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a, quindi pubblicare in una sede frequentata da ingegneri e da sici fu una vera innovazione scienti ca basata sulla convinzione FKH VROR O·LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDULHWj H O·DSSRUWR GL FRPSHWHQ]H GLIIHUHQWL SRVVRQR DLXWDUH D FRPSUHQGHUH HYHQWL FRPSOHVVL ,O ODYRUR VFULWWR GDO SURI -RKQ 7UXPSHU H GDO VRWWRVFULWWR DOO·HSRFD VXR DOOLHYR GDO WLWROR Q SUREOHPD GHOOD FRDUWLFROD]LRQH O·LVRFURQLD UL LVLWDWD LQWHQGH va veri care se le ipotesi sulla gestione del tempo nel parlato, te VWDWH VX SDUODWR GL ODERUDWRULR DYHVVHUR UDJLRQ G·HVVHUH QHO SDUODWR QDWXUDOH H YHQLVVHUR FRQIHUPDWH GD PLVXUD]LRQL DFXVWLFKH

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∗_{Dipartimento di Lettere e Filoso a, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italia.}

benedetta.baldi@uni .it, lsavoia@uni .it.

30 anni di Laboratorio di Fonetica ISBN 978-88-255-3806-9 DOI 10.4399/97888255380692 pp. 19-40 (dicembre 2019)

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VHQWHQFH 7KH VHTXHQFH SUHSRVLWLRQ DUWLFOH SRVVHVVL H JRHV WRJHWK HU ZLWK WKH SRVWQRPLQDO SRVLWLRQ RI SRVVHVVLYHV LQVLGH WKH 3 +RZHYHU DQ LPSOLFDWLRQDO UHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH WZR W\SHV RI GLV WULEXWLRQ GRHV QRW VHHP WR KROG LI ZH WDNH DFFRXQW RI WKH RYHUDOO GLVWULEXWLRQ RI SRVWQRPLQDO SRVVHVVLYHV WKDW LQ PDQ\ 6RXWKHUQ ,WDOLDQ GLDOHFWV GR QRW FRPELQH ZLWK WKH SUHSRVLWLRQDO LQWURGXFHU LQGHSHQGHQWO\ RI WKHLU SRVLWLRQV ZLWK UHVSHFW WR WKH QRXQ

:H IRFXV RQ WKH 1RUWKHUQ DQG &HQWUDO &DODEULDQ YDULHWLHV ZKHUH WKRVH VWUXFWXUHV DUH ZHOO GRFXPHQWHG ,Q VHFWLRQ ZH present the data from some Calabrian varieties and brie y dis FXVV WKH QDWXUH RI WKH SUHSRVLWLRQ GL WKH LQWURGXFHU RI SRVVHV VLYHV ,Q VHFWLRQ WKH FRPSDULVRQ ZLWK WKH SRVVHVVLYH VWUXFWXUHV LQ OEDQLDQ DQG URPDQLDQ ZLOO EH LOOXVWUDWHG ,Q VHFWLRQ ZH will try to provide a rst analysis of the Calabrian structures. 6RPH SRLQWV RI WKH OLWHUDWXUH RQ SDUWLWLYHV ZLOO EH WDNHQ LQWR DFFRXQW LQ RUGHU WR IHDWXUH WKH PDLQ FRQFHSWXDO DQG VWUXFWXUDO SURSHUWLHV LQYROYHG

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7KH GDWD SUHVHQWHG DQG DQDO\VHG LQ WKLV ZRUN KDYH EHHQ FROOHFWHG E\ PHDQV RI eld investigations with native speakers that we sincerely thank.

