The Physics of the B Factories

The Physics of the B Factories

Review

Ó The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Received: 29 July 2014 / Accepted: 29 July 2014 / Published online: 19 November 2014

Foreword

“The Physics of theB Factories” describes a decade long effort of physicists in the quest for the precise determina-tion of asymmetry — broken symmetry — between par-ticles and anti-parpar-ticles. We now recognize that the mat-ter we see around us is the residue — one part in a bil-lion — of the matter and antimatter that existed in the early universe, most of which annihilated into the cosmic background radiation that bathes us. But the question re-mains: how did the baryonic matter-antimatter asymme-try arise? This book describes the work done by some 1000 physicists and engineers from around the globe on two experimental facilities built to test our understanding of this phenomenon, one at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory in California, USA, and a second at the KEK Laboratory, Tsukuba, Japan, and what we have learned from them in broadening our understanding of nature.

Why is our universe dominated by the matter of which we are made rather than equal parts of matter and anti-matter? This question has puzzled physicists for decades. However, this was not the question we addressed when we wrote the paper on CP violation in 1972. Our question was whether we can explain the CP violation observed in the K meson decay within the framework of the renor-malizable gauge theory. At that time, Sakharov’s seminal paper was already published, but it did not attract our attention. If we were aware of the paper, we would have been misled into seeking a model satisfying Sakharov’s conditions and our paper might not have appeared.

In our paper, we discussed that we need new parti-cles in order to accommodateCP violation into the renor-malizable electroweak theory, and proposed the six-quark scheme as one of the possible ways introducing new parti-cles. We thought that the six-quark scheme is very inter-esting, but it was just a possibility. The situation changed when the tau-lepton was found and it was followed by the discovery of the Upsilon particle. The existence of the third generation became reality. However, it was still uncertain whether the mixing of the six quarks is a real origin of the observed CP violation. Theoretical calcula-tion of CP asymmetries in the neutral K meson system contains uncertainty from strong interaction effects. What settled this problem were the B Factories built at SLAC and KEK.

TheseB Factories are extraordinary in many ways. In order to fulfill the requirements of special experiments, the beam energies of the colliding electron and positron are asymmetric, and the luminosity is unprecedentedly high. It is also remarkable that severe competition between the two laboratories boosted their performance. One of us (M. Kobayashi) has been watching the development at KEK very closely as the director of the Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies of KEK for a period of time. As witnesses, we appreciate the amazing achievement of those who par-ticipated in these projects at both laboratories.

TheB Factories have contributed a great deal to our understanding of particle physics, as documented in this book. In particular, thanks to the high luminosity far ex-ceeding the design value, experimental groups measured

mixing angles precisely and verified that the dominant source ofCP violation observed in the laboratory exper-iments is flavor mixing among the three generations of quarks. Obviously we owe our Nobel Prize to this result.

Now we are awaiting the operation of the next-generation Super B Factories. In spite of its great suc-cess, the Standard Model is not an ultimate theory. For example, it is not thought to be possible for the matter dominance of the universe to be explained by the Stan-dard Model. This means that there will still be unknown particles and unknown interactions. We have a lot of the-oretical speculations but experimental means are rather limited. There are great expectations for the SuperB Fac-tories to reveal a clue to the world beyond the Standard Model.

Makoto Kobayashi

Honorary Professor Emeritus KEK

Toshihide Maskawa Director General

Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles and the Universe

Preface

The inspiration for this book came from Fran¸cois le Diberder. During his term as spokesperson for BABARhe laid down a vision for the two B Factory detector collaborations, BABARand Belle, to work together on a book that would describe the methodologies used and physics results ob-tained by those experiments. A key ideal emphasized from the outset was that this book should be written from a pedagogical perspective; it should be of interest to the student and expert alike. This vision was presented dur-ing a BABARcollaboration meeting on the island of Elba in May 2008 and a follow up Belle collaboration meeting at KEK, with visiting colleagues from theBABAR collab-oration, and was embraced by the community. A number of workshops involving people from the theoretical com-munity as well as the two collaborations were held on four continents over the following years. The resulting book, “The Physics of theB Factories”, is a testament to the way that this concept captured the zeitgeist on both sides of the Pacific Ocean.

This book is divided into three parts, the first of which provides a brief description of the B Factories, including a short (though not exhaustive) historical perspective, as well as descriptions of the detectors, ancillary data acqui-sition systems and data (re)processing systems that were built by the two detector collaborations in the late 1990’s. The second part of the book discusses tools and meth-ods that are frequently used when analyzing the data col-lected. These range from details of low level reconstruction algorithms and abstract summaries of statistical methods to high level prescriptions used when evaluating system-atic uncertainties on measurements of observables. The third part of the book is devoted to physics results. This includes sufficient theoretical discussion in order for the reader to understand the context of the work being de-scribed. We are indebted to our colleagues from the the-oretical community who have helped us achieve our goal of explaining the physics of theB Factories in a broader context.

It should be noted that bothB Factory experiments are still actively publishing results and as a result the work presented here is a snapshot of the output of theB Fac-tories up to some point in time. Where appropriate, mea-surements from other experiments have been mentioned, however the focus of this book is on the output of theB Factories. As a result, any brief description of important work by others should be interpreted as a suggestion for further reading on a given topic.

Just as there are twoB Factories, many of the observ-ables studied or used in this book have a dual notation in the literature. While preparing this book we have placed the emphasis on the physics rather than trivialities such as convention. The most notable instance of this issue found here is that of the nomenclature used for the angles of the Unitarity Triangle. In order to retain a pedagogical approach we chose a method for selecting between the two notations that is symbolic of their equivalence from the perspective of physics. This choice was decided on the outcome of a coin flip.

It has been a privilege for us to work with our col-leagues from the experimental and theoretical communi-ties while compiling this book. The journey of preparing this tome has been as rewarding as being a part of the individual collaborations. This book has come into exis-tence because of the efforts of the many people who have devoted their time and effort writing contributions found herein, and it belongs to the community who helped create it.

Adrian Bevan

Queen Mary University of London Boˇstjan Golob

University of Ljubljana Joˇzef Stefan Institute Thomas Mannel University of Siegen Soeren Prell

Iowa State University Bruce Yabsley University of Sydney

How to cite this work:

The journal version of this book should be used as the correct citation, and the full citation reference is “Ed. A.J. Bevan, B. Golob, Th. Mannel, S. Prell, and B.D. Yabsley,

SLAC-PUB-15968, KEK Preprint 2014-3.”

Please note that this is the official version of The Physics of theB Factories. An auxiliary version of this book will be made available online, both on arXiv and the INSPIRE database, under the same entry as the official version of the book. The official version of the book uses the notationφ1, φ2,φ3 for the angles of the Unitarity Triangle, and the auxiliary version uses the notationβ, α, γ.

