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Analysis of an energy oriented switching control of production lines

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2212-8271 © 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Peer-review under responsibility of the scientifi c committee of The 22nd CIRP conference on Life Cycle Engineering doi: 10.1016/j.procir.2015.02.177 Procedia CIRP 29 ( 2015 ) 34 – 39

ScienceDirect

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