3. In the glosses we have used the standard labels. Speci cally, ‘a’ indicates the inde nite articles, D indicates the basis ‘l-‘ of de nite articles,06* )6* 03/ )3/ ,1)/

indicate the gender/ number in ections. It is of note that de nite articles lexicalized only by the in ectional morphemes such as D X L DUH JORVVHG LQ WXUQ RQO\ E\06* )6* 03/ )3/

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3RVVHVVL HV LQ 1RUWK &DODEULDQ GLDOHFWV

XVHG DV D QRXQ ZKHUH WKH LQWURGXFHU VHHPV WR EH KRZHYHU SRV VLEOH 7KH DUWLFOH DQG WKH SRVVHVVLYH DJUHH ZLWK WKH SRVVHVVXP WKH QRPLQDO KHDG RI WKH 3 7KLV GLVWULEXWLRQ HPHUJHV DOVR LQ FHQWUDO GLDOHFWV OLNH WKH RQH RI ,DFXUVR &DWDQ]DUR LQ

4. The fact that the examples have been collected through eld investigations ex SODLQV ZK\ D FHUWDLQ KHWHURJHQHLW\ ZLWK UHJDUGV WR WKH DQVZHUV HPHUJHV PDLQO\ LQ WKH contexts characterized by a greater variability, as de nite 3V

(1) a. n-u fiɟɟ-u ɽ u mej-u

a-MSG son-MSG OF MSG my-MSG

Ôa son of mineÕ

rɔnə-mə n-u libbr-u (ɽ u) mej-u

give-me a-MSG thing-MSG OF MSG my-MSG

Ôgive me a book of mineÕ

b. a sɛddʒ-a mi-a

FSG chair-FSG my-FSG Ômy chairÕ

c. aɟɟu vistu (ɽ-) u mej-u I.have seen OF MSG my-MSG ÔI have seen mineÕ

Morano

(2) a. n-a sur-a d/ r a mɪjə / tʊ

a-FSG sister-FSG OF FSG my / your Ôa sister of mine/yoursÕ

b. ɛɟɟə vɪstə u kɔnə (dd u) tʊ

I.have seen MSG dog OF MSG your

I have seen your dogÕ

c. m ɛɟɟə piɟɟɛtə (dd) u mɪjə

to.me I.have taken of MSG my ÔI have taken mineÕ

Saracena

(3) b. kiɖɖ-u ɛ ll-u kan-i (d u) mi-a

that-MSG is D-MSG dog-MSG OFMSG my-INFL

Ôthat is my dogÕ

kiɖɖ-a ɛ ll-a man-u (d a:) mi-a

that-FSG is D-FSG hand-INFL OFFSG my-INFL

Ôthat is my handÕ

Cervicati

(4) n-u libbr-u dɛ l-u tu-ɛ

a-MSG book-MSG OF D-MSG your-MSG Ôa book of mineÕ

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( ) a. kwiss-u jɛ ɖɖ u mej-u/ toj-u/ soj-u/ noʃʃ-u

this-MSG is OF MSG my-MSG /your-MSG/his-MSG/our-MSG

‘this is mine/ yours/ ours’

ss-a kammis-a jɛ ɖɖ a mi-a/ tuj-a/ suj-a/ nɔʃʃ-a

this-FSG shirt-FSG is OF FSG my-FSG /your-FSG/his-FSG/our-FSG

‘this shirt is mine/ yours/ his/ ours’

kwiɖɖ-ə kammis-ə jɛrunu ɽ i mej-ə

those-PL shirt-PL were OF PL my-PL

‘These shirts were mine’

b. mi parunu (ɽ-) i mej-ə

to.me they.seem OF PL my-PL

I think they are mine’

Morano

( ) a. jɛ dd/r u / a mɪjə/ tʊ/ sʊ

it.is OF MSG/FSG my/your/his/her

‘it is mine/ yours/ ours’

b. st-a kammis-a jɛ ɖɖ a lɔrə

this-FSG shirt-FSG is OF FSG their

‘this shirt is their’

d. kwistə mə pɛrə dd u tʊ

this.MSG to.me seems OF MSG your

I think that it is yours

Saracena

( ) a. kiss-u ɛ dd u mi-a/ tu-a/ su-a/ nuəstr-u

this-MSG is OF MSG my-INFL/your- INFL/his- INFL/our- INFL

‘this is mine, yours, his, ours’

b. kiss-a ɛ dd a mi-a/ tu-a/ su-a/ nɔstr-a

this-FSG is OF FSG my- INFL/your- INFL/his- INFL/our- INFL

‘this is mine, yours, his, ours’