A note on conventions:

This book follows common practice in particle physics by using a relaxed system of natural units. The reduced Planck constant  is set to unity, and electromagnetic expressions include the fine structure constant α rather than dimensionful constants. Nevertheless, the units of energy (GeV, MeV, etc.) are distinguished from those of momentum (GeV/c, MeV/c) and mass (GeV/c2_{, MeV/c}2_{); when length and time are explicitly mentioned, and especially in} detector-related discussions, meters and seconds are used rather than the reciprocal of energy.

The treatment of charge conjugation depends on the context. Many analyses are motivated by possible differences between the behaviour ofB0_andB0_{: in such cases, samples of the two states are distinguished. When describing the} method, however, if the text specifies reconstruction ofB0_{→ π}+_D− _withD−_{→ K}+_π−_π−_{, it is usually implied that} the equivalent procedure is followed for the charge conjugate modeB0_{→ π}−_D+_withD+_{→ K}−_π+_π+_{. From time to} time, explicit statements are made to resolve potential ambiguities.

Citations follow the author-year format, used in a flexible way. The most common form is surrounded by parenthe-ses (Kobayashi and Maskawa, 1973). However, about 20% of caparenthe-ses incorporate the names of the authors into the grammar of the sentence, as when referring to the classic paper of Kobayashi and Maskawa (1973). Variant forms are used within the text of a parenthesis; all should be clear from the context.

The only unusual feature is the use of three bibliographies: one for BABAR papers (page 806), one for Belle papers (page 822), and one for other references (page 835). To avoid tedium, the “et al.” is omitted forB Factory papers, citing only the first author of fullBABARCollaboration authorlists (Aubert, 2001e), and either the first member (Choi, 2011) or the whole of the first-authorship group (Mizuk, Danilov, 2006) for full Belle Collaboration authorlists. Long authorlists for “other” references are treated normally. The great majority of BABARpapers have either Aubert, del Amo Sanchez, or Lees as first author; most early Belle papers have Abe, but from 2002 onwards show great variety. Results are described as being fromBABAR or Belle if the responsible experiment is not already apparent from the context. Occasionally, a BABARpaper and a Belle paper will be cited together, for example in a quoted average or in the body of a table. It should always be clear which bibliography is meant.

In such a long work, there is inevitably some variation in style and usage. As editors, we have endeavoured to keep this to a minimum.

A. J. Bevan∗1, B. Golob∗2,3, Th. Mannel∗4, S. Prell∗5, B. D. Yabsley∗6,

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A. Anjomshoaa53_{, P. L. Anthony}45_{, E. A. Antillon}32_{, E. Antonioli}110_{, K. Aoki}7_{, J. F. Arguin}111_{, K. Arinstein}27,28_, K. Arisaka97_{, K. Asai}34_{, M. Asai}112_{, Y. Asano}113_{, D. J. Asgeirsson}75_{, D. M. Asner}114_{, T. Aso}115_{, M. L. Aspinwall}116_, D. Aston45_{, H. Atmacan}73_{, B. Aubert}85_{, V. Aulchenko}27,28_{, R. Ayad}117_{, T. Azemoon}45_{, T. Aziz}79_{, V. Azzolini}46_, D. E. Azzopardi1_{, M. A. Baak}118_{, J. J. Back}44_{, S. Bagnasco}119,120_{, S. Bahinipati}121_{, D. S. Bailey}76_{, S. Bailey}122_, P. Bailly48_{, N. van Bakel}45_{, A. M. Bakich}6_{, A. Bala}123_{, V. Balagura}12_{, R. Baldini-Ferroli}9_{, Y. Ban}124_{, E. Banas}19_, H. R. Band125_{, S. Banerjee}79_{, E. Baracchini}10,31_{, R. Barate}85_{, E. Barberio}126_{, M. Barbero}103_{, D. J. Bard}45_, T. Barillari32_{, N. R. Barlow}76_{, R. J. Barlow}76_{, M. Barrett}103,127_{, W. Bartel}61_{, J. Bartelt}45_{, R. Bartoldus}45_, G. Batignani77,92_{, M. Battaglia}15_{, J. M. Bauer}128_{, A. Bay}129_{, M. Beaulieu}111_{, P. Bechtle}45_{, T. W. Beck}30_, J. Becker32_{, J. Becla}45_{, I. Bedny}27,28_{, S. Behari}7_{, P. K. Behera}21,130_{, E. Behn}36_{, L. Behr}131_{, C. Beigbeder}11_, D. Beiline27_{, R. Bell}†45_{, F. Bellini}10,31_{, G. Bellodi}1_{, K. Belous}132_{, M. Benayoun}48_{, G. Benelli}39_{, J. F. Benitez}45_, M. Benkebil11_{, N. Berger}45_{, J. Bernabeu}46_{, D. Bernard}131_{, R. Bernet}53_{, F. U. Bernlochner}55_{, J. W. Berryhill}63_, K. Bertsche45_{, P. Besson}†62_{, D. S. Best}133_{, S. Bettarini}77,92_{, D. Bettoni}107_{, V. Bhardwaj}34_{, W. Bhimji}116_, B. Bhuyan134_{, B. Bhuyan}135_{, M. E. Biagini}9_{, M. Biasini}81,82_{, K. van Bibber}136_{, J. Biesiada}91_{, I. Bingham}25_, R. M. Bionta136_{, M. Bischofberger}34_{, U. Bitenc}3_{, I. Bizjak}3_{, F. Blanc}32_{, G. Blaylock}137_{, V. E. Blinov}27,28,138_, E. Bloom45_{, P. C. Bloom}32_{, N. L. Blount}139_{, J. Blouw}117_{, M. Bly}65_{, S. Blyth}140_{, C. T. Boeheim}45_{, M. Bomben}48_, A. Bondar27,28_{, M. Bondioli}133_{, G.R. Bonneaud}48_{, G. Bonvicini}141_{, M. Booke}†128_{, J. Booth}133_{, C. Borean}142,143_, A. W. Borgland15_{, E. Borsato}144,145_{, F. Bosi}77_{, L. Bosisio}142,143_{, A. A. Botov}27_{, J. Bougher}146_{, K. Bouldin}45_, P. Bourgeois62_{, D. Boutigny}85_{, D. A. Bowerman}116_{, A. M. Boyarski}45_{, R. F. Boyce}45_{, J. T. Boyd}109_{, A. Bozek}19_, C. Bozzi107_{, M. Braˇcko}3,147_{, G. Brandenburg}†122_{, T. Brandt}88_{, B. Brau}39_{, J. Brau}139_{, A. B. Breon}15_{, D. Breton}11_, C. Brew65_{, H. Briand}48_{, P. G. Bright-Thomas}148_{, V. Brigljevi´c}136_{, D. I. Britton}54_{, F. Brochard}131_{, B. Broomer}32_, J. Brose88_{, T. E. Browder}103_{, C. L. Brown}149_{, C. M. Brown}55_{, D. N. Brown}15_{, D. N. Brown}146_{, M. Browne}45_, M. Bruinsma133_{, S. Brunet}111_{, F. Bucci}77,92_{, C. Buchanan}97_{, O. L. Buchmueller}45_{, C. B¨unger}64_{, W. Bugg}150_, A. D. Bukin†27,28, R. Bula102_{, H. Bulten}118_{, P. R. Burchat}66_{, W. Burgess}45_{, J. P. Burke}25_{, J. Button-Shafer}15_, A. R. Buzykaev27_{, A. Buzzo}119_{, Y. Cai}45_{, R. Calabrese}107,108_{, A. Calcaterra}9_{, G. Calderini}48_{, B. Camanzi}127_, E. Campagna77,92_{, C. Campagnari}63_{, R. Capra}119,120_{, V. Carassiti}107_{, M. Carpinelli}77,92_{, M. Carroll}25_, G. Casarosa77,92_{, B. C. K. Casey}103_{, N. M. Cason}18_{, G. Castelli}144_{, N. Cavallo}151_{, G. Cavoto}10_{, A. Cecchi}107_,

