
a-MSG son-MSG OF MSG my-MSG
Ôa son of mineÕ
rɔnə-mə n-u libbr-u (ɽ u) mej-u
give-me a-MSG thing-MSG OF MSG my-MSG
Ôgive me a book of mineÕ
b. a sɛddʒ-a mi-a
FSG chair-FSG my-FSG Ômy chairÕ
c. aɟɟu vistu (ɽ-) u mej-u I.have seen OF MSG my-MSG ÔI have seen mineÕ
Morano
(2) a. n-a sur-a d/ r a mɪjə / tʊ
a-FSG sister-FSG OF FSG my / your Ôa sister of mine/yoursÕ
b. ɛɟɟə vɪstə u kɔnə (dd u) tʊ
I.have seen MSG dog OF MSG your
I have seen your dogÕ
c. m ɛɟɟə piɟɟɛtə (dd) u mɪjə
to.me I.have taken of MSG my ÔI have taken mineÕ
Saracena
(3) b. kiɖɖ-u ɛ ll-u kan-i (d u) mi-a
that-MSG is D-MSG dog-MSG OFMSG my-INFL
Ôthat is my dogÕ
kiɖɖ-a ɛ ll-a man-u (d a:) mi-a
that-FSG is D-FSG hand-INFL OFFSG my-INFL
Ôthat is my handÕ
Cervicati
(4) n-u libbr-u dɛ l-u tu-ɛ
a-MSG book-MSG OF D-MSG your-MSG Ôa book of mineÕ
7KH VHTXHQFH SUHSRVLWLRQ GL DUWLFOH SRVVHVVL H UHJXODUO\ RFFXUV LQ FRSXODU FRQWH[WV LQ ·D ·D DQG PD\ DSSHDU DOVR LQ RWKHU W\SHV RI SUHGLFDWLYH HQYLURQPHQW VXFK DV ·E ·E ,Q DOO FDVHV DUWLFOH DQG SRVVHVVLYH DJUHH ZLWK WKH SRVVHVVXP WKH (33 DUJX PHQW RI WKH VHQWHQFH L H WKH VXEMHFW
( ) a. kwiss-u jɛ ɖɖ u mej-u/ toj-u/ soj-u/ noʃʃ-u
this-MSG is OF MSG my-MSG /your-MSG/his-MSG/our-MSG
‘this is mine/ yours/ ours’
ss-a kammis-a jɛ ɖɖ a mi-a/ tuj-a/ suj-a/ nɔʃʃ-a
this-FSG shirt-FSG is OF FSG my-FSG /your-FSG/his-FSG/our-FSG
‘this shirt is mine/ yours/ his/ ours’
kwiɖɖ-ə kammis-ə jɛrunu ɽ i mej-ə
those-PL shirt-PL were OF PL my-PL
‘These shirts were mine’
b. mi parunu (ɽ-) i mej-ə
to.me they.seem OF PL my-PL
I think they are mine’
Morano
( ) a. jɛ dd/r u / a mɪjə/ tʊ/ sʊ
it.is OF MSG/FSG my/your/his/her
‘it is mine/ yours/ ours’
b. st-a kammis-a jɛ ɖɖ a lɔrə
this-FSG shirt-FSG is OF FSG their
‘this shirt is their’
d. kwistə mə pɛrə dd u tʊ
this.MSG to.me seems OF MSG your
I think that it is yours
Saracena
( ) a. kiss-u ɛ dd u mi-a/ tu-a/ su-a/ nuəstr-u
this-MSG is OF MSG my-INFL/your- INFL/his- INFL/our- INFL
‘this is mine, yours, his, ours’
b. kiss-a ɛ dd a mi-a/ tu-a/ su-a/ nɔstr-a
this-FSG is OF FSG my- INFL/your- INFL/his- INFL/our- INFL
‘this is mine, yours, his, ours’
c. kiss-i su dd i mi-a / tu-a / nuəstr-i / nɔstr-i
those-PL were OF PL my-INFL/your-INFL/our-M-PL/F-PL
d. kiss-u mi pari d u mi-a
this-MSG to.me it.seem s OF MSG my-INFL
I think it is mine
Cervicati
( ) a. kist-u kan-ɛ ɛ ddɛ l-u mi-ɔ/ nuəstr-u
this-MSG dog- MSG is OF D-MSG my-MSG/our-MSG
‘this dog is mine, ours’
b. kist-a kammis-a ɛ ddɛ l-a mi-a / tu-a
this-FSG shirt-FSG is OF D-FSG my-FSG /your-FSG
‘this shirt is mine, yours, his, ours’
3RVVHVVL HV LQ 1RUWK &DODEULDQ GLDOHFWV
7KLV GLVWULEXWLRQ LV DOVR GRFXPHQWHG LQ RWKHU 6RXWKHUQ ,WDOLDQ GLDOHFWV WKDW ZH LOOXVWUDWH ZLWK WKH GDWD UHODWLYH WR WKH YDULHWLHV RI &DVDOEXRQR &LOHQWR LQ DQG *XDUGLDUHJLD 0ROLVH LQ ZKHUH WKH H[DPSOHV LQ D FRQFHUQ WKH 3V DQG WKRVH LQ E LOOXV WUDWH SUHGLFDWLYH FRQWH[WV
,Q RWKHU YDULHWLHV GL is admitted only in inde nite contexts, where a quanti er introduces the NP, as in the case of the Lu FDQLDQ GLDOHFW RI &LULJOLDQR &HQWUDO %DVLOLFDWD LQ ZKHUH D illustrate quanti ed 3s and (b) the nominalized quanti er.