c. kiss-i su dd i mi-a / tu-a / nuəstr-i / nɔstr-i

those-PL were OF PL my-INFL/your-INFL/our-M-PL/F-PL

d. kiss-u mi pari d u mi-a

this-MSG to.me it.seem s OF MSG my-INFL

I think it is mine

Cervicati

( ) a. kist-u kan-ɛ ɛ ddɛ l-u mi-ɔ/ nuəstr-u

this-MSG dog- MSG is OF D-MSG my-MSG/our-MSG

‘this dog is mine, ours’

b. kist-a kammis-a ɛ ddɛ l-a mi-a / tu-a

this-FSG shirt-FSG is OF D-FSG my-FSG /your-FSG

‘this shirt is mine, yours, his, ours’

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,Q RWKHU YDULHWLHV GL is admitted only in inde nite contexts, where a quanti er introduces the NP, as in the case of the Lu FDQLDQ GLDOHFW RI &LULJOLDQR &HQWUDO %DVLOLFDWD LQ ZKHUH D illustrate quanti ed 3s and (b) the nominalized quanti er.

(5) b. kiss-ə ɛ dd/ r u mij-ə this-MSG is OF MSG my ‘this is mine’ kess-a ɛ dd/ r a mij-a this-FSG is OF FSG my-FSG ‘this is mine’ Casalbuono (Cilento)

(6) a. n-u fiʎʎ-ə də r-u mej-ə

a-msg son.MSG OF the-msg my.MSG

‘a son of mine’

dova fiʎʎ-ə də r-i mej-ə

two son.PL OF D-MPL my.PL

‘two sons of mine’

n-a kammiʃ-a də l-a mɛj-a

a-FSG shirt-FSG OF D-FSG my-FSG

‘one shirt of mine’

b. kuʃt-ə jɛ r-u mej-ə

this.MSG is D-MSG my.MSG

‘this is mine’

keʃt-a jɛ r-a mɛj-a

this-FSG is D-FSG my-FSG

‘this is mine’

Guardiaregia (Molise)

(7) n-u frə:tə r u towjə

a-MSG brother OF MSG your

‘one of your brothers’

n-a so:rə r a towjə

a-FSG sister OF FSG your

‘one of your sisters’

dowjə frə:tə r lə towjə

two brothers OF D-PL your

‘two of your brothers’

b. ra-mmə-nə ɣounə r a towjə

give-me-of.it one OF FSG your

‘give me one of yours’

(25)

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(8) a. aɟɟ-u vist-u ɣun-u ɽ i amitʃ-i (ɽ- i ) to-i

I.have seen-MSG one-MSG OF MPL friend-MPL OF MPL your-MPL

‘I have seen one of my friends’

b. s-u libbr-u jɛ ɖɖ- u ɣwaʎʎun-ə

this-MSG book-MSG is OF MSG boy

‘this book is of the boy’

Morano

b kwɪstə jɛ ddi jɪɖɖə

this is OF he

‘this is his’

(26)

6FKHPDWL]LQJ WKH GLVWULEXWLRQ RI WKH DUWLFOH DQG WKH SUHSRVL WLRQ ZLWK SRVVHVVLYHV LQ 6RXWK ,WDOLDQ GLDOHFWV ZH PD\ VXJJHVW D VRUW RI LPSOLFDWLRQDO GLVWULEXWLRQ DV LQ ZKHUHE\ WKH LQVHU WLRQ RI WKH SUHSRVLWLRQDO HOHPHQW LQ SUHGLFDWLYH FRQWH[WV LPSOLHV LWV RFFXUUHQFH LQVLGH 3s, and typically in inde nite 3V 7KH RF FXUUHQFH RI WKH DUWLFOH EHIRUH WKH SRVVHVVLYH HOHPHQW LV WKH PRUH JHQHUDO UHTXLUHPHQW

SUHSRVLWLRQ DUWLFOH SRVVHVVLYH LQ FRSXODU FRQWH[WV → SUHSRVLWLRQ DU WLFOH SRVVHVVLYH LQ 3V → preposition article possessive in inde nite

3V → DUWLFOH SRVVHVVLYH LQ SUHGLFDWLYH FRQWH[WV

HVFULSWLYHO\ ZKDW ZH VHH LV WKDW LQ DOO RI WKHVH GLDOHFWV WKH SRVVHVVLYH UHTXLUHV WR EH DFFRPSDQLHG E\ OH[LFDO FRQWHQW FRQ tributing to de ning the referent. This requirement is satis ed by the occurrence of the possessum (the noun) or of a de nite GHWHUPLQHU

(4), as illustrated in the examples in (10a).

