Improving accessibility to urban services for over 65: a GIS-supported method

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Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II

Scuola Politecnica e delle Scienze di Base

Smart City, Urban Planning for a Sustainable Future

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Carmela Gargiulo Corrado Zoppi

Editors

Planning, Nature and Ecosystem Services

INPUT aCAdemy 2019

Conference proceedings

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Planning, nature and ecosystem services / editors Carmela Gargiulo, Corrado Zoppi - Napoli: FedOAPress. 2019 - (Smart City, Urban Planning for a Sustainable Future. 5).

Web link:

http://www.tema.unina.it/index.php/tema/Monographs ISBN: 978-88-6887-054-6

DOI: 10.6093/978-88-6887-054-6

Editor

Rocco Papa, University of Naples Federico II, Italy Editorial Advisory Board

Mir Ali, University of Illinois, USA - Luca Bertolini, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Paesi Bassi - Luuk Boelens, Ghent University, Belgium - Dino Borri, Politecnico di Bari, Italia - Enrique Calderon, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spagna - Roberto Camagni, Politecnico di Milano, Italia - Derrick De Kerckhove, University of Toronto, Canada - Mark Deakin, Edinburgh Napier University, Scotland - Aharon Kellerman, University of Haifa, Israel - Nicos Komninos, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Grecia - David Matthew Levinson, University of Sydney, Australia - Paolo Malanima, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Italy - Agostino Nuzzolo, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Italia - Rocco Papa, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italia - Serge Salat, Urban Morphology and Complex Systems Institute, France - Mattheos Santamouris, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece - Ali Soltani, Shiraz University, Iran

Selection and double blind review under responsibility of INPUT aCAdemy 2019 Conference Committee

Centro di Ateneo per le Biblioteche “Roberto Pettorino” Piazza Bellini 59-60 - 80138 Napoli, Italy

http://www.fedoapress.unina.it

Published in Italy

Gli E-Book di FedOAPress sono pubblicati con licenza Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Cover and graphic project: TeMALab

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This book collects the papers presented at INPUT aCAdemy 2019, a special edition of the INPUT Conference hosted by the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Architecture (DICAAR) of the University of Cagliari.

INPUT aCAdemy Conference will focus on contemporary planning issues with particular attention to ecosystem services, green and blue infrastructure and governance and management of Natura 2000 sites and coastal marine areas.

INPUT aCAdemy 2019 is organized within the GIREPAM Project (Integrated Management of Ecological Networks through Parks and Marine Areas), co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) in relation to the 2014-2020 Interreg Italy – France (Maritime) Programme.

INPUT aCAdemy 2019 is supported by Società Italiana degli Urbanisti (SIU, the Italian Society of Spatial Planners), Istituto Nazionale di Urbanistica (INU, the Italian National Institute of Urban Planning), UrbIng Ricerca Scientifica (the Association of Spatial Planning Scholars of the Italian Schools of Engineering) and Ordine degli Ingegneri di Cagliari (OIC, Professional Association of Engineers of Cagliari).

SCIENTIFIC COMMITEE

Dino Borri - Politecnico di Bari Marta Bottero - Politecnico di Torino Domenico Camarda - Politecnico di Bari Arnaldo Cecchini - Università degli Studi di Sassari Donatella Cialdea - Università del Molise

Giovanni Colombo - ISMB Istituto Superiore Mario Boella Valerio Cutini - Università di Pisa

Andrea De Montis - Università degli Studi di Sassari Romano Fistola - Università degli Studi del Sannio Carmela Gargiulo - Università di Napoli “Federico II” Davide Geneletti - University of Trento

Roberto Gerundo - Università degli Studi di Salerno Paolo La Greca - University of Catania

Daniele La Rosa - University of Catania Giuseppe Las Casas - University of Basilicata Antonio Leone - Tuscia University

Sara Levi Sacerdotti - SITI

Giampiero Lombardini - Università degli Studi di Genova Stefania Mauro - SITI

Giulio Mondini - Politecnico di Torino Beniamino Murgante - University of Basilicata Silvie Occelli - IRES Piemonte

Rocco Papa - Università di Napoli “Federico II” Raffaele Pelorosso - Tuscia University

Alessandro Plaisant - Università degli Studi di Sassari Bernardino Romano - Università degli Studi dell'Aquila Francesco Scorza - University of Basilicata

Maurizio Tira - University of Brescia Angioletta Voghera - Politecnico di Torino

LOCAL COMMITEE

Ginevra Balletto - Università di Cagliari Ivan Blecic - Università di Cagliari Michele Campagna - Università di Cagliari Ignazio Cannas - Università di Cagliari Anna Maria Colavitti - Università di Cagliari Sebastiano Curreli - Università di Cagliari Maddalena Floris - Università di Cagliari Chiara Garau - Università di Cagliari Federico Isola Università di Cagliari