(5) b. kiss-ə ɛ dd/ r u mij-ə this-MSG is OF MSG my ‘this is mine’ kess-a ɛ dd/ r a mij-a this-FSG is OF FSG my-FSG ‘this is mine’ Casalbuono (Cilento)
(6) a. n-u fiʎʎ-ə də r-u mej-ə
a-msg son.MSG OF the-msg my.MSG
‘a son of mine’
dova fiʎʎ-ə də r-i mej-ə
two son.PL OF D-MPL my.PL
‘two sons of mine’
n-a kammiʃ-a də l-a mɛj-a
a-FSG shirt-FSG OF D-FSG my-FSG
‘one shirt of mine’
b. kuʃt-ə jɛ r-u mej-ə
this.MSG is D-MSG my.MSG
‘this is mine’
keʃt-a jɛ r-a mɛj-a
this-FSG is D-FSG my-FSG
‘this is mine’
Guardiaregia (Molise)
(7) n-u frə:tə r u towjə
a-MSG brother OF MSG your
‘one of your brothers’
n-a so:rə r a towjə
a-FSG sister OF FSG your
‘one of your sisters’
dowjə frə:tə r lə towjə
two brothers OF D-PL your
‘two of your brothers’
b. ra-mmə-nə ɣounə r a towjə
give-me-of.it one OF FSG your
‘give me one of yours’
7KH VHTXHQFH GL DUWLFOH SRVVHVVL H LV WDNHQ LQWR FRQVLGHUDWLRQ E\ VRPH DXWKRUV /HGJHZD\ H[DPLQHV WKLV FRQVWUXFWLRQ LQ ROG 1HDSROLWDQ H[SODLQLQJ LW DV GHULYLQJ IURP DQ RULJLQDO SDUWLWLYH YDOXH 7KH SRLQW LV WKDW QRZ WKHVH VHTXHQFHV RFFXU ZLWKRXW LQ GXFLQJ D SDUWLWLYH UHDGLQJ JLYHQ WKDW DQ H[DPSOH VXFK DV ·D GRHV QRW PHDQ ,W LV RQH RI P\ xVμ EXW VLPSO\ LW LV PLQHμ ,Q DG GLWLRQ D FUXFLDO SURSHUW\ WKDW VHSDUDWHV WKHVH FRQVWUXFWLRQV IURP partitives is the fact that the article and the in ection of posses VLYH DJUHH ZLWK WKH SRVVHVVXP WKH VXEMHFW RU WKH KHDG QRXQ LQ
3 GLIIHUHQWO\ IURP WKH SDUWLWLYHV FRQWH[WV SURSHU 1DWXUDOO\ WKH SUHSRVLWLRQ di/ ɽL RIμ UHJXODUO\ RFFXUV LQ SDUWLWLYH DQG JHQLWLYH FRQWH[WV DV LOOXVWUDWHG LQ D DQG E UHVSHFWLYHO\
,W LV RI QRWH WKDW LQ FRSXODU SUHGLFDWLYH FRQWH[WV 6RXWKHUQ dialects generally require a phrase including the de nite deter PLQHU DQG WKH SRVVHVVLYH 7KH RFFXUUHQFH RI WKH DUWLFOH LQ SUH dicative contexts, exempli ed in (9a)-(10a), characterizes both GLDOHFWV ZLWK SRVW QRPLQDO SRVVHVVLYHV LQ E DQG GLDOHFWV ZLWK SUH QRPLQDO SRVVHVVLYHV LQ E LQVLGH WKH 3 VWUXFWXUH 6R LQ D GLDOHFW VXFK DV WKDW RI &DUGHWR 6RXWK &DODEULD ZKHUH WKH SRV VHVVLYH HOHPHQW SUHFHGHV WKH QRXQ LQ FRSXODU FRQWH[WV WKH DUWLFOH LV UHTXLUHG DOO WKH VDPH DV WKH GLDOHFWV LQ DV LOOXVWUDWHG LQ WKH H[DPSOHV LQ D
* 52 /)6 *UDPPDWLFD VWRULFD GHOOD OLQJXD LWDOLDQD H GHL VXRL GLDOHWWL 0RUIRORJLD 7R
ULQR (LQDXGL 7RULQR > @ 5 6251,&2/ &DPSDQLD LQ KH LDOHFWV RI ,WDO HGLWHG
E\ 0 0DLGHQ 0 3DUU\ 5RXWOHGJH /RQGRQ SS
/( *(: *UDPPDWLFD GLDFURQLFD GHO 1DSROHWDQR 1LHPH\HU 7 ELQJHQ
6HH DOVR /HGJHZD\ IRU 2OG 1HDSROLWDQ
(8) a. aɟɟ-u vist-u ɣun-u ɽ i amitʃ-i (ɽ- i ) to-i
I.have seen-MSG one-MSG OF MPL friend-MPL OF MPL your-MPL
‘I have seen one of my friends’
b. s-u libbr-u jɛ ɖɖ- u ɣwaʎʎun-ə
this-MSG book-MSG is OF MSG boy
‘this book is of the boy’
Morano
b kwɪstə jɛ ddi jɪɖɖə
this is OF he
‘this is his’
3RVVHVVL HV LQ 1RUWK &DODEULDQ GLDOHFWV
6FKHPDWL]LQJ WKH GLVWULEXWLRQ RI WKH DUWLFOH DQG WKH SUHSRVL WLRQ ZLWK SRVVHVVLYHV LQ 6RXWK ,WDOLDQ GLDOHFWV ZH PD\ VXJJHVW D VRUW RI LPSOLFDWLRQDO GLVWULEXWLRQ DV LQ ZKHUHE\ WKH LQVHU WLRQ RI WKH SUHSRVLWLRQDO HOHPHQW LQ SUHGLFDWLYH FRQWH[WV LPSOLHV LWV RFFXUUHQFH LQVLGH 3s, and typically in inde nite 3V 7KH RF FXUUHQFH RI WKH DUWLFOH EHIRUH WKH SRVVHVVLYH HOHPHQW LV WKH PRUH JHQHUDO UHTXLUHPHQW
SUHSRVLWLRQ DUWLFOH SRVVHVVLYH LQ FRSXODU FRQWH[WV → SUHSRVLWLRQ DU WLFOH SRVVHVVLYH LQ 3V → preposition article possessive in inde nite
3V → DUWLFOH SRVVHVVLYH LQ SUHGLFDWLYH FRQWH[WV
HVFULSWLYHO\ ZKDW ZH VHH LV WKDW LQ DOO RI WKHVH GLDOHFWV WKH SRVVHVVLYH UHTXLUHV WR EH DFFRPSDQLHG E\ OH[LFDO FRQWHQW FRQ tributing to de ning the referent. This requirement is satis ed by the occurrence of the possessum (the noun) or of a de nite GHWHUPLQHU
(4), as illustrated in the examples in (10a).
