• Non ci sono risultati.

Characterization of biochar obtained from olive and hazelnut prunings and comparison with the standards of European Biochar Certificate (EBC)

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Condividi "Characterization of biochar obtained from olive and hazelnut prunings and comparison with the standards of European Biochar Certificate (EBC)"

Copied!
8
0
0

Testo completo

(1)

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 223 ( 2016 ) 698 – 705

1877-0428 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ISTH2020 doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.244

ScienceDirect



QG

,QWHUQDWLRQDO6\PSRVLXP1(:0(75232/,7$13(563(&7,9(66WUDWHJLFSODQQLQJ

VSDWLDOSODQQLQJHFRQRPLFSURJUDPVDQGGHFLVLRQVXSSRUWWRROVWKURXJKWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI

+RUL]RQ(XURSH,67+5HJJLR&DODEULD ,WDO\ 0D\

&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRIELRFKDUREWDLQHGIURPROLYHDQGKD]HOQXW

SUXQLQJVDQGFRPSDULVRQZLWKWKHVWDQGDUGVRI(XURSHDQ%LRFKDU

&HUWLILFDWH (%& 

/RUHQ]R0$EHQDYROL

D

/HRQDUGR/RQJR

E

$QGUHD53URWR

D

)UDQFHVFR*DOOXFFL

F



$OHVVLR*KLJQROL

E

*LXVHSSH=LPEDODWWL

D

'LHJR5XVVR

D

$QGUHD&RODQWRQL

E



a

Department of AGRARIA, Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria, Feo di Vito 89122, Reggio Calabria, Italy

b

Tuscia University, Department of Agricultural and Forestry scieNcEs (DAFNE), Viterbo, Italy

c

Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria (CREA) Unità di ricerca per l’ingegneria Agraria, Via della Pascolare 16, Monterotondo, Roma, Italy

$EVWUDFW

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lea europaea/ DQGKD]HOQXW Corylus avellana/ SUXQLQJUHVLGXHVUHSUHVHQWDPDMRUFRPSRQHQWRIELRPDVV ZDVWH LQ WKH DUHD RI 9LWHUER ,WDO\  ,Q WKLV VWXG\ ZH HYDOXDWHG WKH SURGXFWLRQ RI ELRFKDU IURP WKHVH UHVLGXHV )XUWKHUPRUHD SK\VLFRFKHPLFDOFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRIWKHSURGXFHGELRFKDUZDVSHUIRUPHGWRDVVHVVWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHWZRELRFKDUVDFFRUGLQJWR WKHVWDQGDUGVRIWKH(XURSHDQ%LRFKDU&HUWLILFDWH (%& 7KHUHVXOWVRIWKLVVWXG\LQGLFDWHWKHFRVWHIIHFWLYHSURGXFWLRQRIKLJK TXDOLW\ELRFKDUVIURPROLYHDQGKD]HOQXWVELRPDVVUHVLGXHV ‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI,67+   &RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO (PDLODGGUHVVODEHQ#XQLUFLW

© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

(2)

Keywords:%LRFKDU%LRPDVV6RLOIHUWLOLVHU2OLYH+D]HOQXW

,QWURGXFWLRQ

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ƒ& SURGXFHVELRFKDUZLWKKLJKDURPDWLFFRQWHQWDQGWKHUHIRUHUHFDOFLWUDQWWRGHFRPSRVLWLRQ %ODVL 'L %UDQFD /RPEDUGL &LDSSD *LDFRPR  'L &KLPLFD  /RZWHPSHUDWXUH SURFHVVHV %LRFKDU IURP ORZ WHPSHUDWXUHS\URO\VLV ƒ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

0DWHULDOVDQGPHWKRGV

2.1. Biomass for olive and hazelnut’s pruning

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z  $EHQDYROL 3URWR  3URWR  =LPEDODWWL   UHSUHVHQW DQ DWWUDFWLYH UHVRXUFHWKDWFRXOGEHH[SORLWHGIRU L IXHOSURGXFWLRQ FRPEXVWLRQDQGRUJDVLILFDWLRQ DQG LL S\URO\VLVWRSURGXFH ELRFKDUWKDWFDQEHXVHGDVVRLOIHUWLOL]HU

(3)

