Employment and distributional effects of restricting working time
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(111) S. BOO Thiuihi?Uit. 6L**L?} |i t|_it Lu Bhii?LL_ i| @* EbHH @?_ Lhhi@ i| @* EbbDc M@ti_ L? 4UhLi_i?Uic i @tt4i |i ?|ih|i4TLh@* i*@t|U|) Lu tMt|||L? ? *@MLh tTT*) |L Mi fSc ic i ti| ' . `i Thiti?| |i hit*|t uLh |hii _gihi?| ht! @ihtL? T@h@4i|ihtc h@?}?} Mi|ii? |i U@ti Lu ht!?i|h@*|) ED ' @?_ E@*4Lt| ?| hi*@|i ht! @ihtL? ED ' ffff t 4i?|L?i_ MiuLhic }i? Lh i |hi4i @tt4T|L? @ML| 4@h!i| ?UL4T*i|i?ittc |i *@||ih hiThiti?|t |i TTih ML?_ |L |i igiU|t Lu ht! @ihtL? ? |t 4L_i* Ai hit*|t @hi t44@h3i_ ? A@M*i 6Lh i@U Lu |i _gihi?| U@tit @?@*)3i_c i hiTLh| |L}i|ih | |i T@h@4i|iht ti_ |L tihit Lu t|@|t|Ut Ai ht| UL*4? E6hii ULhhitTL?_t |L |i i^*Mh4 tL*|L? }i? ?hit|hU|i_ M@h}@??} Mi|ii? h4t Lih ML| @}it @?_ Lht Ai tiUL?_ UL*4? E+it|h ULhhitTL?_t |L |i i^*Mh4 tL*|L? ?_ih |i @tt4T|L? |@| |i }Lih?4i?| 4TLtit hi}*@|L?t L? Lh!?} |4i tL @t |L 4@ 43i |i i*u@hi Lu |i i4T*L)i_ W? |i *@||ih U@ti EU ** Mi hiuihhi_ |L @t @ *@MLh4@?@}i_ iUL?L4)c Lh!iht @?_ h4t L?*) M@h}@? L? @}it 6Lh i@U iUL?L4) i hiTLh| |i tL*|L?t uLh |i t|i@_)t|@|i Lh!?} |4i E,c ?i4T*L)4i?| Ec @}i Ec |L|@* Lht E ? @?_ L|T| E+ %. Unemployment rate. Welfare Employed. 9 1.025 8.5. 1 0.975. 8. 0.95 7.5. hours. hours 15. 20. 25. 30. 35. 40 44. 15. 50. 20. 25. 30. 35. 40 44. 50. Profits Firms. Welfare Unemployed 1.1 1. 1 0.9. 0.975. 0.8 0.95. 0.7 0.6. 0.925. 0.5. hours 15. 20. 25. 30. 35. 40 44. 50. hours 15. 20. 25. 30. 35. 40 44. 50. 6}hi .G 5|i@_)t|@|i i^*Mh4 UL?_|L?t ?_ih @*|ih?@|i
(112) e.
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(114) D.
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(145)
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