Sabrina Lai – Regione Autonoma della Sardegna Francesca Leccis - Università di Cagliari Federica Leone - Università di Cagliari Anania Mereu - Università di Cagliari Marianna Agostina Mossa – Regione Sardegna Salvatore Pinna - Università di Cagliari Cheti Pira - Università di Cagliari Daniela Ruggeri - Università di Cagliari Laura Santona – Regione Sardegna Corrado Zoppi - Università di Cagliari

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This book is the most recent scientific contribution of the “Smart City, Urban Planning for a Sustainable Future” Book Series, dedicated to the collection of research e-books, published by FedOAPress - Federico II Open Access University Press. The volume contains the scientific contributions presented at the INPUT aCAdemy 2019 Conference. In detail, this publication, including 92 papers grouped in 11 sessions, for a total of 1056 pages, has been edited by some members of the Editorial Staff of “TeMA Journal”, here listed in alphabetical order:

– Rosaria Battarra; – Gerardo Carpentieri; – Federica Gaglione; – Carmen Guida; – Rosa Morosini; – Floriana Zucaro.

The most heartfelt thanks go to these young and more experienced colleagues for the hard work done in these months. A final word of thanks goes to Professor Roberto Delle Donne, Director of the CAB - Center for Libraries "Roberto Pettorino" of the University of Naples Federico II, for his active availability and the constant support also shown in this last publication.

Rocco Papa

Editor of the Smart City, Urban Planning for a Sustainable Future” Book Series Published by FedOAPress - Federico II Open Access University Press

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Sessione 1 - Ecosystem services and spatial planning

The Danube Riverside Development in the Iron Gates Gorge, Serbia, between Socio-economic needs and Protected Ecosystem

Branislav Antonić, Aleksandra Djukić, Milica Cvetanović

17

From a species-centred to an ecosystem-based management approach, a case study of the saltmarshes of Hyères (Provence, France)

Patrick Astruch, Charles-François, Boudouresque, Thomas Changeux et al.

29

Spatial evolutions between identity values and settlements changes. Territorial analyses oriented to the landscape regeneration

Donatella Cialdea

39

Analyzing senior tourism. The role of ecosystem services to improve sustainable tourism destinations

Romano Fistola, Rosa Anna La Rocca

52

Carbon sequestration and land-taking processes. A study concerninig Sardinia

Maddalena Floris, Corrado Zoppi 66

The impact of urbanization processes in landscape fragmentation. A comparison between coastal zones of Sardinia and Liguria

Giampiero Lombardini, Andrea De Montis, Vittorio Serra

80

Areas of considerable public interest, territorial common goods and ecosystem services: an application case for the city of Cagliari

Marzia Morittu, Alessandro Plaisant

86

A bottom up initiatives for biodiversity: ecologic representation for the inner areas of Sardinia

Giuseppe Roccasalva

98

The soil matter between eco-systemic performance and spatial planning in metropolitan areas

Saverio Santangelo, Paolo De Pascali, Annamaria Bagaini, Clara Musacchio, Francesca Perrone

111

Knowledge-building models for environmental planning: the case study of Bari

Stefania Santoro, Domenico Camarda, Pasquale Balena

120

From Ecosystems to Ecosystem Services. A spatial methodology applied to a case study in Sardinia

Matilde Schirru, Simona Canu, Laura Santona , Sabrina Lai, Andrea Motroni

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Table of contents

PLANNING, NATURE AND 8 ISBN: 978-88-6887-054-6

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES DOI: 10.6093/978-88-6887-054-6

Session: 2 - Integrated management of marine protected areas

and Natura 2000 sites

Organize the management of protected areas according to an optimal framework. Experimental case

Aicha Bouredji

142

A methodological approach to build a planning environmental assessment framework in the context of marine protected areas

Ignazio Cannas, Daniela Ruggeri

152

An experimental methodology for the management of marine protected areas

Maddalena Floris, Federica Isola, Cheti Pira 165

Marine Forests (Fucales, Ochrophyta) in a low impacted Mediterranean coastal area: current knowledge and future perspectives. A phycological review in Sinis Peninsula and the Gulf of Oristano (Sardinia Island, Italy)

Daniele Grech, Luca Fallati, Simone Farina, David Cabana, Ivan Guala

176

Assessing the potential Marine Natura 2000 sites to produce ecosystem-wide effects in rocky reefs: a case study from Sardinia Island (Italy)

Paolo Guidetti; Pierantonio Addis; Fabrizio Atzori et al.

185

Bottlenecks in fully implementing the Natura 2000 network in Italy. An analyisis of processes leading to the designation of Special Areas of Conservation

Sabrina Lai

201

Urban pressure scenario on the protected areas systems. The case study of Teatina adriatic coast

Alessandro Marucci, Lorena Fiorini, Carmen Ulisse

212

Posidonia banquettes on the Mediterranean beaches: To what extent do local administrators’ and users’ perceptions correspond?

Paolo Mossone, Ivan Guala, Simone Simeone

225

The ecosystem services cascade perspective in practice: a framework for cost-benefits analysis in Marine Protected Areas. The study case of Portofino Marine Protected Areas

Chiara Paoli, Paolo Povero, Giorgio Fanciulli et al.