 )LJ3UXQLQJUHVLGXHVIURP D ROLYHDQG E KD]HOQXWDIWHUFURSVRSHUDWLRQV F ELRVKUHGGLQJ

$SHOOHWWL]DWLRQSURFHGXUHZDVGHYHORSHGDQGDSSOLHGRQELRVKUHGGLQJREWDLQHGIURPROLYHDQGKD]HOQXWUHVLGXHV )LJF  3UXQLQJ UHVLGXHV ZHUH FROOHFWHG RQ VLWH DQG LPPHGLDWHO\ WUDQVIHUUHG LQ WKH ODERUDWRU\ IRU VLIWLQJ DQG H[VLFFDWLRQ )LJDEF XQWLODZDWHUFRQWHQWRIZDVDFKLHYHG)LQDOZDWHUFRQWHQWDVORZDVLVQHFHVVDU\ IRUIXUWKHUUHILQLQJRIWKHSURGXFWDQGSHOOHWSURGXFWLRQ   )LJ6FKHPDWLFRIWKHSHOOHWWL]DWLRQSURFHVVVKRZLQJ D SHOOHWPLOO E 2OLYHDQG+D]HOQWX¶VSHOOHWDQG F SDFNDJLQJ 2.2. Pyrolysis process 3\URO\VLVLVFDUULHGRXWXQGHUFRPSOHWHRUSDUWLDOH[FOXVLRQRIR[\JHQDQGUHOLHVRQFDSWXULQJWKHRIIJDVHVIURP WKHUPDO GHFRPSRVLWLRQ RI WKH RUJDQLF PDWHULDOV 0RQHWL 'HOIDQWL 0DUXFFL %HGLQL *DPEHOOD 3URWR  *DOOXFFL  7KH ELRFKDU¶V SK\VLFDO DQG FKHPLFDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DUH GHWHUPLQHG E\ IHHGVWRFN W\SH DQG S\URO\VLV WHPSHUDWXUH)RUH[DPSOHKLJKHUVDOWDQGDVKFRQWHQWVDUHH[SHFWHGLQZKHDWVWUDZWKDQLQZRRGGHULYHGELRFKDU DQG & FRQWHQW DQG 1 FRQWHQW DUH JUHDWHU LQ SLQH FKLSV WKDQ LQ SRXOWU\ OLWWHUGHULYHG ELRFKDU $ KLJKHU S\URO\VLV WHPSHUDWXUHUHVXOWVLQORZHUELRFKDUUHFRYHU\JUHDWHUVXUIDFHDUHDHOHYDWHGS+KLJKHUDVKFRQWHQWPLQLPDOWRWDO VXUIDFHFKDUJH /HKPDQQ6iQFKH]/LQGDR0DUJDOHII0DUWtQH] 0RUiQ DQGORZHUFDWLRQH[FKDQJH FDSDFLW\ (PHU *ULJRODWR /XEHOOR  &DYDOOL   5HPRYDO RI YRODWLOH FRPSRXQGV DW KLJKHU S\URO\VLV WHPSHUDWXUHV DOVR FDXVH ELRFKDU WR KDYH KLJKHU & FRQWHQW DQG ORZHU K\GURJHQ +  DQG 2 FRQWHQW 0RQDUFD &HFFKLQL&RODQWRQL 0DUXFFL%RXEDNHU'H)UDQFKL&RODQWRQL0RQDUFD&HFFKLQL/RQJR$OOHJULQL'L *LDFLQWR %LRQGL  0HQJKLQL  3\URO\VLV RI DJURIRUHVWU\ UHVLGXHV LV W\SLFDOO\ FDUULHG RXW ZLWK WHPSHUDWXUHV EHWZHHQ  DQG  ƒ& :LWK WKHVH FRQGLWLRQV WKH IHHGVWRFN LV FRQYHUWHG WR OLTXLG SURGXFWV VRFDOOHG WDU RU S\URO\VLV RLO  DQGRU JDV V\QJDV  ZKLFK FDQ EH XVHG DV IXHOV RU UDZ PDWHULDOV IRU VXEVHTXHQW FKHPLFDO WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ 7KH UHVLGXDO VROLG FDUERQDFHRXV PDWHULDO REWDLQHG ELRFKDU  FRXOG EH IXUWKHU UHILQHG WR SURGXFWV VXFKDVDFWLYDWHGFDUERQ7KHFDUERQL]DWLRQV\VWHP(OVD5HVHDUFK %OXFRPE/WG ZDVXVHGWRSURGXFHWKHELRFKDU IURPROLYHDQGKD]HOQXWSHOOHWVELRPDVVFRQYHUVLRQZDVDFKLHYHGE\S\URO\WLFPLFURJDVLILFDWLRQ )LJ 