R. Cenci77,92_{, G. Cerizza}67,68_{, A. Cervelli}77,92_{, A. Ceseracciu}45_{, X. Chai}21_{, K. S. Chaisanguanthum}122_{, M. C. Chang}152_, Y. H. Chang80_{, Y. W. Chang}20_{, D. S. Chao}22_{, M. Chao}133_{, Y. Chao}20_{, E. Charles}15_{, C. A. Chavez}25_{, R. Cheaib}54_, V. Chekelian70_{, A. Chen}80_{, A. Chen}117_{, E. Chen}22_{, G. P. Chen}96_{, H. F. Chen}106_{, J. -H. Chen}20_{, J. C. Chen}96_, K. F. Chen20_{, P. Chen}20_{, S. Chen}32_{, W. T. Chen}80_{, X. Chen}125_{, X. R. Chen}153_{, Y. Q. Chen}20_{, B. Cheng}125_, B. G. Cheon154_{, N. Chevalier}109_{, Y. M. Chia}76_{, S. Chidzik}91_{, K. Chilikin}12_{, M. V. Chistiakova}15_{, R. Cizeron}11_, I. S. Cho43_{, K. Cho}155_{, V. Chobanova}70_{, H. H. F. Choi}55_{, K. S. Choi}43_{, S. K. Choi}156_{, Y. Choi}157_{, Y. K. Choi}157_, S. Christ64_{, P. H. Chu}20_{, S. Chun}97_{, A. Chuvikov}91_{, G. Cibinetto}107_{, D. Cinabro}141_{, A. R. Clark}15_{, P. J. Clark}53_, C. K. Clarke1_{, R. Claus}45_{, B. Claxton}65_{, Z. C. Clifton}32_{, J. Cochran}5_{, J. Cohen-Tanugi}131_{, H. Cohn}150_{, T. Colberg}88_, S. Cole6_{, F. Colecchia}144,145_{, C. Condurache}65_{, R. Contri}119,120_{, P. Convert}62_{, M. R. Convery}45_{, P. Cooke}25_, N. Copty153_{, C. M. Cormack}1_{, F. Dal Corso}144_{, L. A. Corwin}39_{, F. Cossutti}142_{, D. Cote}111_{, A. Cotta Ramusino}107_, W. N. Cottingham109_{, F. Couderc}85_{, D. P. Coupal}45_{, R. Covarelli}81,82_{, G. Cowan}149_{, W. W. Craddock}45_, G. Crane45_{, H. B. Crawley}5_{, L. Cremaldi}128_{, A. Crescente}144_{, M. Cristinziani}45_{, J. Crnkovic}158_{, G. Crosetti}119,120_, T. Cuhadar-Donszelmann75_{, A. Cunha}63_{, S. Curry}133_{, A. D’Orazio}10,31_{, S. Dˆu}11_{, G. Dahlinger}88_{, B. Dahmes}63_, C. Dallapiccola137_{, N. Danielson}91_{, M. Danilov}12,26_{, A. Das}79_{, M. Dash}84_{, S. Dasu}125_{, M. Datta}125_{, F. Daudo}16_, P. D. Dauncey116_{, P. David}48_{, C. L. Davis}146_{, C. T. Day}15_{, F. De Mori}16,17_{, G. De Domenico}62_{, N. De Groot}65_, C. De la Vaissi`ere48<sub>, Ch. de la Vaissi`ere</sub>48_{, A. de Lesquen}62_{, G. De Nardo}151,159_{, R. de Sangro}9_{, A. De Silva}160_, S. DeBarger45_{, F. J. Decker}45_{, P. del Amo Sanchez}85_{, L. Del Buono}48_{, V. Del Gamba}77,92_{, D. del Re}10,31_, G. Della Ricca142,143_{, A. G. Denig}33,161_{, D. Derkach}11_{, I. M. Derrington}32_{, H. DeStaebler}†45_{, J. Destree}32_, S. Devmal47_{, B. Dey}73_{, B. Di Girolamo}16_{, E. Di Marco}10,31_{, M. Dickopp}88_{, M. O. Dima}32_{, S. Dittrich}64_, S. Dittongo142,143_{, P. Dixon}1_{, L. Dneprovsky}†27_{, F. Dohou}131_{, Y. Doi}7_{, Z. Doleˇzal}162_{, D. A. Doll}22_{, M. Donald}45_, L. Dong5_{, L. Y. Dong}96_{, J. Dorfan}45_{, A. Dorigo}144_{, M. P. Dorsten}22_{, R. Dowd}126_{, J. Dowdell}65_{, Z. Dr´asal}162_, J. Dragic7_{, B. W. Drummond}95_{, R. S. Dubitzky}101_{, G. P. Dubois-Felsmann}45_{, M. S. Dubrovin}47_{, Y. C. Duh}152_, Y. T. Duh20_{, D. Dujmic}69_{, W. Dungel}56_{, W. Dunwoodie}45_{, D. Dutta}134_{, A. Dvoretskii}22_{, N. Dyce}109_{, M. Ebert}45_, E. A. Eckhart117_{, S. Ecklund}45_{, R. Eckmann}163_{, P. Eckstein}88_{, C. L. Edgar}76_{, A. J. Edwards}164_{, U. Egede}116_, A. M. Eichenbaum125_{, P. Elmer}91_{, S. Emery}62_{, Y. Enari}38_{, R. Enomoto}7_{, E. Erdos}32_{, R. Erickson}45_{, J. A. Ernst}102_, R. J. Erwin22_{, M. Escalier}62_{, V. Eschenburg}128_{, I. Eschrich}133_{, S. Esen}47_{, L. Esteve}62_{, F. Evangelisti}107_,