235

The contribution of the assessment of policy consistency and coherence to the definition of the legistative provisions of marine protected areas. The examples of the regulations of “Tavolara-Punta Coda Cavallo” and “Isola dell’Asinara”

Salvatore Pinna, Francesca Leccis

251

Passive acoustics to monitor flagship species near boat traffic in the Unesco world heritage natural reserve of Scandola

Marion Poupard, Maxence Ferrari, Jan Schlüter et al.

260

Use of ecological indices to assess the health status of Posidonia oceanica meadows in the Eastern Liguria. Influence of ecological status on natural capital

Ilaria Rigo, Monica Montefalcone, Carla Morri et al.

271

Coastal governance and planning agreements for integrated management of marine protected areas in UE coasting project

Saverio Santangelo, Paolo De Pascali, Maria Teresa Cutrì et al.

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Table of contents

Innovative management tools to survey boat traffic and anchoring activities within a Marine Protected Area

Thomas Schohn, Patrick Astruch, Elodie Rouanet et al.

292

SHADES. Sustainable and holistic approaches to development in European seabords

Francesco Vita, Fortunato Cozzupoli

302

Session 3 - Rural development and conservation of nature and

natural resources

New local projects for disadvantged inner areas. From traditional model to bio-regional planning

Anna Maria Colavitti, Alessio Floris, Francesco Pes et al.

312

Inclusion of migrants for rural regeneration through cultural and natural heritage valorization

Elisa Conticelli, Claudia de Luca, Aitziber Egusquiza et al.

323

Environmental and social sustainability of the bioenergy supply chain

Sebastiano Curreli 333

Proposals on the Agricultural Land Use in According to the Features of the landscape: The case study of Sardinia (Italy)

Pasquale Mistretta, Giulia Desogus, Chiara Garau

345

Common land(scape): morphologies of a multifunctional rural landscape in the Isalle Valley, Sardinia

Roberto Sanna

356

SheepToShip LIFE: Integration of environmental strategies with rural development policies. Looking for an eco-sustainable sheep supply chain

Enrico Vagnoni, Alberto Atzori, Giovanni Molle et al.

366

Session 4 - Geodesign, planning and urban regeneration

The territorial planning of European funds as a tool for the enhancement and sustainable development of natural areas: the experience of the Strategic Relevance Areas of the ERDF OP 2014-2020

Stefania Aru, Sandro Sanna

375

The International Geodesign Collaboration: the Cagliari case study

Michele Campagna, Chiara Cocco, Elisabetta Anna Di Cesare

385

A geodesign collaboration for the mission valley project, San Diego, USA

Chiara Cocco, Bruce Appleyard, Piotr Jankowski

399

University and urban development: The role of services in the definition of integrated intervention policies

Mauro Francini, Sara Gaudio, Annunziata Palermo, Maria Francesca Viapiana

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Table of contents

Urban environment. An analysis of the Italian metropolitan cities

Giuseppe Mazzeo

419

Recycled aggregates. Mechanical properties and environmental sustainability

Luisa Pani, Lorena Francesconi, James Rombi et al.

431

Geodesign fast-workshops evidences. On field applications of collaborative design approach for strategic planning and urban renovation

Francesco Scorza

443

Session 5 - Green and blue infrastructure

Green infrastructure as a tool of urban regeneration, for an equitable and sustainable planning. An application case at l'Eixample, Barcelona Clara Alvau Morales, Tanja Congiu, Alessandro Plaisant

453

The value of water: ecosystem services trade-offs and synergies of urban lakes in Romania

Denisa Lavinia Badiu, Cristian Ioan IojĂ, Alina Constantina Hossu et al.

465

A blue infrastructure: from hydraulic protection to landscape design. The case study of the village of Ballao in the Flumendosa river valley

Giovanni Marco Chiri, Pino Frau, Elisabetta Sanna et al.

476

Municipal masterplans and green infrastructure. An assessment related to the Metropolitan Area of Cagliari, Italy

Sabrina Lai, Federica Leone, Corrado Zoppi

488

The Ombrone river contract: A regional design practice for empowering river communities and envisioning basin futures

Carlo Pisano, Valeria Lingua

502

Green infrastructures in the masterplan of Rome. Strategic components for an integrated urban strategy

Laura Ricci, Carmela Mariano, Irene Poli

513 Session 6 - Smart city planning

Smart City Governance for Child-friendly Cities: Impacts of Green and Blue Infrastructures on Children's Independent Activities

Alfonso Annunziata, Chiara Garau

524

Resilience, smartness and sustainability. Towards a new paradigm?

Sabrina Auci, Luigi Mundula

539

Energy autonomy in symbiosis with aesthetics of forms in architecture

Pietro Currò

549

Sharing governance and new technologies in smart city planning

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Table of contents

Smart Mapping Tools for the Balanced Planning of Open Public Spaces in the Tourist Town of Golubac, Serbia

Aleksandra Djukić, Branislav Antonić, Jugoslav Joković, Nikola Dinkić

573

Towards a model for urban planning control of the settlement efficiency

Isidoro Fasolino, Francesca Coppola, Michele Grimaldi

587

Somerville: Innovation City

Luna Kappler

595

Urban regeneration for smart communities.