(9) a. jɛ a towjə is FSG your ‘it is yours’ b. a kammeis-a towjə FSG shirt-FSG your ‘your shirt’ Cirigliano (Basilicata) a. ɛ ll-a me it.is D-FSG my ‘it is mine’ b. a kamiʃ-a me FSG shirt-FSG my ‘my shirt’ Borgorose (Latium) (10) a. kist-u ɛ u mɛ-u this-MSG is MSG my-MSG ‘this is mine’ b. u mɛ bikkɛr-i the.MSG my glass-MSG ‘my glass’ mɛ marit-u my husband-MSG ‘my husband’ Cardeto
FRPSDUD L U
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
OEDQLDQ YDULHWLHV DQG LQ IURP WKH URPDQLDQ VSRNHQ LQ 6RXWK OEDQLD /LERIVKH ,QYHVWLJDWLQJ WKHVH VWUXFWXUHV ZLOO DOORZ XV WR FKDUDFWHUL]H WZR W\SHV RI OLQNHUV VR SURYLGLQJ HOHPHQWV WR EHWWHU XQGHUVWDQG DQG DQDO\]H WKH &DODEULDQ VWUXFWXUHV
OEDQLDQ SRVVHVVL HV
,Q OEDQLDQ WKH VW QG SHUVRQ SRVVHVVLYHV DUH SUHFHGHG E\ D HOHPHQW DV LOOXVWUDWHG LQ D IRU SUHGLFDWLYH FRQWH[WV DQG E IRU 3 LQWHUQDO FRQWH[WV 7KH GDWD FRPH IURP WKH YDULHW\ RI *MLURNDVWsU 6RXWKHUQ OEDQLD DQG WKH &DODEULDQ ,WDOR OED QLDQ YDULHW\ RI 6DQ %HQHGHWWR 8OODQR 7KLV HOHPHQW SUHFHGHV DG MHFWLYHV DQG JHQLWLYHV LQ DQ\ FRQWH[W ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKH /LQNHU the possessives present in ectional agreement with the posses VXP VXEMHFW KHDG QRXQ DV LQ D E 7KH GDWD RI 6 %HQHGHW WR VKRZ VRPH DOWHUQDWLYHV WKH SOXUDO FDQ EH OH[LFDOL]HG E\ WKH /LQNHU ɛ IRU LQVWDQFH LQ ɛ W LP ɛ P\μ RU WKH /LQNHU W LQ W LP ɛ W “my”; moreover, plural in ection/Linkers may be duplicated
0 5 0 1=,1, / )5 1&2 / 0 6 92, LQNHUV UH 1RW 3RVVHVVLRQ 0DUNHUV EXW
JUHHPHQWV LQ KH 2ORPRXF LQJXLVWLFV &ROORTXLXP 2OLQFR 3DODFNç 8QLYHUVLW\ 2OR PRXF SS / )5 1&2 0 5 0 1=,1, / 0 6 92, LQNHUV DQG DJUHHPHQW LQ
©7KH /LQJXLVWLF 5HYLHZª YRO ;;;,, SS
7KH PRUSKHPLF VHJPHQWDWLRQ RI OEDQLDQ SRVVHVVLYH IRUPV LV QRW YHU\ WUDQV SDUHQW DQG LQ PDQ\ FDVHV RQO\ FRQMHFWXUDO DV KLJKOLJKWHG LQ 6 (0,5 - *UDPDWLNs
KLVWRULNH H JMXKsV VKTLSH 6KW\SVKNURQMD ©0LKDO XULª 7LUDQs ,Q WKLV VHQVH WKH SURSRVHG DQDO\VLV LV VXEVWDQWLDOO\ WHQWDWLYH
3RVVHVVL HV LQ 1RUWK &DODEULDQ GLDOHFWV
0RUH WR WKH SRLQW GLIIHUHQWO\ IURP DWWULEXWLYH DGMHFWLYHV ZKLFK V\VWHPDWLFDOO\ UHTXLUH SUH DGMHFWLYDO /LQNHUV LQ VRPH RI WKH SRVVHVVLYH IRUPV WKH OLQNHU PD\ EH PLVVLQJ 6R LQ WKH FDVH RI the singular form of ‘my’ and ‘your’, as in (13a ,b), Linker does QRW RFFXU DQG WKH SRVVHVVLYH OH[LFDOL]HV WKH SRVVHVVRU RQ LWV RZQ by means of its agreement in ection.
(12) a. ky əʃt i im-i
this.MSG is Lkr.MSG my-OBL
Ôthis is mineÕ
kjɔ əʃt ɛ im-i-a
this.FSG is Lkr.FSG my-OBL-FSG Ôthis is mineÕ
b. mɔtr-a-t ɛ mi-a
sister-PL-DEF Lkr.PL my-PL Ômy sistersÕ
Gjirokastër
a. ata kumiʃ-a jan t im-ɛ-t
those shirt-PL are Lkr.DEF my-OBL-DEF
Ôthose shirts jan of mineÕ
b. kumiʃ-a-t t- im-ɛ-t / ɛ t- im-ɛ
shirt-PL-DEF Lkr.DEF my-OBL-DEF /Lkr.PL Lkr.DEF my-OBL Ôthose shirts are of mineÕ
San Benedetto Ullano (North Calabria)
(13) mɔtr-a im-ɛ
sister-DEF.FSG my-FSG Ômy sisterÕ
vla-i im
brother-DEF.MSG my Ômy brotherÕ
Gjirokastër
aj-ɔ kumiʃ əʃt im-i-a
that-FSG shirt is my-OBL-F Ôthat shirt is mineÕ
a-i cɛn əʃt im-i
that-MSG dog is my-OBL
Ôthat dog is mineÕ
URPDQLDQ SRVVHVVL HV
The Aromanian varieties are exempli ed by the data from the YDULHW\ VSRNHQ LQ /LERIVKH 6RXWK OEDQLD VW QG SHUVRQ SRV VHVVRUV DUH OH[LFDOL]HG E\ SRVVHVVLYH SURQRXQV DJUHHLQJ ZLWK WKH KHDG QRXQ DQG DUH SUHFHGHG E\ WKH LQYDULDEOH HOHPHQW D GHVFULSWLYHO\ WKH 3RVVHVVLYH ,QWURGXFHU 3, 3UHGLFDWLYH FRQWH[WV DUH LOOXVWUDWHG LQ D D· IRU VLQJXODU IHPLQLQHV DQG PDVFXOLQHV DQG LQ E E· IRU SOXUDO IHPLQLQHV DQG PDVFXOLQHV UHVSHFWLYHO\ D D· DQG E E·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· DQG DOL before feminine de nite nouns,
LQ D·
,Q VWDQG QGsingular possessives the nal X LV WKH YHODUL]HG RXWFRPH IURP DQ
RULJLQDO O 7KH JHQGHU GLIIHUHQFH LV OH[LFDOL]HG E\ WKH FRQWUDVW LQ WKH VWHP YRZHO 0 5 0 1=,1, / 0 6 92, LQNHUV LQ URPDQLDQ LQ FRPSDULVRQ WR OEDQLDQ DQG
5RPDQLDQ LQ ©5LYLVWD GL *UDPPDWLFD *HQHUDWLYDª D SS 0 5 0 1=,1,