(9) a. jɛ a towjə is FSG your ‘it is yours’ b. a kammeis-a towjə FSG shirt-FSG your ‘your shirt’ Cirigliano (Basilicata) a. ɛ ll-a me it.is D-FSG my ‘it is mine’ b. a kamiʃ-a me FSG shirt-FSG my ‘my shirt’ Borgorose (Latium) (10) a. kist-u ɛ u mɛ-u this-MSG is MSG my-MSG ‘this is mine’ b. u mɛ bikkɛr-i the.MSG my glass-MSG ‘my glass’ mɛ marit-u my husband-MSG ‘my husband’ Cardeto

(27)

FRPSDUD L U

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

OEDQLDQ YDULHWLHV DQG LQ IURP WKH URPDQLDQ VSRNHQ LQ 6RXWK OEDQLD /LERIVKH ,QYHVWLJDWLQJ WKHVH VWUXFWXUHV ZLOO DOORZ XV WR FKDUDFWHUL]H WZR W\SHV RI OLQNHUV VR SURYLGLQJ HOHPHQWV WR EHWWHU XQGHUVWDQG DQG DQDO\]H WKH &DODEULDQ VWUXFWXUHV

OEDQLDQ SRVVHVVL HV

,Q OEDQLDQ WKH VW QG _{SHUVRQ SRVVHVVLYHV DUH SUHFHGHG E\ D} HOHPHQW DV LOOXVWUDWHG LQ D IRU SUHGLFDWLYH FRQWH[WV DQG E IRU 3 LQWHUQDO FRQWH[WV 7KH GDWD FRPH IURP WKH YDULHW\ RI *MLURNDVWsU 6RXWKHUQ OEDQLD DQG WKH &DODEULDQ ,WDOR OED QLDQ YDULHW\ RI 6DQ %HQHGHWWR 8OODQR 7KLV HOHPHQW SUHFHGHV DG MHFWLYHV DQG JHQLWLYHV LQ DQ\ FRQWH[W ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKH /LQNHU the possessives present in ectional agreement with the posses VXP VXEMHFW KHDG QRXQ DV LQ D E 7KH GDWD RI 6 %HQHGHW WR VKRZ VRPH DOWHUQDWLYHV WKH SOXUDO FDQ EH OH[LFDOL]HG E\ WKH /LQNHU ɛ IRU LQVWDQFH LQ ɛ W LP ɛ P\μ RU WKH /LQNHU W LQ W LP ɛ W “my”; moreover, plural in ection/Linkers may be duplicated

0 5 0 1=,1, / )5 1&2 / 0 6 92, LQNHUV UH 1RW 3RVVHVVLRQ 0DUNHUV EXW

JUHHPHQWV LQ KH 2ORPRXF LQJXLVWLFV &ROORTXLXP 2OLQFR 3DODFNç 8QLYHUVLW\ 2OR PRXF SS / )5 1&2 0 5 0 1=,1, / 0 6 92, LQNHUV DQG DJUHHPHQW LQ

©7KH /LQJXLVWLF 5HYLHZª YRO ;;;,, SS

7KH PRUSKHPLF VHJPHQWDWLRQ RI OEDQLDQ SRVVHVVLYH IRUPV LV QRW YHU\ WUDQV SDUHQW DQG LQ PDQ\ FDVHV RQO\ FRQMHFWXUDO DV KLJKOLJKWHG LQ 6 (0,5 - *UDPDWLNs

KLVWRULNH H JMXKsV VKTLSH 6KW\SVKNURQMD ©0LKDO XULª 7LUDQs ,Q WKLV VHQVH WKH SURSRVHG DQDO\VLV LV VXEVWDQWLDOO\ WHQWDWLYH

(28)

0RUH WR WKH SRLQW GLIIHUHQWO\ IURP DWWULEXWLYH DGMHFWLYHV ZKLFK V\VWHPDWLFDOO\ UHTXLUH SUH DGMHFWLYDO /LQNHUV LQ VRPH RI WKH SRVVHVVLYH IRUPV WKH OLQNHU PD\ EH PLVVLQJ 6R LQ WKH FDVH RI the singular form of ‘my’ and ‘your’, as in (13a ,b), Linker does QRW RFFXU DQG WKH SRVVHVVLYH OH[LFDOL]HV WKH SRVVHVVRU RQ LWV RZQ by means of its agreement in ection.