C. W. Everton126_{, V. Eyges}5_{, C. Fabby}47_{, F. Fabozzi}151_{, S. Fahey}32_{, M. Falbo}165_{, S. Fan}45_{, F. Fang}103_{, F. Fang}22_, C. Fanin144_{, A. Farbin}36_{, H. Farhat}141_{, J. E. Fast}114_{, M. Feindt}161_{, A. Fella}110_{, E. Feltresi}144,145_{, T. Ferber}61_, R. E. Fernholz91_{, S. Ferrag}131_{, F. Ferrarotto}10_{, F. Ferroni}10,31_{, R. C. Field}45_{, A. Filippi}16,17_{, G. Finocchiaro}9_, E. Fioravanti107_{, J. Firmino da Costa , P.-A. Fischer , A. S. Fisher}11 5 45_{, P. H. Fisher}69_{, C. J. Flacco}30_{, R. L. Flack}116_, H. U. Flaecher149_{, J. Flanagan}7_{, J. M. Flanigan}63_{, K. E. Ford}148_{, W. T. Ford}32_{, I. J. Forster}25_{, A. C. Forti}76_, F. Forti77,92_{, D. Fortin}55_{, B. Foster}109_{, S. D. Foulkes}73_{, G. Fouque}131_{, J. Fox}45_{, P. Franchini}107_{, M. Franco Sevilla}63_, B. Franek65_{, E. D. Frank}166_{, K. B. Fransham}55_{, S. Fratina}3_{, K. Fratini}10_{, A. Frey}167_{, R. Frey}139_{, M. Friedl}56_, M. Fritsch33_{, J. R. Fry}25_{, H. Fujii}7_{, M. Fujikawa}34_{, Y. Fujita}7_{, Y. Fujiyama}99_{, C. Fukunaga}168_{, M. Fukushima}7_, J. Fullwood76_{, Y. Funahashi}7_{, Y. Funakoshi}7_{, F. Furano}144_{, M. Furman}15_{, K. Furukawa}7_{, H. Futterschneider}88_, E. Gabathuler25_{, T. A. Gabriel}104_{, N. Gabyshev}27,28_{, F. Gaede}32_{, N. Gagliardi}144,145_{, A. Gaidot}62_{, J.-M. Gaillard}85_, J. R. Gaillard116_{, S. Galagedera}65_{, F. Galeazzi}144,145_{, F. Gallo}16,17_{, D. Gamba}16,17_{, R. Gamet}25_{, K. K. Gan}39_, P. Gandini67,68_{, S. Ganguly}141_{, S. F. Ganzhur}62_{, Y. Y. Gao}169_{, I. Gaponenko}45_{, A. Garmash}27,28_{, J. Garra Tico}170_, I. Garzia107_{, M. Gaspero}10,31_{, F. Gastaldi}131_{, C. Gatto}151_{, V. Gaur}79_{, N. I. Geddes}65_{, T. L. Geld}47_{, J.-F. Genat}48_, K. A. George1_{, M. George}25_{, S. George}149_{, Z. Georgette}62_{, T. J. Gershon}7,44_{, M. S. Gill}15_{, R. Gillard}141_, J. D. Gilman32_{, F. Giordano}158_{, M. A. Giorgi}77,92_{, P.-F. Giraud}62_{, L. Gladney}166_{, T. Glanzman}45_{, R. Glattauer}56_, A. Go80_{, K. Goetzen}87_{, Y. M. Goh}154_{, G. Gokhroo}79_{, P. Goldenzweig}47_{, V. B. Golubev}27,28_{, G. P. Gopal}65_, A. Gordon126_{, A. Goriˇsek}3_{, V. I. Goriletsky}171_{, R. Gorodeisky}90_{, L. Gosset}62_{, K. Gotow}84_{, S. J. Gowdy}45_{, P. Graffin}62_, S. Grancagnolo142,143_{, E. Grauges}170_{, G. Graziani}62_{, M. G. Green}149_{, M. G. Greene}172_{, G. J. Grenier}21_{, P. Grenier}45_, K. Griessinger33_{, A. A. Grillo}30_{, B.V. Grinyov}171_{, A. V. Gritsan}169_{, G. Grosdidier}11_{, M. Grosse Perdekamp}57,158_, P. Grosso16_{, M. Grothe}30_{, Y. Groysman}15_{, O. Gr¨unberg}64_{, E. Guido}119,120_{, H. Guler}103_{, N. J. W. Gunawardane}116_, Q. H. Guo166_{, R. S. Guo}173_{, Z. J. Guo}169_{, N. Guttman}90_{, H. Ha}94_{, H. C. Ha}94_{, T. Haas}45_{, J. Haba}7_{, J. Hachtel}32_, H. K. Hadavand174_{, T. Hadig}45_{, C. Hagner}84_{, M. Haire}175_{, F. Haitani}98_{, T. Haji}8_{, G. Haller}45_{, V. Halyo}45_, K. Hamano55_{, H. Hamasaki}7_{, G. Hamel de Monchenault}62_{, J. Hamilton}45_{, R. Hamilton}21_{, O. Hamon}48_{, B. Y. Han}94_, Y. L. Han96_{, H. Hanada}176_{, K. Hanagaki}91_{, F. Handa}176_{, J. E. Hanson}22_{, A. Hanushevsky}45_{, K. Hara}7_{, T. Hara}7_, Y. Harada100_{, P. F. Harrison}44_{, T. J. Harrison}148_{, B. Harrop}91_{, A. J. Hart}148_{, P. A. Hart}76_{, B. L. Hartfiel}97_, J. L. Harton117_{, T. Haruyama}7_{, A. Hasan}45_{, Y. Hasegawa}177_{, C. Hast}45_{, N. C. Hastings}8_{, K. Hasuko}57_, A. Hauke105_{, C. M. Hawkes}148_{, K. Hayashi}7_{, M. Hazumi}7_{, C. Hee}45_{, E. M. Heenan}126_{, D. Heffernan}178_{, T. Held}87_, R. Henderson160_{, S. W. Henderson}69_{, S. S. Hertzbach}137_{, S. Herv´e}62_{, M. Heß}64_{, C. A. Heusch}30_{, A. Hicheur}85_, Y. Higashi7_{, Y. Higasino}38_{, I. Higuchi}176_{, S. Hikita}179_{, E. J. Hill}174_{, T. Himel}45_{, L. Hinz}129_{, T. Hirai}99_{, H. Hirano}179_, J. F. Hirschauer32_{, D. G. Hitlin}22_{, N. Hitomi}7_{, M. C. Hodgkinson}76_{, A. H¨ocker}11_{, C. T. Hoi}20_{, T. Hojo}178_, T. Hokuue38_{, J. J. Hollar}125_{, T. M. Hong}63_{, K. Honscheid}39_{, B. Hooberman}15_{, D. A. Hopkins}149_{, Y. Horii}37,38_, Y. Hoshi98_{, K. Hoshina}179_{, S. Hou}20,80_{, W. S. Hou}20_{, T. Hryn’ova}45_{, Y. B. Hsiung}20_{, C. L. Hsu}20_{, S. C. Hsu}20_, H. Hu125_{, T. Hu}117_{, H. C. Huang}20_{, T. J. Huang}20_{, Y. C. Huang}173_{, Z. Huard}47_{, M. E. Huffer}45_{, D. Hufnagel}39_,