Caterina Pietra, Elisabetta Maria Venco

605

Energy autonomy as a structural assumption for systemic development and circular economy

Manlio Venditelli

619 Session 7 - Water resources, ecosystem services and

nature-based solutions in spatial planning

Landscape and species integration for a nature-based planning of a Mediterranean functional urban area

Erika Bazzato, Michela Marignani

630

Tourism and natural disasters: integrating risk prevention methods into the Plan for tourism

Selena Candia, Francesca Pirlone

640

Integrated management of water resources. An operative tool to simplify, direct and measure the interventions

Vittoria Cugusi, Alessandro Plaisant

649

Application of NbS to the city plan of Segrate Municipality: spatial implications

Roberto De Lotto

660

Nature-Based Solutions impact assessment: a methodological framework to assess quality, functions and uses in urban areas

Claudia De Luca, Simona Tondelli

671

The recognition of the Aspromonte National Park ecosystem networks in the urban structure project of Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria

Concetta Fallanca, Natalina Carrà, Antonio Taccone

679

Shaping the urban environment for breathable cities.

Michela Garau, Maria Grazia Badas, Giorgio Querzoli, Simone Ferrari, Alessandro Seoni, Luca Salvadori

692

Defense, adaptation and relocation: three strategies for urban planning of coastal areas at risk of flooding

Carmela Mariano, Marsia Marino

704

Thermal Urban Natural Environment Development

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Table of contents

A network approach for studying multilayer planning of urban green areas: a case study from the town of Sassary (Sardegna, Italy)

Maria Elena Palumbo, Sonia Palumbo, Salvatore Manca, Emmanuele Farris

723

Urban areas morphometric parameters and their sensitivity on the computation method

Luca Salvadori, Maria Grazia Badas, Michela Garau, Giorgio Querzoli, Simone Ferrari

734 Session 8 - Conservation and valorisation of architectural and

cultural heritage

Preservation and valorisation of small historic centers at risk

Maria Angela Bedini, Fabio Bronzini, Giovanni Marinelli 744

Material and immaterial cultural heritage: identification, documentation, promotion and valorization. The courtyards and hallways of merit in the Murattiano district of Bari

Antonia Valeria Dilauro, Remo Pavone, Francesco Severino

757

Planning of historic centers in Sardinia Region: conservation versus valorization of architectural and cultural heritage

Federica Isola, Federica Leone, Cheti Pira

767

Approach towards the "self-sustainability" of ancient villages

Francesca Pirlone, Ilenia Spadaro 776

Fostering architecture efficiency through urban quality. A project for via Milano site in Brescia

Michela Tiboni, Francesco Botticini

787

Session 9 - Accessibility, mobility and spatial planning

The role of community enterprises in spatial planning for low density territories

Cristian Cannaos, Giuseppe Onni

800

Measuring multimodal accessibility at urban services for the elderly. An application at primary health services in the city of Naples

Gerardo Carpentieri, Carmen Guida, Housmand Masoumi

810

Urban accessibility for connective and inclusive living environments. An operational model at support of urban planning and design practice

Tanja Congiu, Elisa Occhini, Alessandro Plaisant

826

Improving accessibility to urban services for over 65: a GIS-supported method

Carmela Gargiulo, Floriana Zucaro, Federica Gaglione, Luigi Faga

839

Cycle networks in Natura 2000 sites: the environmental assessment of the Regional Cycling Plan of Sardinia, Italy

Italo Meloni, Elisabetta Anna Di Cesare, Cristian Saba

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Table of contents

Improving regional accessibility through planning a comprehensive cycle network: the case of Sardinia (Italy)

Italo Meloni, Cristian Saba, Beatrice Scappini et al.

859

Vehicle routing problem and car-pooling to solve home-to-work transport problem in mountain areas

Antonio Pratelli, Massimiliano Petri

869 Session 10 - Tourism and sustainability in the Sulcis area

Wave, walk and bike tourism. The case of Sulcis (Sardinia -Italy)

Ginevra Balletto, Alessandra Milesi, Luigi Mundula, Giuseppe Borruso

881

Smart Community and landscape in progress. The case of the Santa Barbara walk (Sulcis, Sardinia)

Ginevra Balletto, Alessandra Milesi, Stefano Naitza et al.

893

A Blockchain approach for the sustainability in tourism management in the Sulcis area

Gavina Baralla, Andrea Pinna, Roberto Tonelli et al.