(12) a. ky əʃt i im-i

this.MSG is Lkr.MSG my-OBL

Ôthis is mineÕ

kjɔ əʃt ɛ im-i-a

this.FSG is Lkr.FSG my-OBL-FSG Ôthis is mineÕ

b. mɔtr-a-t ɛ mi-a

sister-PL-DEF Lkr.PL my-PL Ômy sistersÕ

Gjirokastër

a. ata kumiʃ-a jan t im-ɛ-t

those shirt-PL are Lkr.DEF my-OBL-DEF

Ôthose shirts jan of mineÕ

b. kumiʃ-a-t t- im-ɛ-t / ɛ t- im-ɛ

shirt-PL-DEF Lkr.DEF my-OBL-DEF /Lkr.PL Lkr.DEF my-OBL Ôthose shirts are of mineÕ

San Benedetto Ullano (North Calabria)

(13) mɔtr-a im-ɛ

sister-DEF.FSG my-FSG Ômy sisterÕ

vla-i im

brother-DEF.MSG my Ômy brotherÕ

Gjirokastër

aj-ɔ kumiʃ əʃt im-i-a

that-FSG shirt is my-OBL-F Ôthat shirt is mineÕ

a-i cɛn əʃt im-i

that-MSG dog is my-OBL

Ôthat dog is mineÕ

(29)

URPDQLDQ SRVVHVVL HV

The Aromanian varieties are exempli ed by the data from the YDULHW\ VSRNHQ LQ /LERIVKH 6RXWK OEDQLD VW QG _{SHUVRQ SRV} VHVVRUV DUH OH[LFDOL]HG E\ SRVVHVVLYH SURQRXQV DJUHHLQJ ZLWK WKH KHDG QRXQ DQG DUH SUHFHGHG E\ WKH LQYDULDEOH HOHPHQW D GHVFULSWLYHO\ WKH 3RVVHVVLYH ,QWURGXFHU 3, 3UHGLFDWLYH FRQWH[WV DUH LOOXVWUDWHG LQ D D· IRU VLQJXODU IHPLQLQHV DQG PDVFXOLQHV DQG LQ E E· IRU SOXUDO IHPLQLQHV DQG PDVFXOLQHV UHVSHFWLYHO\ D D· DQG E E· LOOXVWUDWH WKH SRVWQRPLQDO SRVLWLRQ LQVLGH WKH 13 LOOXVWUDWHV WKH GDWLYH FRQWH[WV ZKHUH3, SUHFHGHV WKH REOLTXH IRUPV RI WKH SHUVRQDO SURQRXQV ,W LV RI QRWH WKDW UG _SHU VRQ SURQRPLQDO SRVVHVVRUV DUH LQWURGXFHG E\ WKH REOLTXH IRUPV RI UG _{SHUVRQ SURQRXQV 7KHUHE\ WKH\ VKRZ WKH VDPH REOLTXH} IRUP DV LQ GDWLYH FRQWH[WV DQG UHSURGXFH WKH SDWWHUQ RI OH[LFDO QRXQV ZKHUH WKH LQWURGXFHU DJUHHV ZLWK WKH HPEHGGHG QRXQ LQ D DQG WKH UG _{SHUVRQ HOHPHQW DV LQ} _E _{,Q WKHVH FRQWH[WV} WKH LQWURGXFHU WDNHV WKH IRUP R EHIRUH WKH PDVFXOLQH DQG WKH SOX UDO IRUPV LQ D E ZKHUHDV D LV VHOHFWHG EHIRUH IHPLQLQH VLQ JXODU SURQRXQV LQ E· DQG DOL before feminine de nite nouns,