T. Hung45_{, D. E. Hutchcroft}25_{, H. J. Hyun}180_{, S. Ichizawa}99_{, T. Igaki}38_{, A. Igarashi}113_{, S. Igarashi}7_{, Y. Igarashi}7_, O. Igonkina139_{, K. Ikado}38_{, H. Ikeda}7_{, H. Ikeda}7_{, K. Ikeda}34_{, J. Ilic}44_{, K. Inami}38_{, W. R. Innes}45_{, Y. Inoue}181_, A. Ishikawa7_{, A. Ishikawa}176_{, H. Ishino}99_{, K. Itagaki}176_{, S. Itami}38_{, K. Itoh}8_{, V. N. Ivanchenko}27_{, R. Iverson}45_, M. Iwabuchi43_{, G. Iwai}100_{, M. Iwai}7_{, S. Iwaida}113_{, M. Iwamoto}182_{, H. Iwasaki}7_{, M. Iwasaki}8_{, M. Iwasaki}139_, T. Iwashita34_{, J. M. Izen}95_{, D. J. Jackson}178_{, F. Jackson}76_{, G. Jackson}76_{, P. S. Jackson}149_{, R. G. Jacobsen}15_, C. Jacoby129_{, I. Jaegle}103_{, V. Jain}102_{, P. Jalocha}19_{, H. K. Jang}49_{, H. Jasper}105_{, A. Jawahery}36_{, S. Jayatilleke}47_, C. M. Jen20_{, F. Jensen}15_{, C. P. Jessop}18_{, X. B. Ji}96_{, M. J. J. John}48_{, D. R. Johnson}32_{, J. R. Johnson}125_{, S. Jolly}127_, M. Jones103_{, K. K. Joo}7_{, N. Joshi}79_{, N. J. Joshi}79_{, D. Judd}175_{, T. Julius}126_{, R. W. Kadel}15_{, J. A. Kadyk}15_{, H. Kagan}39_, R. Kagan12_{, D. H. Kah}180_{, S. Kaiser}88_{, H. Kaji}38_{, S. Kajiwara}178_{, H. Kakuno}168_{, T. Kameshima}113_{, J. Kaminski}45_, T. Kamitani7_{, J. Kaneko}99_{, J. H. Kang}43_{, J. S. Kang}94_{, T. Kani}38_{, P. Kapusta}19_{, T.M. Karbach}105_{, M. Karolak}62_, Y. Karyotakis85_{, K. Kasami}7_{, G. Katano}7_{, S. U. Kataoka}34_{, N. Katayama}7_{, E. Kato}176_{, Y. Kato}38_{, H. Kawai}182_, H. Kawai8_{, M. Kawai}7_{, N. Kawamura}183_{, T. Kawasaki}100_{, J. Kay}65_{, M. Kay}25_{, M. P. Kelly}76_{, M. H. Kelsey}45_, N. Kent103_{, L. T. Kerth}15_{, A. Khan}127_{, H. R. Khan}99_{, D. Kharakh}45_{, A. Kibayashi}7_{, H. Kichimi}7_{, C. Kiesling}70_, M. Kikuchi7_{, E. Kikutani}7_{, B. H. Kim}49_{, C. H. Kim}49_{, D. W. Kim}157_{, H. Kim}45_{, H. J. Kim}180_{, H. J. Kim}43_, H. O. Kim180_{, H. W. Kim}94_{, J. B. Kim}94_{, J. H. Kim}155_{, K. T. Kim}94_{, M. J. Kim}180_{, P. Kim}45_{, S. K. Kim}49_, S. M. Kim157_{, T. H. Kim}43_{, Y. I. Kim}180_{, Y. J. Kim}155_{, G. J. King}55_{, K. Kinoshita}47_{, A. Kirk}148_{, D. Kirkby}133_, I. Kitayama95_{, M. Klemetti}54_{, V. Klose}184_{, J. Klucar}3_{, N. S. Knecht}75_{, K. J. Knoepfel}18_{, D. J. Knowles}148_, B. R. Ko94_{, N. Kobayashi}99_{, S. Kobayashi}185_{, T. Kobayashi}7_{, M. J. Kobel}88_{, S. Koblitz}70_{, H. Koch}87_{, M. L. Kocian}45_, P. Kodyˇs162_{, K. Koeneke}69_{, R. Kofler}137_{, S. Koike}7_{, S. Koishi}99_{, H. Koiso}7_{, J. A. Kolb}139_{, S. D. Kolya}76_{, Y. Kondo}7_, H. Konishi179_{, P. Koppenburg}7_{, V. B. Koptchev}137_{, T. M. B. Kordich}172_{, A. A. Korol}27,28_{, K. Korotushenko}91_, S. Korpar3,147_{, R. T. Kouzes}114_{, D. Kovalskyi}63_{, R. Kowalewski}55_{, Y. Kozakai}38_{, W. Kozanecki}62_{, J. F. Kral}15_, A. Krasnykh45_{, R. Krause}88_{, E. A. Kravchenko}27,28_{, J. Krebs}45_{, A. Kreisel}32_{, M. Kreps}161_{, M. Krishnamurthy}150_, R. Kroeger128_{, W. Kroeger}45_{, P. Krokovny}27,28_{, B. Kronenbitter}161_{, J. Kroseberg}30_{, T. Kubo}7_{, T. Kuhr}161_, G. Kukartsev15_{, R. Kulasiri}47_{, A. Kulikov}45_{, R. Kumar}186_{, S. Kumar}123_{, T. Kumita}168_{, T. Kuniya}185_{, M. Kunze}87_, C. C. Kuo80_{, T. -L. Kuo}20_{, H. Kurashiro}99_{, E. Kurihara}182_{, N. Kurita}45_{, Y. Kuroki}178_{, A. Kurup}149_{, P. E. Kutter}125_, N. Kuznetsova63_{, P. Kvasniˇcka}162_{, P. Kyberd}127_{, S. H. Kyeong}43_{, H. M. Lacker}184_{, C. K. Lae}169_{, E. Lamanna}10,31_, J. Lamsa5_{, L. Lanceri}142,143_{, L. Landi}107,108_{, M. I. Lang}69_{, D. J. Lange}136_{, J. S. Lange}187_{, U. Langenegger}101_, M. Langer62_{, A. J. Lankford}133_{, F. Lanni}67,68_{, S. Laplace}11_{, E. Latour}131_{, Y. P. Lau}91_{, D. R. Lavin}53_{, J. Layter}73_, H. Lebbolo48_{, C. LeClerc}15_{, T. Leddig}64_{, G. Leder}56_{, F. Le Diberder}11_{, C. L. Lee}122_{, J. Lee}49_{, J. S. Lee}157_, M. C. Lee20_{, M. H. Lee}7_{, M. J. Lee}49_{, M. J. Lee}15_{, S.-J. Lee}21_{, S. E. Lee}49_{, S. H. Lee}49_{, Y. J. Lee}20_{, J. P. Lees}85_, M. Legendre62_{, M. Leitgab}158_{, R. Leitner}162_{, E. Leonardi}10_{, C. Leonidopoulos}91_{, V. Lepeltier}†11_{, Ph. Leruste}48_, T. Lesiak19,188_{, M. E. Levi}15_{, S. L. Levy}63_{, B. Lewandowski}†87_{, M. J. Lewczuk}55_{, P. Lewis}45_{, H. Li}125_{, H. B. Li}96_, S. Li45_{, X. Li}49_{, X. Li}137_{, Y. Li}84_{, Y. Li}146_{, L. Li Gioi}10,31_{, J. Libby}45,189_{, J. Lidbury}65_{, V. Lillard}36_{, C. L. Lim}43_, A. Limosani126_{, C. S. Lin}137_{, J. Y. Lin}152_{, S. W. Lin}20_{, Y. S. Lin}20_{, B. Lindquist}45_{, C. Lindsay}55_{, L. Lista}151_, C. Liu106_{, F. Liu}73_{, H. Liu}153_{, H. M. Liu}96_{, J. Liu}102_{, R. Liu}125_{, T. Liu}91_{, Y. Liu}47_{, Z. Q. Liu}96_{, D. Liventsev}7,12_, M. Lo Vetere119,120_{, C. B. Locke}55_{, W. S. Lockman}30_{, F. Di Lodovico}1_{, V. Lombardo}67,68_{, G. W. London}62_, D. Lopes Pegna91_{, L. Lopez}24,51_{, N. Lopez-March}46_{, J. Lory}48_{, J. M. LoSecco}18_{, X. C. Lou}95_{, R. Louvot}129_{, A. Lu}63_, C. Lu91_{, M. Lu}139_{, R. S. Lu}20_{, T. Lueck}55_{, S. Luitz}45_{, P. Lukin}27,28_{, P. Lund}150_{, E. Luppi}107,108_{, A. M. Lutz}11_, O. Lutz161_{, G. Lynch}15_{, H. L. Lynch}45_{, A. J. Lyon}76_{, V. R. Lyubinsky}171_{, D. B. MacFarlane}45_{, C. Mackay}109_, J. MacNaughton7_{, M. M. Macri}119_{, S. Madani}65_{, W. F. Mader}88_{, S. A. Majewski}66_{, G. Majumder}79_{, Y. Makida}7_, B. Malaescu11_{, R. Malaguti}107_{, J. Malcl`es}48_{, U. Mallik}21_{, E. Maly}88_{, H. Mamada}179_{, A. Manabe}7_{, G. Mancinelli}47_, M. Mandelkern133_{, F. Mandl}56_{, P. F. Manfredi}190_{, D. J. J. Mangeol}54_{, E. Manoni}81_{, Z. P. Mao}96_{, M. Margoni}144,145_, C. E. Marker149_{, G. Markey}65_{, J. Marks}101_{, D. Marlow}91_{, V. Marques}62_{, H. Marsiske}45_{, S. Martellotti}9_,