(OVD 5HVHDUFK ZRUNV ZLWK QDWXUDO YHQWLODWLRQ DQG GRHV QRW UHTXLUH WR EH SRZHUHG E\ HOHFWULFLW\ RU EDWWHULHV $ FKLPQH\LVW\SLFDOO\XVHGWRLQFUHDVHWKHDLUGUDIWIRUIXHOVWKDWKDYHGLIILFXOW\WRLJQLWH

(4)



)LJ%LRFKDUSURGXFWLRQIURPSHOOHWVVKRZLQJ D WKH(OVD5HVHDUFKFDUERQLVDWLRQV\VWHP E DVFKHPDWLFUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHFRQYHUVLRQ SURFHVVDQG F ILQDOSURGXFW ELRFKDU 

5HVXOWV

3.1. From biomass to biochar: conversion rates analyses

$XWRWKHUPLFFRQYHUVLRQRIELRPDVVZDVFDUULHGRXWXQGHUQDWXUDOYHQWLODWLRQ4XDQWLWDWLYHDQDO\VHVRIS\URO\VLV ELRPDVV DQG SURGXFHG ELRFKDU DV ZHOO DV WKH FRQYHUVLRQ UDWHV DUH UHSRUWHG IRU  DQG  VHVVLRQV RI S\URO\VLV UHVSHFWLYHO\IRUROLYHDQGKD]HOQXWSHOOHWV 7DEOH  7DEOH&RQYHUVLRQUDWHVRIELRPDVVREWDLQHGIURPHDFKS\URO\VLVVHVVLRQ                   

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

(5)

7DEOH$QDO\VLVRIWKHFDORULILFSRZHURIS\URO\VLVUHDFWLRQIRUWKHWZRELRFKDUSURGXFHGLQWKLVVWXG\

2OLYHZRRG 8QLWV 3HOOHW %LRFKDU

+LJKHUFDORULILFYDOXH 0-NJ  

/RZHUFDORULILFYDOXH 0-NJ  

&DORULILFYDOXHIURPS\URO\VLV 0-NJ 

3HUFHQWDJHRIFDORULILFYDOXHIURPS\URO\VLV  

+D]HOQXWZRRG 8QLWV 3HOOHW %LRFKDU

+LJKHUFDORULILFYDOXH 0-NJ   /RZHUFDORULILFYDOXH 0-NJ   &DORULILFYDOXHIURPS\URO\VLV 0-NJ  3HUFHQWDJHRIFDORULILFYDOXHIURPS\URO\VLV   3.2. Elemental analysis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

(6)

1D VRGLXP  PJNJ ,62     )H LURQ  PJNJ ,62     6L VLOLFRQ  PJNJ ,62     6 VXOIXU  PJNJ ,62     3E OHDG  PJNJ ,62     &G FDGPLXP  PJNJ ,62     &X FRSSHU  PJNJ ,62     1L QLNHO  PJNJ ,62     +J PHUFXU\  PJNJ ',1(1     =Q =LQF  PJNJ ,62     &U FKURPLXPWRWDO  PJNJ ,62     % ERURQ  PJNJ ,62     0Q PDQJDQHVH  PJNJ ,62    

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

(OHPHQWV 8QLWV +D]HOQXWELRFKDU 2OLYHELRFKDU

S+YDOXHV &DFO    

(OHFWULFDOFRQGXFLYLW\ —6FP  

6DOWFRQWHQW JNJ  

(7)

&RQFOXVLRQV

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

%RWK ELRFKDU FRXOG EH FHUWLILHG DV %LRFKDU 3UHPLXP DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH UHJXODWLRQV RI WKH (%& WKLV DOORZV D SRWHQWLDOFRPPHUFLDOL]DWLRQRIWKHELRFKDUZLWKKLJKHUSULFHVWKDQ%LRFKDU%DVHW\SLFDOO\OHVVH[SHQVLYHEXWZLWK DKLJKHU3$+VFRQWHQW7KHEHQHILWVRIXVLQJ%LRFKDU3UHPLXPDVVRLOIHUWLOLVHULQFOXGHDQLPSURYHGSURGXFWLYLW\ LQFUHDVHGZDWHUKROGLQJFDSDFLW\RIWKHVRLODQGDEHWWHUUHWHQWLRQRIQXWULHQWVDQGDJURFKHPLFDOVLQVRLOVDOVRDOORZ DLQGLUHFWLQWHJUDWHGSHVWPDQDJHPHQWRIVHYHUDOSHVWV 6SHUDQ]D%XFLQL 3DSDUDWWL3XFFL,DQQRWWD'XUR -DXSL7KRPDM6SHUDQ]D 3DSDUDWWL DOORIZKLFKVKRXOGRIIVHWLQLWLDOLQYHVWPHQWDQGSURYLGHDGGHGSURILWV SHUDSSOLFDWLRQ 5HIHUHQFHV