LQ D·

,Q VW_DQG QG_{singular possessives the nal X LV WKH YHODUL]HG RXWFRPH IURP DQ}

RULJLQDO O 7KH JHQGHU GLIIHUHQFH LV OH[LFDOL]HG E\ WKH FRQWUDVW LQ WKH VWHP YRZHO 0 5 0 1=,1, / 0 6 92, LQNHUV LQ URPDQLDQ LQ FRPSDULVRQ WR OEDQLDQ DQG

5RPDQLDQ LQ ©5LYLVWD GL *UDPPDWLFD *HQHUDWLYDª D SS 0 5 0 1=,1,

/ 0 6 92, , The Morphosyntax of Albanian and Aromanian Varieties H *UX\WHU 0RXWRQ

%HUOLQ

(14) a. atsɛu esti a mɛu/ tau

that.FSG is PI my.FSG /your.FSG

atseu esti a ɲeu/tou

that.MSG is PI my.MSG/your.MSG

,

b. kəmiʃ-li səntə a mel-i

shirt-PLDEF are PI my-PL

atse-i kɛɲ-li səntə a ɲeʎ-i

(30)

The introducers we have exempli ed are generally connect HG ZLWK WKH VWDQGDUG 5RPDQLDQ SRVVHVVLYH DUWLFOHV al/ a/ ai/ ale WKDW LQWURGXFH JHQLWLYH 3V DOWKRXJK WKHLU RULJLQ LV QHYHUWKHOHVV GHEDWHG VRPH VFKRODUV WDNH D WR EH WKH SUHSRVLWLRQ WRμ ZKLOH

& 2 529,( 625,1 , *,85*( 3URQRPLQDO 3RVVHVVRUV DQG )HDWXUH QLTXHQHVV LQ

©/DQJXDJHª YRO /;;;9,, SS , *,85*( KH RULJLQ RI WKH 5RPDQLDQ SRV

VHVVL H JHQLWL DO DUWLFOH DO DQG WKH GH HORSPHQW RI WKH GHPRQVWUDWL H V VWHP LQ ©5HYXH 5RX PDLQH GH /LQJXLVWLTXHª YRO /9,, SS

*5268 KUHH VWXGLHV LQ RFDOLW DQG &DVH 5RXWOHGJH /RQGRQ

(15) a. libr-a a mɛu/tau/nɔst(ər)

book- FSG PI my.FSG/your.FSG/our

a libr-ə a mɛl-i/tal-i/nɔst-i

books-FPL PI my-F.PL/your-FPL/our-FPL

b. kɛn-li a ɲeu/tou/nɔstər

dog-M PI my.MSG/your.MSG/our

kɛɲ-li a ɲeʎ-i/toʎ-i/nɔst-i

dog.PL-M PI my-MPL/your- MPL/our-PL

(16) ɲ/ts u ar datə a ɲ-ia/ts-ea

to.me/you it have.3PL given PI me-OBL/you- OBL

(17) a. mən-a o fitʃor-u

the hand PI boy-MSG

I

mən-a a-l-i fət-i

the hand PI-F-PL girl-F-OBL/

I

b. sɔr-a o ɣu-i /ɣ-ɔrə

sister-DEF PI him-OBL /them-PL.OBL

‘his/their sister’

frat-li o ɣu-i

brother-DEF.MPL PI him-OBL

‘his brothers’

b’. sɔr-a a je-i

sister-DEF PI her-OBL

‘her sister’

frat-li a je-i

brother-DEF.MPL PI her-OBL

(31)

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8/67 0 &2(1( / 7 602:6., DVW UHVRUW VWUDWHJLHV LQ 3 UWLFOH UHGXSOLFDWLRQ LQ

5RPDQLDQ DQG )UHQFK LQ Comparative studies in Romanian syntax HGLWHG E\ 9 0RWDSDQ\DQH 1RUWK +ROODQG SS & 2 529,( 625,1 *,85*( , 1( (/&8, *HQLWL H 3V