E. C. Martin133_{, J. P. Martin}111_{, L. Martin}48_{, A. J. Martinez}30_{, M. Marzolla}144_{, A. Mass}109_{, M. Masuzawa}7_, A. Mathieu131_{, P. Matricon}131_{, T. Matsubara}8_{, T. Matsuda}191_{, T. Matsuda}7_{, H. Matsumoto}100_{, S. Matsumoto}192_, T. Matsumoto168_{, H. Matsuo}†193_{, T. S. Mattison}75_{, D. Matvienko}27,28_{, A. Matyja}19_{, B. Mayer}62_{, M. A. Mazur}63_, M. A. Mazzoni10_{, M. McCulloch}45_{, J. McDonald}45_{, J. D. McFall}109_{, P. McGrath}149_{, A. K. McKemey}127_,

J. A. McKenna75_{, S. E. Mclachlin}†54_{, S. McMahon}25_{, T. R. McMahon}149_{, S. McOnie}6_{, T. Medvedeva}12_{, R. Melen}45_, B. Mellado125_{, W. Menges}1_{, S. Menke}45_{, A. M. Merchant}15_{, J. Merkel}105_{, R. Messner}†45_{, S. Metcalfe}45_{, S. Metzler}22_, N. T. Meyer21_{, T. I. Meyer}66_{, W. T. Meyer}5_{, A. K. Michael}32_{, G. Michelon}144,145_{, S. Michizono}7_{, P. Micout}62_, V. Miftakov91_{, A. Mihalyi}125_{, Y. Mikami}176_{, D. A. Milanes}46_{, M. Milek}54_{, T. Mimashi}7_{, J. S. Minamora}22_, C. Mindas91_{, S. Minutoli}119_{, L. M. Mir}15_{, K. Mishra}47_{, W. Mitaroff}56_{, H. Miyake}178_{, T. S. Miyashita}66_{, H. Miyata}100_, Y. Miyazaki38_{, L. C. Moffitt}126_{, G. B. Mohanty}44_{, A. Mohapatra}130_{, A. K. Mohapatra}125_{, D. Mohapatra}114_{, A. Moll}70_, G. R. Moloney126_{, J. P. Mols}62_{, R. K. Mommsen}133_{, M. R. Monge}119,120_{, D. Monorchio}151,159_{, T. B. Moore}137_, G. F. Moorhead126_{, P. Mora de Freitas}131_{, M. Morandin}144_{, N. Morgan}84_{, S. E. Morgan}148_{, M. Morganti}77,92_, S. Morganti10_{, S. Mori}113_{, T. Mori}38_{, M. Morii}122_{, J. P. Morris}39_{, F. Morsani}77_{, G. W. Morton}116_{, L. J. Moss}45_, J. P. Mouly62_{, R. Mount}45_{, J. Mueller}60_{, R. M¨uller-Pfefferkorn}88_{, M. Mugge}136_{, F. Muheim}53_{, A. Muir}25_, E. Mullin73_{, M. Munerato}107,108_{, A. Murakami}185_{, T. Murakami}7_{, N. Muramatsu}194_{, P. Musico}119_{, I. Nagai}38_, T. Nagamine176_{, Y. Nagasaka}112_{, Y. Nagashima}178_{, S. Nagayama}7_{, M. Nagel}32_{, M. T. Naisbit}76_{, T. Nakadaira}8_,