$EHQDYROL /0  0DUFLDQz &   7HFKQLFDO DQG HFRQRPLF DQDO\VLV RI DOWHUQDWLYH SUXQLQJ V\VWHPV LQ KLJK GLPHQVLRQV ROLYH WUHHV LQ &DODEULDAgronomy Research9RO,VVXH±

(8)

%ODVL&'L%UDQFD&/RPEDUGL9&LDSSD3*LDFRPR& 'L&KLPLFD,  (IIHFWVRI3DUWLFOH6L]HDQG'HQVLW\RQWKH3DFNHG%HG 3\URO\VLVRI:RRGEnergy & Fuels 27, ±

%RXEDNHU.'H)UDQFKL0&RODQWRQL$0RQDUFD'&HFFKLQL0/RQJR/$OOHJULQL('L*LDFLQWR6%LRQGL3 0HQJKLQL*  3URVSHFWLYHIRUKD]HOQXWFXOWLYDWLRQVPDOOHQHUJHWLFSODQWVRXWFRPHLQ7XUNH\2SWLPL]DWLRQDQGLQVSLUDWLRQIURPDQ,WDOLDQPRGHO Renewable energy, 75 %UHZHU&6FKPLGW5RKW.6DWULR- %URZQ5  &KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRI%LRFKDUIURP)DVW3\URO\VLVDQG*DVLILFDWLRQ6\VWHPVEnviron Prog±GRLHS &DYDOOL5 *ULJRODWR6  ,QIOXHQFHRIFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGH[WHQVLRQRIDIRUHVWURDGQHWZRUNRQWKHVXSSO\FRVWRIIRUHVWZRRGFKLSV Journal of Forest Research15 (3), 

&RODQWRQL $ $OOHJULQL ( %RXEDNHU . /RQJR / 'L *LDFLQWR 6  %LRQGL 3   1HZ LQVLJKWV IRU UHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ K\EULG SKRWRYROWDLFZLQGLQVWDOODWLRQVLQ7XQLVLDWKURXJKDPDWKHPDWLFDOPRGHOEnergy conversion and management75

'L *LDFLQWR 6 /RQJR / 0HQHJKLQL * 'HOIDQWL / (JLGL * 'H %HQHGLFWLV / 5LFFLRQH 6 6DOYDWL /   0RGHO IRU HVWLPDWLQJ SUXQHGELRPDVVREWDLQHGIURP&RU\OXVDYHOODQD/Appl Math Sci., 8, ±

(PHU % *ULJRODWR 6 /XEHOOR '  &DYDOOL 5   &RPSDULVRQ RI ELRPDVV IHHGVWRFN VXSSO\ DQG GHPDQG LQ 1RUWKHDVW ,WDO\ Biomass Bioenergy, 35, 

*DXQW -/ /HKPDQQ -   (QHUJ\ EDODQFH DQG HPLVVLRQV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK ELRFKDU VHTXHVWUDWLRQ DQG S\URO\VLV ELRHQHUJ\ SURGXFWLRQ Environ Sci Technol 42±

/HKPDQQ-  $KDQGIXORIFDUERQNature 2007;±

0RQDUFD'&HFFKLQL0&RODQWRQL$ 0DUXFFL$  )HDVLELOLW\RIWKHHOHFWULFHQHUJ\SURGXFWLRQWKURXJKJDVLILFDWLRQSURFHVVHVRI ELRPDVV WHFKQLFDO DQG HFRQRPLF DVSHFWV ,Q Computational Science and Its Applications - ICCSA 2011 © Springer-Verlag Berlin HeidelbergIV

0RQHWL0'HOIDQWL/030DUXFFL$%HGLQL5*DPEHOOD)3URWR$5 *DOOXFFL)  6LPXODWLRQVRIDSODQWZLWKDIOXLGL]HG EHG JDVLILHU :*6 DQG 36$ Contemporary Engineering Sciences, Vol. 8, 2015, no. 31, 1461-1473. http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/ces.2015.56191

