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Monte Carlo evaluation of a CZT 3D spectrometer suitable for a Hard X- and soft-γ rays polarimetry balloon borne experiment

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2020-04-10T12:58:39Z

Acceptance in OA@INAF

þÿMonte Carlo evaluation of a CZT 3D spectrometer suitable for a Hard X- and soft-³

rays polarimetry balloon borne experiment

Title

CAROLI, EZIO; DE CESARE, GIOVANNI; Curado da Silva, R. M.; Abbene, L.;

AURICCHIO, NATALIA; et al.

Authors

10.1109/NSSMIC.2015.7582278

DOI

http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12386/23984

Handle

PROCEEDINGS..IEEE NUCLEAR SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM AND MEDICAL

IMAGING CONFERENCE

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