/ 0 6 92, , The Morphosyntax of Albanian and Aromanian Varieties H *UX\WHU 0RXWRQ
%HUOLQ
(14) a. atsɛu esti a mɛu/ tau
that.FSG is PI my.FSG /your.FSG
atseu esti a ɲeu/tou
that.MSG is PI my.MSG/your.MSG
,
b. kəmiʃ-li səntə a mel-i
shirt-PLDEF are PI my-PL
atse-i kɛɲ-li səntə a ɲeʎ-i
3RVVHVVL HV LQ 1RUWK &DODEULDQ GLDOHFWV
The introducers we have exempli ed are generally connect HG ZLWK WKH VWDQGDUG 5RPDQLDQ SRVVHVVLYH DUWLFOHV al/ a/ ai/ ale WKDW LQWURGXFH JHQLWLYH 3V DOWKRXJK WKHLU RULJLQ LV QHYHUWKHOHVV GHEDWHG VRPH VFKRODUV WDNH D WR EH WKH SUHSRVLWLRQ WRμ ZKLOH
& 2 529,( 625,1 , *,85*( 3URQRPLQDO 3RVVHVVRUV DQG )HDWXUH QLTXHQHVV LQ
©/DQJXDJHª YRO /;;;9,, SS , *,85*( KH RULJLQ RI WKH 5RPDQLDQ SRV
VHVVL H JHQLWL DO DUWLFOH DO DQG WKH GH HORSPHQW RI WKH GHPRQVWUDWL H V VWHP LQ ©5HYXH 5RX PDLQH GH /LQJXLVWLTXHª YRO /9,, SS
*5268 KUHH VWXGLHV LQ RFDOLW DQG &DVH 5RXWOHGJH /RQGRQ
(15) a. libr-a a mɛu/tau/nɔst(ər)
book- FSG PI my.FSG/your.FSG/our
a libr-ə a mɛl-i/tal-i/nɔst-i
books-FPL PI my-F.PL/your-FPL/our-FPL
b. kɛn-li a ɲeu/tou/nɔstər
dog-M PI my.MSG/your.MSG/our
kɛɲ-li a ɲeʎ-i/toʎ-i/nɔst-i
dog.PL-M PI my-MPL/your- MPL/our-PL
(16) ɲ/ts u ar datə a ɲ-ia/ts-ea
to.me/you it have.3PL given PI me-OBL/you- OBL
(17) a. mən-a o fitʃor-u
the hand PI boy-MSG
I
mən-a a-l-i fət-i
the hand PI-F-PL girl-F-OBL/
I
b. sɔr-a o ɣu-i /ɣ-ɔrə
sister-DEF PI him-OBL /them-PL.OBL
‘his/their sister’
frat-li o ɣu-i
brother-DEF.MPL PI him-OBL
‘his brothers’
b’. sɔr-a a je-i
sister-DEF PI her-OBL
‘her sister’
frat-li a je-i
brother-DEF.MPL PI her-OBL
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
3R L L URG F U
V ZH KDYH VHHQ WKH LQWURGXFHUV RI SRVVHVVLYHV WDNH GLIIHUHQW IRUPV 6XEVWDQWLDOO\ LQ OEDQLDQ WKH\ DUH D VRUW RI GHWHUPLQHUV DJUHHLQJ LQ DOO FRQWH[WV LQVLGH WKH 3 RU LQ SUHGLFDWLYH SRVLWLRQ ZLWK WKH SRVVHVVHG QRXQ LQGLIIHUHQWO\ WKH 1 KHDG RU WKH VXEMHFW RI WKH SUHGLFDWLYH VHQWHQFH ,Q URPDQLDQ ZH KDYH WKH LQYDUL DEOH IRUP D EHIRUH VW QG SHUVRQ SRVVHVVLYHV DQG WKH DJUHHLQJ DOWHUQDQWV a/ali/o EHIRUH UGSHUVRQ SURQRXQV DQG QRXQV ,Q WKHVH
8/67 0 &2(1( / 7 602:6., DVW UHVRUW VWUDWHJLHV LQ 3 UWLFOH UHGXSOLFDWLRQ LQ
5RPDQLDQ DQG )UHQFK LQ Comparative studies in Romanian syntax HGLWHG E\ 9 0RWDSDQ\DQH 1RUWK +ROODQG SS & 2 529,( 625,1 *,85*( , 1( (/&8, *HQLWL H 3V
DQG SURQRPLQDO SRVVHVVRUV LQ 5HIHUHQFH *UDPPDU RI 5RPDQLDQ 9ROXPH KH QRXQ SKUDVH HGLWHG E\ & REURYLH 6RULQ , *LXUJHD -RKQ %HQMDPLQV PVWHUGDP SS
* 3 1 ,1 (/(* 1 KH *UDPPDU RI 5RPDQLDQ 2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV 2[
IRUG
,ELGHP
0 5 0 1=,1, / 0 6 92, LQNHUV LQ URPDQLDQ LQ FRPSDULVRQ WR OEDQLDQ DQG
5RPDQLDQ LQ ©5LYLVWD GL *UDPPDWLFD *HQHUDWLYDª D SS / )5 1&2
0 5 0 1=,1, / 0 6 92, LQNHUV DQG DJUHHPHQW LQ ©7KH /LQJXLVWLF 5HYLHZª YRO ;;;,,
SS
3RVVHVVL HV LQ 1RUWK &DODEULDQ GLDOHFWV
FRQWH[WV WKH LQWURGXFHU DJUHHV ZLWK WKH SRVVHVVRU )LQDOO\ LQ &DO DEULDQ WKH LQWURGXFHU LV WKH SUHSRVLWLRQ GL DQG WKH DUWLFOH DJUHHV ZLWK WKH SRVVHVVHG QRXQ LQ RWKHU ZRUGV WKH DUWLFOH DQG WKH SRV VHVVLYH DJUHH ZLWK WKH QRPLQDO KHDG RU WKH VXEMHFW RI SUHGLFDWLRQ LQGHSHQGHQWO\ RI WKH SUHVHQFH RI WKH SUHSRVLWLRQ GL
/HW XV LQLWLDOO\ FRQVLGHU WKH OEDQLDQ OLQNHUV 0DQ]LQL DQG 6D YRLD DQG )UDQFR HW DO LGHQWLI\ WKHVH OLQNHUV DV KHDGV WKDW LQWUR GXFH WKH DGMHFWLYH WKH SRVVHVVLYH DQG WKH JHQLWLYH 7KH\ FRQWULE XWH WR VDWLVI\LQJ WKH DUJXPHQW RI WKH DGMHFWLYDO SUHGLFDWH RU LQ WKH FDVH RI JHQLWLYHV WKH DUJXPHQW RI WKH ELQDU\ UHODWLRQ WKDW FRQQHFWV WKH SRVVHVVRU DQG WKH SRVVHVVXP LQ JHQLWLYH SKUDVHV 7KH OEDQL an genitive/ dative in ection can be analyzed as the exponent ex WHUQDOL]LQJ WKH EDVLF UHODWLRQ RI SDUW ZKROH LQFOXVLRQ > ], HTXLYDOHQW WR WKH UHODWLRQ OH[LFDOL]HG E\ WKH SUHSRVLWLRQ GL ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV LQ D FDVH ODQJXDJH VXFK DV OEDQLDQ WKH SRVVHVVLRQ LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ LV EDVHG RQ WKH VDPH SURSHUW\ RWKHUZLVH LQWURGXFHG E\ D SUHSRVLWLRQ ,Q D FRUUHVSRQGLQJ WR D IRU *MLURNDVWsU WKH /LQNHU ɛ DJUHHV ZLWK WKH VXEMHFW NMɔ, namely the possessum. The oblique speci ca WLRQ L RI LP L OH[LFDOL]HV WKH LQFOXVLRQ SRVVHVVLYH UHODWLRQ ; nally