904

People and heritage in low urbanised settings: An ongoing study of accessibility to the Sulcis area (Italy)

Nađa Beretić, Tanja Congiu, Alessandro Plaisant

920

Place branding as a tool to improve heritage-led development strategies for a sustainable tourism in the Sulcis-Iglesiente region

Anna Maria Colavitti, Alessia Usai

928

Walkability as a tool for place-based regeneration: the case study of Iglesiente region in Sardinia (Italy)

Chiara Garau, Gianluca Melis

943

The use of recycled aggregates in the implementation of Municipal Masterplans and Coastal Land-Use Plans. A study concerning Sulcis (Sardinia, Italy)

Federica Leone, Anania Mereu

955

Relationships between conservation measures related to Natura 2000 sites and coastal land use plans: a study concerning Sulcis (Sardinia, Italy)

Federica Leone, Corrado Zoppi

971

A Smart Planning tools for the valorisation of the Carbonia's building heritage via an energy retrofitting based approach

Stefano Pili, Francesca Poggi, Eusebio Loria, Caterina Frau

983 Special session 1 - Ecological networks and landscape planning

Resilient ecological networks. A comparative approach

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Table of contents

A complex index of landscape fragmentation: an application to Italian regional planning

Andrea De Montis, Amedeo Ganciu, Vittorio Serra

1007

Measuring landscape fragmentation in Natura 2000 sites. A quantitative and comparative approach

Antonio Ledda, Andrea De Montis, Vittorio Serra

1017

Regional ecological networks: theoretical and practical issues

Giuseppe Modica, Salvatore Praticò, Luigi Laudari et al. 1028

Comparative ecological network analysis. Target and vector species and other naturalistic issues

Maurizio Mulas, Matteo Cabras, Andrea De Montis

1038

Measuring connectivity in Natura 2000 sites. An application in Sardinia

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ABSTRACT

By referring to the eight domains of age-friendly cities (WHO, 2007), urban accessibility can be considered as one of the elements cutting across most of them. The relationship between the organization of the urban system (supply) and the mobility of the population over 65 (as for every city user) has prompted scientific debate on how to improve the accessibility of the over 65 to the services of their interest through the pedestrian network and the public transport network. This study is a first research segment of the broader MOBILAGE project, which aims at defining a decision support tool for public administrations to improve elders’ accessibility to urban services, thus contributing to enhance their quality of life. Most studies of the literature are interested only in measuring the catchment area of health services, in order to investigate the degree of accessibility to this service, by identifying both the most disadvantaged portions of the urban area and those characterized by a balance between supply and demand. The objective of this first step of research is wider and is oriented to define the catchment area of all services for over 65 on the basis of the existing street network, the orography of the territory and the pedestrian speeds of the three age groups of the old population (65-69; 70-74; >75).

KEYWORDS

Elderly; Catchment areas; Urban accessibility; GIS

IMPROVING ACCESSIBILITY TO

URBAN SERVICES FOR OVER 65:

A GIS-SUPPORTED METHOD *CARMELA GARGIULO, FLORIANA ZUCARO

FEDERICA GAGLIONE

How to cite item in APA format:

Gargiulo, C., Zucaro F. & Gaglione, F. (2019). Improving accessibility to urban services for over 65: a GIS-supported method. In C. Gargiulo & C. Zoppi (Eds.), Planning, nature and ecosystem services (pp. 839-850). Naples: FedOAPress. ISBN: 978-88-6887-054-6, doi: 10.6093/978-88-6887-054-6

Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering University of Naples Federico II, Italy

e-mail: gargiulo@unina.it floriana.zucaro@unina.it federica.gaglione@unina.it URL: www.tema_lab.unina.it

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C. Gargiulo, F. Zucaro, F. Gaglione et al.

1 INTRODUCTION

Advanced ageing has becoming a global phenomenon of this century, mainly due to declining fertility and improved health and longevity. In fact, in both industrialized countries and developing countries (albeit at different paces) the values of the old age index grow faster than the growth rate of the total population.

In OECD countries, the number of people aged 65 and over rose from 7.7% in 1950 to 17.8% in 2010 and it is foreseen it will reach 25% in 2050 (OECD, 2015). During the 2000s, the population share of those 65 years and above rose to 15.1%, while the rate of the total population growth was only 9.7%. Conversely, the decade between 1990 and 2000 saw a more rapid increase in the growth rate of the total population than that of the older one (respectively, 12% and 13.2%).

This unprecedented demographic shift raises some interesting (and still open) questions that involve many disciplinary fields, such as: the social sciences, concerned with the evaluation of the “social productivity” (Laslett & Cuberli, 1992) of the over 65; the economic sciences, focused on how to guarantee adequate retirement benefits without generating an unbearable pay-load for the younger age groups; the medical sciences, aimed at preventing some illnesses related to old age; the urban studies, investigating how to make an age-friendly city. In particular, a “city fit for elderly” holds services, and network infrastructure that optimize involvement, communication and interaction opportunities, in order to guarantee the independence of elders over 65, namely, their active aging in place.