3URWR$5=LPEDODWWL*$EHQDYROL/%HUQDUGL% %HQDOLD6  %LRPDVV3URGXFWLRQLQ$JURIRUHVWU\6\VWHPV9(5L)RU3URMHFW Advanced Engineering Forum, 11, 58–63KWWSGRLRUJZZZVFLHQWLILFQHW$()

3URWR$5 =LPEDODWWL*  5LVNDVVHVVPHQWRIUHSHWLWLYH PRYHPHQWVLQROLYHJURZLQJDQDO\VLVRIDQQXDOH[SRVXUHOHYHODVVHVVPHQW PRGHOVZLWKWKH2&5$FKHFNOLVWJournal of Agricultural Safety and Health(G$PHULFDQ6RFLHW\RI$JULFXOWXUDODQG%LRORJLFDO(QJLQHHUV $6$%( 9RO,VVXHSSGRLMDVK

3XFFL&,DQQRWWD1'XUR1-DXSL$7KRPDM)6SHUDQ]D6 3DSDUDWWL%  $SSOLFDWLRQRIDVWDWLVWLFDOIRUHFDVWPRGHORQWKHROLYH IUXLWIO\ Bactrocera oleae LQIHVWDWLRQDQGRLODQDO\VLVLQ$OEDQLDBulletin of Insectology66(2), 

6iQFKH] 0( /LQGDR ( 0DUJDOHII ' 0DUWtQH] 2  0RUiQ $   3\URO\VLV RI DJULFXOWXUDO UHVLGXHV IURP UDSH DQG VXQIORZHUV 3URGXFWLRQDQGFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRIELRIXHOVDQGELRFKDUVRLOPDQDJHPHQWJ Anal Appl Pyrolysis 85±

6RKL6/RSH]FDSHO(.UXOO(  %LRFKDUFOLPDWHFKDQJHDQGVRLOௗ$UHYLHZWRJXLGHIXWXUHUHVHDUFKCiv Eng.  6SHUDQ]D6%XFLQL' 3DSDUDWWL% D (XURSHDQVKRWKROHERUHU>;\OHERUXVGLVSDU ) @RQKD]HOQXWFRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQFDSWXUH ZLWKFKHPLRFKURPRWURSLF5HEHOOŠURVVRWUDSVDQGPRGLILHG0DVWUDSŠWUDSVActa Horticulturae, 845,  6SHUDQ]D6%XFLQL' 3DSDUDWWL% E 1HZREVHUYDWLRQVRQELRORJ\RI(XURSHDQVKRWKROHERUHU>;\OHERUXVGLVSDU ) @RQKD]HOQXW LQ1RUWKHUQ/DWLXP &HQWUDO,WDO\ Acta Horticulturae,845,  6WHLQEHLVV6*OHL[QHU* $QWRQLHWWL0  (IIHFWRIELRFKDUDPHQGPHQWRQVRLOFDUERQEDODQFHDQGVRLOPLFURELDODFWLYLW\Soil Biol Biochem 41, ±   

Riferimenti

Documenti correlati

I dati relativi all’Europa fanno emergere una situazione allarmante: in Belgio, il 56% degli studenti LGBT ha sperimen- tato forme di violenza omofobica o transfobica almeno

In this study, we investigated the effect three types of combined adsorbent: pure natural zeolite (Z-Z), zeolite-biochar from chicken manure (Z-B1) and zeolite-modified biochar

The overall goal of this study was to analyse the effects of pyrolysis parameters (i.e. temperature, heating and retention times) on the yield and selected properties of

Following the induction of UVB damage to fibroblasts, we observed an increase in the mean fluorescence lifetime values of the cytoplasm and nuclei that we attribute to an

Confrontando la stessa miscela per ogni biochar derivato dalla biomassa, si scopre che i biochar di lignina kraft sono più microporosi di quelli in legno di pino che, a loro

Numerical results on large-scale quadratic problems arising in the training of support vector machines show the effectiveness of an implemented decomposition scheme derived from

The decrease was observed in the adsorption of methylene blue in correlation with increasing temperature hydrotreating remain moderate the decline of adsorption at low temperature

Lateralization varies in strength (an individual may be less or more strongly lateralized) and direction (left or right) among individuals of the same species, of different species,