D is the de nite feminine in ection that we descriptively charac terize as [fsg, De nite], where the de niteness properties contrib XWH WR LGHQWLI\LQJ WKH VDPH DUJXPHQW x LQGLFDWHG E\ WKH VXEVFULSW DVVRFLDWHG WR WKH DJUHHLQJ HOHPHQWV LQWURGXFHG E\ WKH OLQNHU ɛ LQ WXUQ DJUHHLQJ ZLWK WKH VXEMHFW RI WKH FRSXODU VWUXFWXUH ,Q E FI
E IRU 6 %HQHGHWWR WKH VWUXFWXUH RI D SRVVHVVLYH 3 VWUXFWXUH LV SURYLGHG ZKHUH WKH HOHPHQW W agrees with the plural in ection of the possessed noun, the head of the phrase, and the plural in ection of the possessive element. In the latter the oblique in ection ɛ OH[L FDOL]HV WKH LQFOXVLRQ UHODWLRQ
0 5 0 1=,1, / 0 6 92, D 0 5 0 1=,1, / 0 6 92, 3HUVRQ VSOLWV LQ
WKH FDVH V VWHPV RI *HJ OEDQLDQ 6KNRGsU DQG UEsUHVK *UHFL LQ ©6WXGL ,WDOLDQL GL /LQ JXLVWLFD 7HRULFD H SSOLFDWDª ;/,,, E SS 0 5 0 1=,1, / 0 6 92, /
)5 1&2 0 5 0 1=,1, / 0 6 92, LQNHUV DQG DJUHHPHQW LQ ©7KH /LQJXLVWLF 5HYLHZª
YRO ;;;,, SS
0 5 0 1=,1, / 0 6 92, &DVH LQ WKH QRPLQDO DQG SURQRPLQDO V VWHPV LQ UR
PDQLDQ REOLTXH FDVH DQG LWV LQWHUDFWLRQV ZLWK WKH SHUVRQ VSOLW LQ ©5HYXH 5RXPDLQH H /LQJXLVWLTXHª YRO /;,, SS
V PDGH FOHDU E\ RXU DQDO\VLV ZH WUHDW DJUHHPHQW DV WKH LGHQ WLW\ UHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ WZR RU PRUH UHIHUHQWLDO IHDWXUH VHWV LQVLGH D GRPDLQ , for instance, in (18), the linker D and the in ection RI WKH SRVVHVVLYH ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV LQ RXU DSSURDFK WKHUH LV QR JUHH UXOH WULJJHUHG E\ WKH QHHG IRU D SUREH WR LQWHUSUHW YDOXH LWV IHDWXUHV DQG WKH VXUIDFH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ DJUHHPHQW LQ VHQWHQFH RU LQVLGH WKH 3 LV LUUHOHYDQW JUHHPHQW ZRUNV E\ WKH QHFHVVLW\ WR OH[LFDOL]H HTXLYDOHQFH FODVVHV RI SKL IHDWXUH EXQGOHV LGHQWLI\LQJ WKH VDPH DUJXPHQW L H GHQRWLQJ D VLQJOH UHIHUHQW
/ , / 0 6 92, 0RUSKRV QWDFWLF 5HRUJDQL]DWLRQ 3KHQRPHQD LQ UEsUHVK LD
OHFWV KH 1HXWHU LQ ©4XDGHUQL GL /LQJXLVWLFD H 6WXGL 2ULHQWDOLª YRO ,9 SS
0 5 0 1=,1, / 0 6 92, , The Morphosyntax of Albanian and Aromanian Varieties
H *UX\WHU 0RXWRQ %HUOLQ
6HH 1 & 206. é * //(*2 277 *HQHUDWL H *UDPPDU DQG WKH )DFXOW RI DQ
JXDJH ,QVLJKWV 4XHVWLRQV DQG &KDOOHQJHV LQ Generative Syntax: Questions, Crossroads, DQG &KDOOHQJHV HGLWHG E\ É *DOOHJR 2WW &DWDODQ -RXUQDO RI LQJXLVWLFV 6SHFLDO LVVXH
SS
0 5 0 1=,1, / 0 6 92, 2EOLTXH FDVH DQG ,QGR (XURSHDQ HUJDWL LW VSOLWV LQ
©5HYXH 5RXPDLQH GH /LQJXLVWLTXHª YRO /; SS 0 5 0 1=,1, / 0
6 92, , The Morphosyntax of Albanian and Aromanian Varieties H *UX\WHU 0RXWRQ %HU
OLQ (18) a. DP D Infl ɛx ⊆ Infl ax √ ⊆ [fsg, Def] im i b. NP kumiʃ-a-tx Infl D Infl t ⊆ D/Pl t √ Obl/⊆ im-
ɛ-3RVVHVVL HV LQ 1RUWK &DODEULDQ GLDOHFWV
&RPSOHPHQWDU\ WR WKLV LV WKH DVVXPSWLRQ WKDW DOO OH[LFDO PDWHUL al, including in ectional material, is associated to interpretable FRQWHQWV WKLV SURSRVDO LV QRW VXEVWDQWLDOO\ GLIIHUHQW IURP WKH FRQ FHSWLRQ RI JUHH LQ &KRPVN\ LQVRIDU DV LW H[SUHVVHV WKH LGHQWLW\ EHWZHHQ IHDWXUHV XQGHU ORFDOLW\ 0LQLPDO 6HDUFK
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ɛɲ OL D WRʎ L ‘your dogs’, (15b’). If we analyze D RI URPDQLDQ DV D SUHS RVLWLRQ WKH SDUDOOHO ZLWK 6RXWKHUQ ,WDOLDQ YDULHWLHV LV HYLGHQW ,Q ERWK FDVHV WKH SRVVHVVLYH HOHPHQWV ZKLOH DJUHHLQJ ZLWK WKH QRXQ DUH LQWURGXFHG E\ D SUHSRVLWLRQ V LQ OEDQLDQ LQ URPDQLDQ WKH SRVVHVVLYH DJUHHV ZLWK WKH KHDG VXEMHFW QRXQ EXW LW UHTXLUHV DQ LQGHSHQGHQW OH[LFDOL]DWLRQ RI WKH LQFOXVLRQ UHODWLRQ E\ PHDQV RI WKH SUHSRVLWLRQDO LQWURGXFHU ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV WKH SUHSRVLWLRQDO HO HPHQW OH[LFDOL]HV WKH SRVVHVVLYH UHODWLRQ OHWWLQJ DJUHHPHQW ZRUN normally via in ection, as in (19).