By referring to the eight domains of age-friendly cities (WHO, 2007), urban accessibility can be considered as one of the elements cutting across most of them. In fact, the concept of urban accessibility generally includes the physical characteristics (mobility and open spaces networks), the functional characteristics (services and activities) and the socio-economic characteristics (lifestyles and habits) of an urban system (Papa et al., 2017; Papa, 2018). In the holistic-systemic perspective of the governance of urban transformations, the set of all these components affects the quality of life of individuals and the opportunities for their civic participation and social inclusion. Indeed, urban accessibility is increasingly recognized as the “litmus test” to quantitatively assess the social inclusion and social equity of the whole urban area or part of it, in order to ensure that all citizens benefit from equal distribution of resources, welfare and services (Van Wee & Geurs, 2011; Jones & Lucas, 2012; Lucas, 2012; Zali et al., 2016). In this regard, many studies have investigated the levels of social equity (as well as the levels of social exclusion) of some of the most vulnerable segments of population (for instance children and elderly) that are characterized by specific needs of mobility. Focusing on elderly and according to Scheiner (2006), Campbell (2015), Wang and Shepley

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(2018) “the local activity space of over 65”, that is the “geographic area of elderly daily living involvement”, declines with age. This implies rethinking and redesigning the built environment by improving connectivity, walkability and proximity of daily life facilities.

In this sense, it is useful to measure the catchment areas of the services of interest of the elderly, in order to investigate the degree of accessibility to each service, by identifying both the most disadvantaged portions of the urban area and those characterized by a balance between supply and demand of the service. In this way, it is possible to support the local public decision-maker in the development of actions aimed at guaranteeing a fair urban accessibility, with a priority focus on the most lacking areas in terms of services and transport networks.

In literature the definition of the elders’ catchment areas of the public road transport service and of the health services (especially the hospital care) are the two most consolidated lines of research with respect to this issue, as LPT can have a key role in minimizing social exclusion (Farrington & Farrington, 2005; Langford et al., 2012a; Tseng & Wu, 2018) and people over 65 strongly depend on medical facilities (Kanuganti et al., 2016; Kaur Khakh et al., 2019). Despite the abovementioned studies, few have taken into consideration further kinds of services.

Aimed towards bridging this lack in urban accessibility studies, this work focuses on measuring a sort of new catchment areas of the main services of interest based on the effective street network, the walking speeds of the three segments of the elderly population (65-69, 70-74, >75) and the orography of the city. This is a first research segment of the broader MOBILAGE project, which aims at defining a decision support tool for public administrations to improve elders’ accessibility to services, thus contributing to enhance their quality of life.

The paper is articulated as follows: the second section proposes a review of the scientific literature on the elderly accessibility issue; the third section presents a methodology to define a new kind of catchment areas of the main urban services of interest for elderly; the last section describes some first results obtained.

2 STATE OF THE ART

Demographic change raises interesting research questions in the field of urban studies, particularly on the organization of settlement systems. The localization and spatial distribution of services, the local public transport supply and the mobility networks affect the elders’ choices of movement. The duality relation between the organization of the urban system (supply) and the mobility of the population over 65 (as for every city user) has prompted scientific debate on how to improve both the elders’ accessibility to the transport and pedestrian network (Luk & Olszewski, 2003) and to the services of interest (Guagliardo 2004).

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In particular, other lines of research have examined the issue of accessibility to urban sites and services by measuring the catchment areas of the main services of interest for the elderly. An extensive scientific literature deals with the identification of the level of accessibility to reach a specific urban service, particularly focusing on the services related to health care (Chen, 2017; Luo, 2014), while other research focused on the public road transport service (Langford et al. 2012b; Lin et al., 2014).

In more detail, some of the studies developed (Ngui & Apparicio, 2011; Lou & Whippo 2012; Wan et al., 2012; Mao & Nekorchuk, 2013) have defined the catchment areas for a specific health service (i.e. the hospital care) through the measurement of some characteristics, such as the distance to be covered and the travel time to reach a certain activity (supply). Within each catchment area, the density of the elderly resident population (demand) potentially served is calculated by comparing it to the distance or time needed to reach the service. This calculation is aimed at identifying the portion of urban areas where the demand-supply balance is satisfied and how to adapt, instead, the less-served areas, in order to guarantee the same level of accessibility and, consequently, of social equity. Another research segment has adopted the same methodology for measuring accessibility to public transport (Andersen & Landex, 2008; Wells & Thill, 2012; Lin et al 2014) or other services of interest, such as green areas (Dai, 2011) or public services (Wang, 2007) without orienting such studies to only one of the age groups of the elderly population over 65.

Instead, studies that relate the demand of the elderly to the supply of various types of urban services (such as health, economic-financial, cultural and recreational services) are in a small number, also because of the urban context features.

The objective of this research work is to define a new kind of catchment areas of the main services of interest according to the street network, the orography of the territory and the pedestrian speeds of the three age groups of the elderly population (65-69; 70-74; > 75), in order to classify urban areas according to their level of accessibility to places and services and evaluate the supply-demand balance or potential gaps.