Y. Nakahama8_{, M. Nakajima}176_{, T. Nakajima}176_{, I. Nakamura}7_{, T. Nakamura}99_{, T. T. Nakamura}7_{, E. Nakano}181_, H. Nakayama7_{, J. W. Nam}157_{, S. Narita}176_{, I. Narsky}22_{, J .A. Nash}116_{, Z. Natkaniec}19_{, U. Nauenberg}32_, M. Nayak189_{, H. Neal}45_{, E. Nedelkovska}70_{, M. Negrini}107_{, K. Neichi}98_{, D. Nelson}45_{, S. Nelson}45_{, N. Neri}67_, G. Nesom30_{, S. Neubauer}161_{, D. Newman-Coburn}†1_{, C. Ng}8_{, X. Nguyen}111_{, H. Nicholson}195_{, C. Niebuhr}61_, J. Y. Nief11_{, M. Niiyama}193_{, M. B. Nikolich}116_{, N. K. Nisar}79_{, K. Nishimura}103_{, Y. Nishio}38_{, O. Nitoh}179_, R. Nogowski88_{, S. Noguchi}34_{, T. Nomura}193_{, M. Nordby}45_{, Y. Nosochkov}45_{, A. Novokhatski}45_{, S. Nozaki}176_, T. Nozaki7_{, I. M. Nugent}55_{, C. P. O’Grady}45_{, S. W. O’Neale}†148_{, F. G. O’Neill}45_{, B. Oberhof}77,92_{, P. J. Oddone}15_, I. Ofte45_{, A. Ogawa}57_{, K. Ogawa}7_{, S. Ogawa}196_{, Y. Ogawa}7_{, R. Ohkubo}7_{, K. Ohmi}7_{, Y. Ohnishi}7_{, F. Ohno}99_, T. Ohshima38_{, Y. Ohshima}99_{, N. Ohuchi}7_{, K. Oide}7_{, N. Oishi}38_{, T. Okabe}38_{, N. Okazaki}179_{, T. Okazaki}34_, S. Okuno93_{, E. O. Olaiya}65_{, A. Olivas}32_{, P. Olley}65_{, J. Olsen}91_{, S. Ono}99_{, G. Onorato}151,159_{, A. P. Onuchin}27,28,138_, Y. Onuki8_{, T. Ooba}182_{, T. J. Orimoto}15_{, T. Oshima}38_{, I. L. Osipenkov}15_{, W. Ostrowicz}19_{, C. Oswald}72_,

S. Otto88_{, J. Oyang}22_{, A. Oyanguren}46_{, H. Ozaki}7_{, V. E. Ozcan}45_{, H. P. Paar}174_{, C. Padoan}107,108_{, K. Paick}175_, H. Palka†19, B. Pan102_{, Y. Pan}125_{, W. Panduro Vazquez}116_{, J. Panetta}166_{, A. I. Panova}171_{, R. S. Panvini}†197_, E. Panzenb¨ock34,167_{, E. Paoloni}77,92_{, P. Paolucci}151_{, M. Pappagallo}24,51_{, S. Paramesvaran}149_{, C. S. Park}49_, C. W. Park157_{, H. Park}180_{, H. Park}32_{, H. K. Park}180_{, K. S. Park}157_{, W. Park}153_{, R. J. Parry}25_{, N. Parslow}6_, S. Passaggio119_{, F. C. Pastore}119,120_{, P. M. Patel}†54_{, C. Patrignani}119,120_{, P. Patteri}9_{, T. Pavel}45_{, J. Pavlovich}146_, D. J. Payne25_{, L. S. Peak}6_{, D. R. Peimer}90_{, M. Pelizaeus}87_{, R. Pellegrini}67,68_{, M. Pelliccioni}16,17_{, C. C. Peng}20_, J. C. Peng20_{, K. C. Peng}20_{, T. Peng}106_{, Y. Penichot}62_{, S. Pennazzi}81,82_{, M. R. Pennington}44_{, R. C. Penny}148_, A. Penzkofer32_{, A. Perazzo}45_{, A. Perez}77_{, M. Perl}45_{, M. Pernicka}†56_{, J.-P. Perroud}129_{, I. M. Peruzzi}9,82_{, R. Pestotnik}3_, K. Peters87_{, M. Peters}103_{, B. A. Petersen}66_{, T. C. Petersen}11_{, E. Petigura}15_{, S. Petrak}45_{, A. Petrella}107_{, M. Petriˇc}3_, A. Petzold105_{, M. G. Pia}119_{, T. Piatenko}22_{, D. Piccolo}151,159_{, M. Piccolo}9_{, L. Piemontese}107_{, M. Piemontese}45_, M. Pierini125_{, S. Pierson}45_{, M. Pioppi}81,82_{, G. Piredda}10_{, M. Pivk}48_{, S. Plaszczynski}11_{, F. Polci}10,11,31_{, A. Pompili}24,51_, P. Poropat†142,143, M. Posocco144_{, C. T. Potter}139_{, R. J. L. Potter}1_{, V. Prasad}135_{, E. Prebys}91_{, E. Prencipe}33_, J. Prendki48_{, R. Prepost}125_{, M. Prest}142_{, M. Prim}161_{, M. Pripstein}15_{, X. Prudent}85_{, S. Pruvot}11_{, E. M. T. Puccio}66_, M. V. Purohit153_{, N. D. Qi}96_{, H. Quinn}45_{, J. Raaf}47_{, R. Rabberman}91_{, F. Raffaelli}77_{, G. Ragghianti}150_{, S. Rahatlou}174_, A. M. Rahimi39_{, R. Rahmat}139_{, A. Y. Rakitin}22_{, A. Randle-Conde}58_{, P. Rankin}32_{, I. Rashevskaya}142_{, S. Ratkovsky}45_, G. Raven118_{, V. Re}190_{, M. Reep}128_{, J. J. Regensburger}39_{, J. Reidy}128_{, R. Reif}45_{, B. Reisert}70_{, C. Renard}131_, F. Renga10,31_{, S. Ricciardi}65_{, J. D. Richman}63_{, J. L. Ritchie}163_{, M. Ritter}70_{, C. Rivetta}45_{, G. Rizzo}77,92_{, C. Roat}66_, P. Robbe85_{, D. A. Roberts}36_{, A. I. Robertson}53_{, E. Robutti}119_{, S. Rodier}11_{, D. M. Rodriguez}32_{, J. L. Rodriguez}103_, R. Rodriguez45_{, N. A. Roe}15_{, M. R¨ohrken}161_{, W. Roethel}65_{, J. Rolquin}62_{, L. Romanov}27_{, A. Romosan}15_, M. T. Ronan†15, G. Rong96_{, F. J. Ronga}7_{, L. Roos}48_{, N. Root}27_{, M. Rosen}103_{, E. I. Rosenberg}5_{, A. Rossi}81_, A. Rostomyan61_{, M. Rotondo}144_{, E. Roussot}131_{, J. Roy}32_{, M. Rozanska}19_{, Y. Rozen}63_{, Y. Rozen}198_{, A. E. Rubin}5_, W. O. Ruddick32_{, A. M. Ruland}163_{, K. Rybicki}19_{, A. Ryd}22_{, S. Ryu}49_{, J. Ryuko}178_{, S. Sabik}111_{, R. Sacco}1_, M. A. Saeed102_{, F. Safai Tehrani}10_{, H. Sagawa}7_{, H. Sahoo}103_{, S. Sahu}20_{, M. Saigo}176_{, T. Saito}176_{, S. Saitoh}199_, K. Sakai7_{, H. Sakamoto}193_{, H. Sakaue}181_{, M. Saleem}127_{, A. A. Salnikov}45_{, E. Salvati}137_{, F. Salvatore}149_{, A. Samuel}22_, D. A. Sanders128_{, P. Sanders}116_{, S. Sandilya}79_{, F. Sandrelli}77,92_{, W. Sands}91_{, W. R. Sands}91_{, M. Sanpei}98_{, D. Santel}47_, L. Santelj3_{, V. Santoro}107_{, A. Santroni}119,120_{, T. Sanuki}176_{, T. R. Sarangi}199_{, S. Saremi}137_{, A. Sarti}107,108_{, T. Sasaki}7_, N. Sasao193_{, M. Satapathy}130_{, Nobuhiko Sato}7_{, Noriaki Sato}38_{, Y. Sato}176_{, N. Satoyama}177_{, A. Satpathy}47,163_, V. Savinov60_{, N. Savvas}76_{, O. H. Saxton}45_{, K. Sayeed}47_{, S. F. Schaffner}91_{, T. Schalk}30_{, S. Schenk}101_{, J. R. Schieck}36_, T. Schietinger45,129_{, C. J. Schilling}163_{, R. H. Schindler}45_{, S. Schmid}56_{, R. E. Schmitz}30_{, H. Schmuecker}87_,