1 & 206. HUL DWLRQ E SKDVHLQ .HQ +DOH D OLIH LQ ODQJXDJH HGLWHG E\ 0 .HQ
VWRZLF] 0,73UHVV &DPEULGJH 0 SS
*5268 KUHH VWXGLHV LQ RFDOLW DQG &DVH 5RXWOHGJH /RQGRQ
(19) DP kɛɲ-lix ⊆ ⊆ Infl a √ Infl toʎ ix
:H PD\ ZRQGHU LQ ZKDW VHQVH WKHVH EDVLF SUHSRVLWLRQV DUH DEOH WR VDWLVI\ WKH SURSHUWLHV RI /LQNHUV WKDW XVXDOO\ DUH W\SH HOHPHQWV 2XU LGHD GHYHORSHG IRU URPDQLDQ E\ 0DQ]LQL 6D YRLD LV WKDW /LQNHU VWUXFWXUHV PD\ SURYLGH D GXSOLFDWH RI GLIIHU HQW SDUWV RI WKH SRVVHVVLRQ VWUXFWXUH QRUPDOO\ D FOLWLF GXSOLFDWH RI WKH SRVVHVVXP KHDG QRXQ 1HYHUWKHOHVV LQ URPDQLDQ LW DF WXDOO\ SURYLGHV D GXSOLFDWH RI WKH PRUSKRORJLFDOO\ ZHDNHQHG R deleted) genitive in ectional properties of the possessor/embed GHG QRXQ
,QWHUHVWLQJO\ WKHVH VWUXFWXUHV UHPLQG WKH SKHQRPHQD RI 6XI xaufnahme 7KH W\SLFDO FDVH LV SURYLGHG E\ D JHQLWLYH QRXQ RU SKUDVH WKDW DJUHHV ZLWK LWV KHDG QRXQ DV LQ 3XQMDEL ,Q WKLV ODQ JXDJH JHQLWLYHV DUH LQWURGXFHG E\ WKH SRVWSRVLWLRQDO PRUSKHPH
G SUHFHGHG E\ WKH REOLTXH IRUP RI WKH SRVVHVVRU DQG IROORZHG by the in ectional element agreeing with the possessum, as in WKH H[DPSOH PXQɖ H G L NLWD E ‘the book of the boy’ in (20). In this FDVH WKH SRVVHVVRU LV PDVFXOLQH SOXUDO DQG WKH JHQLWLYH 3 DJUHHV LQ WKH IHPLQLQH SOXUDO ZLWK WKH SRVVHVVXP
The result is that the oblique of the noun includes the in ec WLRQ DJUHHLQJ ZLWK WKH KHDG QRXQ ,Q WKLV VHQVH WKH VLPLODULW\ ZLWK WKH URPDQLDQ VWUXFWXUH LV HYLGHQW
0 5 0 1=,1, / )5 1&2 / 0 6 92, LQNHUV UH 1RW 3RVVHVVLRQ 0DUNHUV EXW
JUHHPHQWV LQ KH 2ORPRXF LQJXLVWLFV &ROORTXLXP 2OLQFR 3DODFNç 8QLYHUVLW\ 2OR PRXF SS
0 5 0 1=,1, / 0 6 92, D 0 5 0 1=,1, / 0 6 92, 0 5 0 1 =,1, / )5 1&2 / 0 6 92,
Double Case: Agreement by Suf xaufnahme HGLWHG E\ ) 3ODQN 2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV 2[IRUG 1HZ <RUN
0 5 0 1=,1, / )5 1&2 / 0 6 92, Suf xaufnahme, oblique case and Agree LQ
JUHHPHQW FDVH DQG ORFDOLW LQ WKH QRPLQDO DQG HUEDO GRPDLQV HGLWHG E\ / )5 1&2 0
0 5& ,6025(12 0 5((9( /DQJXDJH 6FLHQFH 3UHVV %HUOLQ SS
possessum.
(20) [munɖ-e- d- i ] kita:b
boy-OBL.MSG Gen- FSG book.ABS.FSG
3RVVHVVL HV LQ 1RUWK &DODEULDQ GLDOHFWV
&DODEULDQ VWUXFWXUHV
W WKLV SRLQW &DODEULDQ GDWD FDQ EH H[SODLQHG DV LQVWDQWLDWLRQV RI WKH VDPH NLQG RI JHQLWLYH VWUXFWXUH DV WKH RQH RFFXUULQJ LQ UR PDQLDQ DOWKRXJK UHVWULFWHG WR SRVVHVVLYH FRQVWUXFWLRQV ,Q &DO DEULDQ GLDOHFWV WKH SUHSRVLWLRQ SRVVLEO\ GHULYLQJ IURP DQ RULJL QDO SDUWLWLYH H[SUHVVLRQ LV GL V PHQWLRQHG DERYH DQG IROORZLQJ 0DQ]LQL 6DYRLD 0DQ]LQL )UDQFR 6DYRLD DQG 6DYRLD HW DO SUHSRVLWLRQV DUH LQVWDQWLDWLRQV RI D EDVLF UHODWLRQ WKDW PD\ EH FKDUDFWHUL]HG DV WKH SDUW ZKROH UHODWLRQ L H LQFOXVLRQ >⊆@ 7KLV LGHD KROGV RQ WR WKH SURSRVDO RI %HOYLQ HQ LNNHQ ZKLFK LQ DQDO\]LQJ KD H, assume that ‘entities have various zones associat HG ZLWK WKHP VXFK WKDW DQ REMHFW RU HYHQWXDOLW\ PD\ EH LQFOXGHG LQ D ]RQH DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK DQ HQWLW\ ZLWKRXW EHLQJ SK\VLFDOO\ FRQ WDLQHG LQ WKDW HQWLW\· +HQFH SRVVHVVLRQ RQ D SDU ZLWK ORFDWLRQ - can be understood as a type of ‘zonal’ inclusion Q H[DPSOH LV SURYLGHG E\ WKH GLIIHUHQW LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV RI ,WDOLDQ GL LQFOXGLQJ SRVVHVVLYH SDUWLWLYH DQG ORFDWLYH UHDGLQJV WKDW ZH FDQ LGHQWLI\ ZLWK WKH HOHPHQWDU\ UHODWRU >⊆@ DV LQ
GL ⊆
7KH OH[LFDO FRQWHQW LQ DFFRXQWV IRU WKH XVXDO V\QFUHWLVP EHWZHHQ SDUWLWLYH DQG JHQLWLYH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ ZKHUHE\ WKH VDPH SUHSRVLWLRQ RU FDVH H[SUHVVHV GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI SDUW ZKROH UHOD tion. Speci cally, genitive implies a type of zonal inclusion, rang
0 5 0 1=,1, / 0 6 92, D 0 5 0 1=,1, / 0 6 92,
0 5 0 1=,1, / )5 1&2 / 0 6 92, LQNHUV UH 1RW 3RVVHVVLRQ 0DUNHUV EXW
JUHHPHQWV LQ KH 2ORPRXF LQJXLVWLFV &ROORTXLXP 2OLQFR 3DODFNç 8QLYHUVLW\ 2OR PRXF SS
/ 0 6 92, 0 5 0 1=,1, / )5 1&2 / , 3UHSRVLWLRQV LQ URPDQLDQ LQ 3UR
ceedings of ‘Simpozionul InternaţLRQDO GH /LQJYLVWLFăμ PDL ,QVWLWXWXO GH /LQJYLVWLFă DO FDGHPLHL 5RPkQH ,RUJX ,RUGDQ OH[DQGUX 5RVHWWLμ %XFXUHşWL· LQ SUHVV