DQG SURQRPLQDO SRVVHVVRUV LQ 5HIHUHQFH *UDPPDU RI 5RPDQLDQ 9ROXPH KH QRXQ SKUDVH HGLWHG E\ & REURYLH 6RULQ , *LXUJHD -RKQ %HQMDPLQV PVWHUGDP SS

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SS

(32)

FRQWH[WV WKH LQWURGXFHU DJUHHV ZLWK WKH SRVVHVVRU )LQDOO\ LQ &DO DEULDQ WKH LQWURGXFHU LV WKH SUHSRVLWLRQ GL DQG WKH DUWLFOH DJUHHV ZLWK WKH SRVVHVVHG QRXQ LQ RWKHU ZRUGV WKH DUWLFOH DQG WKH SRV VHVVLYH DJUHH ZLWK WKH QRPLQDO KHDG RU WKH VXEMHFW RI SUHGLFDWLRQ LQGHSHQGHQWO\ RI WKH SUHVHQFH RI WKH SUHSRVLWLRQ GL

/HW XV LQLWLDOO\ FRQVLGHU WKH OEDQLDQ OLQNHUV 0DQ]LQL DQG 6D YRLD DQG )UDQFR HW DO LGHQWLI\ WKHVH OLQNHUV DV KHDGV WKDW LQWUR GXFH WKH DGMHFWLYH WKH SRVVHVVLYH DQG WKH JHQLWLYH 7KH\ FRQWULE XWH WR VDWLVI\LQJ WKH DUJXPHQW RI WKH DGMHFWLYDO SUHGLFDWH RU LQ WKH FDVH RI JHQLWLYHV WKH DUJXPHQW RI WKH ELQDU\ UHODWLRQ WKDW FRQQHFWV WKH SRVVHVVRU DQG WKH SRVVHVVXP LQ JHQLWLYH SKUDVHV 7KH OEDQL an genitive/ dative in ection can be analyzed as the exponent ex WHUQDOL]LQJ WKH EDVLF UHODWLRQ RI SDUW ZKROH LQFOXVLRQ > ], HTXLYDOHQW WR WKH UHODWLRQ OH[LFDOL]HG E\ WKH SUHSRVLWLRQ GL ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV LQ D FDVH ODQJXDJH VXFK DV OEDQLDQ WKH SRVVHVVLRQ LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ LV EDVHG RQ WKH VDPH SURSHUW\ RWKHUZLVH LQWURGXFHG E\ D SUHSRVLWLRQ ,Q D FRUUHVSRQGLQJ WR D IRU *MLURNDVWsU WKH /LQNHU ɛ DJUHHV ZLWK WKH VXEMHFW NMɔ, namely the possessum. The oblique speci ca WLRQ L RI LP L OH[LFDOL]HV WKH LQFOXVLRQ SRVVHVVLYH UHODWLRQ ; nally

D is the de nite feminine in ection that we descriptively charac terize as [fsg, De nite], where the de niteness properties contrib XWH WR LGHQWLI\LQJ WKH VDPH DUJXPHQW x LQGLFDWHG E\ WKH VXEVFULSW DVVRFLDWHG WR WKH DJUHHLQJ HOHPHQWV LQWURGXFHG E\ WKH OLQNHU ɛ LQ WXUQ DJUHHLQJ ZLWK WKH VXEMHFW RI WKH FRSXODU VWUXFWXUH ,Q E FI

E IRU 6 %HQHGHWWR WKH VWUXFWXUH RI D SRVVHVVLYH 3 VWUXFWXUH LV SURYLGHG ZKHUH WKH HOHPHQW W agrees with the plural in ection of the possessed noun, the head of the phrase, and the plural in ection of the possessive element. In the latter the oblique in ection ɛ OH[L FDOL]HV WKH LQFOXVLRQ UHODWLRQ

0 5 0 1=,1, / 0 6 92, D 0 5 0 1=,1, / 0 6 92, 3HUVRQ VSOLWV LQ

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YRO ;;;,, SS

0 5 0 1=,1, / 0 6 92, &DVH LQ WKH QRPLQDO DQG SURQRPLQDO V VWHPV LQ UR

(33)