3 METHODOLOGY

As regards the objective of the work aimed at improving accessibility to urban services of interest for the elderly, this section describes the steps of the first segment of research that allowed to identify the new catchment areas for each service category, that we considered of interest for over-65-aged people, classified in three different age-range: 65-69; 70-74; >75. In the first step, different walking speeds for each age group were defined. To this end the study of the scientific literature has allowed to consider as useful, for the purposes of this

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work, the research carried out by Weber (2016) which determined these values according to the main socio-economic characteristics of the elderly population.

Following, walking speed values are reported:

−

for what concerns the first age range (65-69), the average walking speed is 0.81 m/s;

−

for the second age range (70-74), the average walking speed is 0.69 m/s;

−

for the third age range (over 75), the average walking speed is 0.60 m/s.

From these average walking speeds, in the second step of the methodology process, influence rays for each service category were identified; they represent the maximum pedestrian distances that a general user is willing to walk, to get to a certain service (Tab. 1). These influence rays were identified by referring to a previous work developed by the authors (Gargiulo et al., 2018), concerning the study of territory planning tools, such as the Service Plans (in particular Lodi and Bari) and Urban Sustainable Mobility Plans.

In order to define the influence area of the services used by the three segments of the elderly population, phase 3 was articulated as follows:

−

calculating the average pedestrian time (for any type of user) for each influence ray (distance to walk) of the services considered;

−

redefining the different influence rays of each category of service (maximum distance that can be walked), according to the different pedestrian speeds of each age group and assuming the average walking time, identified before, to be constant;

−

identifying the new influence area of each service, that is, the theoretical area where the users of that service live.

However, this procedure has the limitation of considering the territory as isotropic. In fact, the influence areas thus obtained, do not represent the real areas where the users of a given service actually live, as they do not take into account the morphology of the territory and the presence of the real walkable streets.

For this reason, the slopes have been defined, as they can contribute to reduce the distance that the elderly can walk. Regarding the identification of the walkable streets, a procedure was developed in GIS environment, through the Network Analysis tool and a Digital Elevation Model, in order to define the streets that the elderly can use to access services.

Furthermore, in GIS environment, both the slope and the average pedestrian speed were associated to the street graph in order to define the set of the real walkable paths to reach each urban service.

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ID VARIABLE MEASURE

FUNCTIONAL SUBSYSTEM (services of local interest)

1 Pharmacies Influence ray

(R.i.)= 500m

2 Asl R.i.= 500 m

3 Poly-diagnostic center R.i.= 560 m

4 Cinema R.i.= 516 m

5 Municipal library R.i.= 600 m

6 Churche R.i.= 480 m

7 Bank R.i.= 500 m

8 Post Office R.i.= 500 m

9 Municipal office R.i.= 500 m

10 Union R.i.= 500 m

11 Supermarket R.i.= 500 m

12 Green area R.i.= 100 m

13 Sports Center R.i.= 1000 m

FUNCTIONAL SUBSYSTEM (services of general interest)

14 Hospital R.i.= 1100 m

15 Private Clinic R.i.= 1100 m

16 Urban park R.i.= 1000 m

17 Museum R.i.= 1100 m

18 Cemetery R.i.= 1100 m

19 Stadium R.i.= 1100 m

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ID POPULATION SERVICES TIME (MIN) RAY INFLUENCE (M)

FUNCTIONAL SUBSYSTEM (services of local interest)

1 65-69 70-74 >75 Pharmacy 6 292 248 216 2 65-69 70-74 >75 Asl 6 292 248 216 3 65-69 70-74 >75 Poly-diagnostic center 7 340 290 252 4 65-69 70-74 >75 Cinema 6 292 248 216 5 65-69 70-74 >75 Library 7 340 290 252 6 65-69 70-74 >75 Church 6 292 248 216 7 65-69 70-74 >75 Bank 6 292 248 216 8 65-69 70-74 >75 Post office 6 292 248 216 9 65-69 70-74 >75 Municipal office 6 292 248 216 10 65-69 70-74 >75 Union 6 292 248 216 11 65-69 70-74 >75 Supermarket 6 292 248 216 12 65-69 70-74 >75 Green area 2 97 83 72 13 65-69 70-74 >75 Sport Center 12 583 497 432

FUNCTIONAL SUBSYSTEM (services of general interest)

14 65-69 70-74 >75 Hospital 13 632 538 468 15 65-69 70-74 >75 Private Clinic 13 632 538 468 16 65-69 70-74 >75 Urban park 12 583 497 432 17 65-69 70-74 >75 Museum 13 632 538 468

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Tab. 2 New influence rays of services of interest for the three old populations segments

The catchment areas so computed, according to the localization and the distribution of each category of service of interest of over 65, allowed to define the supply map.

The supply map, compared with the demand map that classifies census tracts on the basis of over-65 population density, allows to identify urban areas characterized by a supply-demand equilibrium, as well as those where it is necessary to intervene to fill the supply-demand gap for elderly.

This research step provides some first results useful to develop a support tool for the decision maker. In fact, for instance, the identification of the urban portions characterized by a high lack of accessibility to services, defines the areas where it is a priority to intervene and allows to provide first indications useful to improve accessibility, such as the localization of new urban services for the over 65 or the identification or improvement of pedestrian paths to reach them.