5 (/9,1 0 (1 ,..(1 KHUH KDSSHQV WR EH KD H LQ © LQJXD
SS S
0 5 0 1=,1, / 0 6 92, Reducing ‘case’ to ‘agreement’: nominal in ections in
WKH *HJ OEDQLDQ DULHW RI 6KNRGsU LQ ©/LQJXLVWLF 9DULDWLRQ <HDUERRNª YRO ;,
LQJ IURP WKH RFFDVLRQDO DVVRFLDWLRQ WR WKH LQDOLHQDEOH SURSHUW\ ZKLOH SDUWLWLYH FRUUHVSRQG WR WKH VHW LQFOXVLRQ :LWK WKDW LQ PLQG ZH ZLOO H[SODLQ WKH V\QFUHWLVP EHWZHHQ GL DV SUHSRVLWLRQ DQG DV SRVVHVVLYH LQWURGXFHU LQ &DODEULDQ GLDOHFWV VLPSO\ DVVXPLQJ WKDW DV LQ WKH FDVH RI URPDQLDQ GL DFWXDOO\ LV WKH JHQLWLYH SRVVHVVLYH SUHSRVLWLRQ DQG FRQWULEXWHV WR OH[LFDOL]LQJ WKH SRVVHVVLRQ UHODWLRQ
6LOYHVWUL (§ 6.3), in treating the Calabrian inde nite structures VXFK DV Q X OLEEU X ɽ X PHM X ‘a book of mine’ in (1b), proposes DQ DQDO\VLV RI JHQLWLYHV SRVVHVVLYHV LQ ZKLFK WKH HOHPHQW GL LV identi ed with a nominal element ‘that displays PRON features and is able to project a nominal structure’. Speci cally, it is in serted in inde nites, i.e. in a DP lacking person features, where LW OLFHQVHV WKH JHQLWLYH 3 RQO\ LQ WKH FDVH RI SRVVHVVLYHV DV LW corresponds to a sort of ‘silent noun’ provided of interpretable SURQRPLQDO IHDWXUHV DQG JHQLWLYH IHDWXUHV +HU LGHD LV WKDW SRV VHVVLYHV QHHG WR PRYH WR WKH OD\HU ZKHUH WKHLU XQLQWHUSUHWDEOH IHDWXUHV DUH FKHFNHG DQG YDOXHG LQ WKLV FDVH DW WKH OD\HU RI WKH linker. In the de nite DPs, Silvestri assumes that GL FRQWULEXWHV WR UHDOL]LQJ D IRFDO LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI WKH SRVVHVVLYH 2XU SURSRVDO LV GLIIHUHQW 2XU LGHD LV WKDW GL is a preposition bona de and its lex LFDO FRQWHQW DOORZV LW WR H[WHUQDOL]H WKH SRVVHVVLYH UHODWLRQ 0RUH over, although de nite structures such as X kɔnə GG X Wʊ ‘my GRJ· RI 6DUDFHQD LQ E PD\ LPSOHPHQW D IRFDOL]HG LQWHUSUHWD WLRQ WKLV UHVXOW VHHPV WR EH QRW PDQGDWRU\ 7KXV WKH RFFXUUHQFH RI GL answers other requirements; nally, more basically, our PRGHO GRHV QRW LQFOXGH XQLQWHUSUHWDEOH IHDWXUHV DQG SUREH JRDO LQGXFHG PRYHPHQW VR H[FOXGLQJ FDUWRJUDSKLF H[SODQDWLRQV
,Q NHHSLQJ ZLWK WKH DQDO\VLV RI SUHSRVLWLRQV LQ 0DQ]LQL HW DO ZH DVVXPH WKDW GL LV WKH EDVLF H[SRQHQW IRU WKH SDUW ZKROH UH ODWLRQ 6R WKH H[DPSOHV LQ ZLOO UHFHLYH DQ DQDO\VLV VLPLODU
WR WKH RQH DVVLJQHG WR QDPHO\ LQFOXGLQJ DOVR WKH
DUWLFOH
* 6,/9(675, Possessives in inde nite noun phrases: a comparison across Romance LQ
©0RGHUQD 6SUnN IRUWKFRPLQJ
0 5 0 1=,1, / )5 1&2 / 0 6 92, RFDWL H 3V DV JHQHUDO UHODWRUV RFDWLRQ
3RVVHVVL HV LQ 1RUWK &DODEULDQ GLDOHFWV
7KH FRSXODU VWUXFWXUH LQ VXJJHVWV D YLHZ RI SUHGLFDWLYH FRQWH[WV EDVHG RQ WKH DJUHHPHQW SURSHUWLHV RI WKH SRVVHVVLYH DV IDU DV WKH\ LQVWDQWLDWH WKH UHIHUHQWLDO SRLQW WKH DUJXPHQW RI WKH VHQWHQFH 7KH FRSXODU SUHGLFDWLRQ FDQ EH FRQVWUXHG DV D Y3 LQ FOXGLQJ D SKUDVH 3 3 RU 33 VHOHFWLQJ DQ LQWHUQDO DUJXPHQW
, ZKHUH SKL IHDWXUHV DQG WHQVH SURSHUWLHV DUH OH[LFDOL]HG E\ the in ected form of EH GHVFULSWLYHO\ D VRUW RI DX[LOLDU\ :H WUHDW the nite verb as an exponent of T and the nominal part as an H[SRQHQW RI
EUL I FR F LR
6RPH FUXFLDO LVVXHV UDLVHG E\ WKHVH VWUXFWXUHV FRQFHUQ DW OHDVW WKH IROORZLQJ SRLQWV
L 6RXWKHUQ ,WDOLDQ GLDOHFWV JHQHUDOO\ LQWURGXFH WKH DUWLFOH EH IRUH SRVVHVVLYHV LQ SUHGLFDWLYH FRQWH[WV
LL SDUW RI 6RXWKHUQ ,WDOLDQ GLDOHFWV LQWURGXFHV REOLJDWRULO\ RU RSWLRQDOO\ WKH SUHSRVLWLRQ GL EHIRUH WKH DUWLFOH ERWK LQ SUHGLFDWLYH FRQWH[WV DQG LQVLGH WKH 3
LLL The linker inside the DP is favoured in inde nite DPs
(22) D TP (kwiss-ux) T vP ɛ3rd x v ⊆P EH ⊆/ P DP ɖɖ D Infl ux Class Infl ux √ Class mɛj- [masc] [ ɖɖ⊆ P][[ umsg D][[mɛj1p √] uMSGInfl ]DP]
V WR L ZH FRXOG FRQFOXGH WKDW WKH DUWLFOH LV QHFHVVDU\ IRU lexicalizing the de nite interpretation of the possessive element. 7KH ODWWHU DOWKRXJK HQGRZHG ZLWK UHIHUHQWLDO IRUFH UHTXLUHV WKDW agreeing properties are duplicated also by the article in xing the reference to the possessum. This seems to be con rmed by the fact that de nite article occurs also within inde nite DPs in the dia OHFWV ZKHUH LW LV SUHFHGHG E\ WKH SUHSRVLWLRQ GL ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV WKH occurrence of the de nite article in inde nite DPs and in predica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lation and de niteness both by means of independent morpholog LFDO HOHPHQWV DQG RI WKH SRVVHVVLYH SURQRXQ VXEVWDQWLDOO\ VLPLODU O\ WR ZKDW ZH KDYH VHHQ IRU OEDQLDQ DQG URPDQLDQ