V PDGH FOHDU E\ RXU DQDO\VLV ZH WUHDW DJUHHPHQW DV WKH LGHQ WLW\ UHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ WZR RU PRUH UHIHUHQWLDO IHDWXUH VHWV LQVLGH D GRPDLQ , for instance, in (18), the linker D and the in ection RI WKH SRVVHVVLYH ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV LQ RXU DSSURDFK WKHUH LV QR JUHH UXOH WULJJHUHG E\ WKH QHHG IRU D SUREH WR LQWHUSUHW YDOXH LWV IHDWXUHV DQG WKH VXUIDFH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ DJUHHPHQW LQ VHQWHQFH RU LQVLGH WKH 3 LV LUUHOHYDQW JUHHPHQW ZRUNV E\ WKH QHFHVVLW\ WR OH[LFDOL]H HTXLYDOHQFH FODVVHV RI SKL IHDWXUH EXQGOHV LGHQWLI\LQJ WKH VDPH DUJXPHQW L H GHQRWLQJ D VLQJOH UHIHUHQW

/ , / 0 6 92, 0RUSKRV QWDFWLF 5HRUJDQL]DWLRQ 3KHQRPHQD LQ UEsUHVK LD

0 5 0 1=,1, / 0 6 92, , The Morphosyntax of Albanian and Aromanian Varieties

H *UX\WHU 0RXWRQ %HUOLQ

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JXDJH ,QVLJKWV 4XHVWLRQV DQG &KDOOHQJHV LQ Generative Syntax: Questions, Crossroads, DQG &KDOOHQJHV HGLWHG E\ É *DOOHJR 2WW &DWDODQ -RXUQDO RI LQJXLVWLFV 6SHFLDO LVVXH

SS

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6 92, , The Morphosyntax of Albanian and Aromanian Varieties H *UX\WHU 0RXWRQ %HU

OLQ (18) a. DP D Infl ɛx ⊆ Infl ax √ ⊆ [fsg, Def] im i b. NP kumiʃ-a-tx Infl D Infl t ⊆ D/Pl t √ Obl/⊆ im-

(34)

ɛ-3RVVHVVL HV LQ 1RUWK &DODEULDQ GLDOHFWV

&RPSOHPHQWDU\ WR WKLV LV WKH DVVXPSWLRQ WKDW DOO OH[LFDO PDWHUL al, including in ectional material, is associated to interpretable FRQWHQWV WKLV SURSRVDO LV QRW VXEVWDQWLDOO\ GLIIHUHQW IURP WKH FRQ FHSWLRQ RI JUHH LQ &KRPVN\ LQVRIDU DV LW H[SUHVVHV WKH LGHQWLW\ EHWZHHQ IHDWXUHV XQGHU ORFDOLW\ 0LQLPDO 6HDUFK

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ɛɲ OL D WRʎ L ‘your dogs’, (15b’). If we analyze D RI URPDQLDQ DV D SUHS RVLWLRQ WKH SDUDOOHO ZLWK 6RXWKHUQ ,WDOLDQ YDULHWLHV LV HYLGHQW ,Q ERWK FDVHV WKH SRVVHVVLYH HOHPHQWV ZKLOH DJUHHLQJ ZLWK WKH QRXQ DUH LQWURGXFHG E\ D SUHSRVLWLRQ V LQ OEDQLDQ LQ URPDQLDQ WKH SRVVHVVLYH DJUHHV ZLWK WKH KHDG VXEMHFW QRXQ EXW LW UHTXLUHV DQ LQGHSHQGHQW OH[LFDOL]DWLRQ RI WKH LQFOXVLRQ UHODWLRQ E\ PHDQV RI WKH SUHSRVLWLRQDO LQWURGXFHU ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV WKH SUHSRVLWLRQDO HO HPHQW OH[LFDOL]HV WKH SRVVHVVLYH UHODWLRQ OHWWLQJ DJUHHPHQW ZRUN normally via in ection, as in (19).

1 & 206. HUL DWLRQ E SKDVHLQ .HQ +DOH D OLIH LQ ODQJXDJH HGLWHG E\ 0 .HQ

VWRZLF] 0,73UHVV &DPEULGJH 0 SS

(19) DP kɛɲ-lix ⊆ ⊆ Infl a √ Infl toʎ ix

(35)

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