4 CONCLUSIONS

This work describes a procedure for measuring a different kind of catchment areas of spaces and services of interest for people over 65, taking pedestrian speeds and urban orography into consideration.

The distribution of the demand-supply ratio of a service within an urban area allows determining the rate of the population served and identifying those urban areas where action is needed to reduce (or potentially cancel) the disadvantages caused by a scarce level of accessibility, as well as identifying the areas where the supply of many services overlap. In particular, the study of lack of accessibility for the elderly has almost exclusively concerned mobility and health care services. However, as repeatedly underlined both at scientific and institutional levels, quality of life also depends on the possibility of reaching all the services held in a given urban area. For example, the importance of ensuring access to the different urban services has been emphasized within the most recent reports of the WHO with the aim to promote cities that are willing to adapt to different age and social groups.

If the components of an age-friendly city are well defined in theory, in the governance tools of urban transformation the definition and implementation of strategies and actions for the most vulnerable social groups is not so easy. Considering the city as a whole and adopting an integrated view of user behaviors, of the services available and their accessibility, could help

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“tackle physical and social disparities and meet the needs of all groups in the community” (Plouffe et al., 2018). This holistic approach has characterized the development of the proposed methodology which, through the localization of the demand for services by the over-65s, the distribution of catchment areas, that have been ri-defined on the basis of the new criteria of the research work, and the comparison between them, allows public decision-makers to identify the urban partitions lacking of urban services.

In a subsequent phase of the research work, the location and distribution of the supply will be combined with the physical characteristics of the urban system that influence the choice of a route (for instance presence of sidewalks), to define the network of pedestrian paths suitable for senior citizens to reach the main services of interest. In fact, one of the goals of MOBILAGE project is to provide the public decision-makers with strategies and actions aimed at increasing the quality of life of the elderly by improving urban accessibility.

In this regard, the MOBILAGE research project appears to be in line with current EU policies in allowing elders to actively age in their environment by optimizing some physical and environmental characteristics, such as crosswalks, to make them easily accessible to older people but also to the whole community, which may benefit from such interventions too. Many joint initiatives, in fact, reflect a growing emphasis on participatory approaches to promoting community revitalization from the elders’ point of view, thereby fostering active involvement and preventing social exclusion of seniors (Komise, 2009; EC, 2010; Walker & Maltby 2012). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work has been supported by Fondazione Cariplo (Grant n° 2017-0942). The authors acknowledge the financial support from the Fondazione Cariplo.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

Paragraph 1 L.F.; Paragraph 2 F.G.; Paragraph 3 F.Z.; Paragraph 4 C.G.;

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AUTHOR’S PROFILE

Carmela Gargiulo is full professor of Urban Planning Techniques at the University of Naples Federico

II. Since 1987 she has been involved in studies on the management of urban and territorial transformations. Since 2004, she has been Member of the Researcher Doctorate in Hydraulic, Transport and Territorial Systems Engineering of the University of Naples “Federico II”. She has been Member of the Committee of the Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Department of the University of Naples “Federico II”. Her research interests focus on the processes of urban requalification, on relationships between urban transformations and mobility, on the estate exploitation produced by urban transformations, and on the complex connections between land use, energy consumption and climate change. On these subjects she has co-ordinated research teams within National Project such as Progetto Finalizzato Edilizia - Sottoprogetto “Processi e procedure” (Targeted Project on Building – Subproject “Processes and procedures), from 1992 to 1994; Progetto Strategico Aree Metropolitane e Ambiente, (Strategic Project Metropolitan Areas and Environment) from 1994 to 1995; PRIN project on the “Impacts of mobility policies on urban transformability, environment and property market” from 2011 to 2013; Project Smart Energy Master for the energy management of territory financed by PON 04A2_00120 R&C Axis II, from 2012 to 2015; Project "Mobilage" 2018-2021, financed by Cariplo Foundation. She has been editor of the Scientific Journal TeMA – Land Use, Mobility and Environment since 2007. She is author of more than 130 publications.

Floriana Zucaro is an engineer, Ph.D. in Hydraulic, Transport and Territorial Systems Engineering at

the Department of Civil, Building and Environmental Engineering – University of Naples Federico II. She received a M.Sc. in Environmental and Territorial Engineering at the University of Naples Federico II with a specialization in management of urban and territorial transformations. In 2014 she won a scholarship within the Project Smart Energy Master for the energy management of territory financed by PON 04A2_00120 R&C Axis II. Her research interests are in the field of land use planning and energy saving integration in urban policies, sustainable land use and sustainable mobility.

Federica Gaglione is an engineer, Ph.D. in Civil Systems Engineering at University of Naples Federico

II. Her research topic concerns the urban accessibility. The aim is to develop a decision support tool that, on an urban scale, allows to choose the most effective actions to improve urban accessibility for vulnerable users, by contributing to improve their quality of life.

Luigi Faga holds a master's degree in architectural engineering with a thesis on the topic of land