5 I U F
/ , 6 92, / 0 0RUSKRV QWDFWLF 5HRUJDQL]DWLRQ 3KHQRPHQD LQ UEsUHVK LDOHFWV KH 1HXWHU LQ ©4XDGHUQL GL /LQJXLVWLFD H 6WXGL 2ULHQWDOLª YRO ,9 SS
(/9,1 5 (1 ,..(10 KHUH KDSSHQV WR EH KD H LQ © LQJXD
SS
& 206. 1 HUL DWLRQ E SKDVH LQ .HQ +DOH D OLIH LQ ODQJXDJH HGLW HG E\ 0 .HQVWRZLF] 0,73UHVV &DPEULGJH 0 SS & 206. 1 * //(*2 é 277 *HQHUDWL H *UDPPDU DQG WKH )DF
XOW RI DQJXDJH ,QVLJKWV 4XHVWLRQV DQG &KDOOHQJHV LQ *HQHU ative Syntax: Questions, Crossroads, and Challenges HGLWHG E\ É *DOOHJR 2WW &DWDODQ -RXUQDO RI LQJXLVWLFV 6SHFLDO LVVXH
SS
&251,/(6&8 1RWHV RQ WKH VWUXFWXUH RI WKH 5RPDQLDQ 3 DQG WKH DVVLJQPHQW RI WKH *HQLWL H &DVH LQ ©9HQLFH :RUNLQJ 3DSHUV LQ
3RVVHVVL HV LQ 1RUWK &DODEULDQ GLDOHFWV
/LQJXLVWLFVª SS
(0,5 - 6 *UDPDWLNs KLVWRULNH H JMXKsV VKTLSH 6KW\SVKNURQMD
©0LKDO XULª 7LUDQs
8/67 &2(1(0 7 602:6.,/ DVW UHVRUW VWUDWHJLHV LQ 3 U WLFOH UHGXSOLFDWLRQ LQ 5RPDQLDQ DQG )UHQFK LQ &RPSDUDWL H VWXGLHV in Romanian syntax HGLWHG E\ 9 0RWDSDQ\DQH 1RUWK +ROODQG
SS
2 529,( 625,1 & *,85*( , 3URQRPLQDO 3RVVHVVRUV DQG )HDWXUH
QLTXHQHVV LQ ©/DQJXDJHª YRO /;;;9,, SS
2 529,( 625,1 & *,85*( , 1( (/&8 , *HQLWL H 3V DQG SUR
QRPLQDO SRVVHVVRUV LQ 5HIHUHQFH *UDPPDU RI 5RPDQLDQ 9ROXPH KH QRXQ SKUDVH HGLWHG E\ & REURYLH 6RULQ , *LXUJHD
-RKQ %HQMDPLQV PVWHUGDP SS
)5 1&2 / 0 1=,1, 0 5 6 92, / 0 LQNHUV DQG DJUHHPHQW LQ ©7KH /LQJXLVWLF 5HYLHZª YRO ;;;,, SS
*,85*( , KH RULJLQ RI WKH 5RPDQLDQ SRVVHVVL H JHQLWL DO DUWLFOH DO DQG WKH GH HORSPHQW RI WKH GHPRQVWUDWL H V VWHP LQ ©5HYXH 5RXPDLQH GH /LQJXLVWLTXHª YRO /9,, SS
*5268 KUHH VWXGLHV LQ RFDOLW DQG &DVH 5RXWOHGJH /RQGRQ
/( *(: *UDPPDWLFD GLDFURQLFD GHO 1DSROHWDQR 1LHPH\HU
7 ELQJHQ
0 1=,1,0 5 6 92, / 0 5HGXFLQJ FDVH· WR DJUHHPHQW· QRPLQDO
in ections in the Geg Albanian variety of Shkodër, LQ ©/LQJXLVWLF 9DULDWLRQ <HDUERRNª YRO ;, SS
0 1=,1, 0 5 6 92, / 0 LQNHUV LQ URPDQLDQ LQ FRPSDULVRQ WR
OEDQLDQ DQG 5RPDQLDQ LQ ©5LYLVWD GL *UDPPDWLFD *HQHUDWL
YDª D SS
0 1=,1, 0 5 6 92, / 0 3HUVRQ VSOLWV LQ WKH FDVH V VWHPV RI *HJ
OEDQLDQ 6KNRGsU DQG UEsUHVK *UHFL LQ ©6WXGL ,WDOLDQL GL /LQJXLVWLFD 7HRULFD H SSOLFDWDª ;/,,, E SS
0 1=,1,0 5 6 92, / 0 2EOLTXH FDVH DQG ,QGR (XURSHDQ HUJDWL
LW VSOLWV LQ ©5HYXH 5RXPDLQH GH /LQJXLVWLTXHª YRO /; SS
0 1=,1,0 5 6 92, / 0 &DVH LQ WKH QRPLQDO DQG SURQRPLQDO V V
WHPV LQ URPDQLDQ REOLTXH FDVH DQG LWV LQWHUDFWLRQV ZLWK WKH SHUVRQ VSOLW LQ ©5HYXH 5RXPDLQH H /LQJXLVWLTXHª YRO /;,, SS
0 1=,1,0 5 6 92, / 0 , The Morphosyntax of Albanian and Aro PDQLDQ 9DULHWLHV H *UX\WHU 0RXWRQ %HUOLQ
0 1=,1,0 5 )5 1&2/ 6 92, / 0 LQNHUV UH 1RW 3RVVHVVLRQ
0DUNHUV EXW JUHHPHQWV LQ KH 2ORPRXF LQJXLVWLFV &ROOR
TXLXP 2OLQFR 3DODFNç 8QLYHUVLW\ 2ORPRXF SS
0 1=,1, 0 5 )5 1&2 / 6 92, / 0 RFDWL H 3V DV JHQHUDO UHOD
WRUV RFDWLRQ GLUHFWLRQ 20 LQ 5RPDQFH LQJXLVWLF 9DULDWLRQ 6SHFLDO ,VVXH IRUWKFRPLQJ
0 1=,1, 0 5 )5 1&2 / 6 92, / 0 Suf xaufnahme, oblique
FDVH DQG JUHH LQ JUHHPHQW FDVH DQG ORFDOLW LQ WKH QRPLQDO DQG HUEDO GRPDLQV HGLWHG E\ / )UDQFR 0 0DUFKLV 0RUHQR 0 5HHYH /DQJXDJH 6FLHQFH 3UHVV %HUOLQ SS
3 1 ,1 (/(* 1 * KH *UDPPDU RI 5RPDQLDQ 2[IRUG 8QLYHUVL
W\ 3UHVV 2[IRUG
3/ 1. ) HG Double Case: Agreement by Suf xaufnahme 2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV 2[IRUG 1HZ <RUN
52 /)6 * *UDPPDWLFD VWRULFD GHOOD OLQJXD LWDOLDQD H GHL VXRL GLDOHWWL
0RUIRORJLD 7RULQR (LQDXGL 7RULQR > @
6 92, / 0 0 1=,1, 0 5 )5 1&2 / / , 3UHSRVLWLRQV LQ URPDQLDQ, in “Proceedings of ‘Simpozionul InternaţLRQDO GH /LQJYLVWLFăμ PDL ,QVWLWXWXO GH /LQJYLVWLFă DO FDG HPLHL 5RPkQH ,RUJX ,RUGDQ OH[DQGUX 5RVHWWLμ %XFXUHşWL· LQ SUHVV
6,/9(675, * Possessives in inde nite noun phrases: a comparison
DFURVV 5RPDQFH LQ ©0RGHUQD 6SUnN IRUWKFRPLQJ
6251,&2/ 5 &DPSDQLD LQ KH LDOHFWV RI ,WDO HGLWHG E\ 0 0DLG