O. Schneider129_{, G. Schnell}200,201_{, P. Sch¨onmeier}176_{, K. C. Schofield}25_{, G. Schott}161_{, H. Schr¨oder}†64_{, M. Schram}54_, J. Schubert88_{, J. Sch¨umann}7_{, J. Schultz}133_{, B. A. Schumm}30_{, M. H. Schune}11_{, U. Schwanke}174_{, H. Schwarz}45_, J. Schwiening45_{, R. Schwierz}88_{, R. F. Schwitters}163_{, C. Sciacca}151,159_{, G. Sciolla}69_{, I. J. Scott}125_{, J. Seeman}45_, A. Seiden30_{, R. Seitz}111_{, T. Seki}168_{, A.I. Sekiya}34_{, S. Semenov}12_{, D. Semmler}187_{, S. Sen}32_{, K. Senyo}202_{, O. Seon}38_, V. V. Serbo45_{, S. I. Serednyakov}27,28_{, B. Serfass}62_{, M. Serra}10_{, J. Serrano}11_{, Y. Settai}192_{, R. Seuster}103_, M. E. Sevior126_{, K. V. Shakhova}171_{, L. Shang}96_{, M. Shapkin}132_{, V. Sharma}174_{, V. Shebalin}27,28_{, V. G. Shelkov}15_, B. C. Shen†73, D. Z. Shen203_{, Y. T. Shen}20_{, D. J. Sherwood}127_{, T. Shibata}100_{, T. A. Shibata}99_{, H. Shibuya}196_, T. Shidara7_{, K. Shimada}100_{, M. Shimoyama}34_{, S. Shinomiya}178_{, J. G. Shiu}20_{, H. W. Shorthouse}1_{, L. I. Shpilinskaya}171_, A. Sibidanov6_{, E. Sicard}111_{, A. Sidorov}27_{, V. Sidorov}†27_{, V. Siegle}57_{, M. Sigamani}1_{, M. C. Simani}136_{, M. Simard}111_, G. Simi144_{, F. Simon}70,86_{, F. Simonetto}144,145_{, N. B. Sinev}139_{, H. Singh}153_{, J. B. Singh}123_{, R. Sinha}204_{, S. Sitt}48_, Yu. I. Skovpen27,28_{, R. J. Sloane}25_{, P. Smerkol}3_{, A. J. S. Smith}91_{, D. Smith}148_{, D. Smith}116_{, D. Smith}45_, D. S. Smith39_{, J. G. Smith}32_{, A. Smol}16_{, H. L. Snoek}118_{, A. Snyder}45_{, R. Y. So}75_{, R. J. Sobie}55_{, E. Soderstrom}45_, A. Soha45_{, Y. S. Sohn}43_{, M. D. Sokoloff}47_{, A. Sokolov}132_{, P. Solagna}144_{, E. Solovieva}12_{, N. Soni}123,148_{, P. Sonnek}128_, V. Sordini11,10,31_{, B. Spaan}105_{, S. M. Spanier}150_{, E. Spencer}30_{, V. Speziali}190_{, M. Spitznagel}69_{, P. Spradlin}30_, H. Staengle137_{, R. Stamen}7_{, M. Stanek}45_{, S. Staniˇc}205_{, J. Stark}48_{, M. Steder}61_{, H. Steininger}56_{, M. Steinke}87_, J. Stelzer45_{, E. Stevanato}144_{, A. Stocchi}11_{, R. Stock}206_{, H. Stoeck}6_{, D. P. Stoker}133_{, R. Stroili}144,145_{, D. Strom}139_, P. Strother1_{, J. Strube}139_{, B. Stugu}29_{, J. Stypula}19_{, D. Su}45_{, R. Suda}168_{, R. Sugahara}7_{, A. Sugi}38_{, T. Sugimura}7_, A. Sugiyama185_{, S. Suitoh}38_{, M. K. Sullivan}45_{, M. Sumihama}207_{, T. Sumiyoshi}168_{, D. J. Summers}128_{, L. Sun}29_, L. Sun47_{, S. Sun}45_{, J. E. Sundermann}88_{, H. F. Sung}20_{, Y. Susaki}38_{, P. Sutcliffe}25_{, A. Suzuki}15_{, J. Suzuki}7_,

J. I. Suzuki7_{, K. Suzuki}38,45_{, S. Suzuki}185_{, S. Y. Suzuki}7_{, J. E. Swain}53_{, S. K. Swain}45,103_{, S. T’Jampens}131_, M. Tabata182_{, K. Tackmann}15_{, H. Tajima}8_{, O. Tajima}7_{, K. Takahashi}99_{, S. Takahashi}100_{, T. Takahashi}181_, F. Takasaki7_{, T. Takayama}176_{, M. Takita}178_{, K. Tamai}7_{, U. Tamponi}16,17_{, N. Tamura}100_{, N. Tan}208_{, P. Tan}125_, K. Tanabe8_{, T. Tanabe}15_{, H. A. Tanaka}45_{, J. Tanaka}8_{, M. Tanaka}7_{, S. Tanaka}7_{, Y. Tanaka}209_{, K. Tanida}49_, N. Taniguchi7_{, P. Taras}111_{, N. Tasneem}55_{, G. Tatishvili}114_{, T. Tatomi}7_{, M. Tawada}7_{, F. Taylor}69_{, G. N. Taylor}126_, G. P. Taylor116_{, V. I. Telnov}27,28_{, L. Teodorescu}127_{, R. Ter-Antonyan}39_{, Y. Teramoto}181_{, D. Teytelman}45_{, G. Th´erin}48_, Ch. Thiebaux131_{, D. Thiessen}75_{, E. W. Thomas}32_{, J. M. Thompson}45_{, F. Thorne}56_{, X. C. Tian}124_{, M. Tibbetts}116_, I. Tikhomirov12_{, J. S. Tinslay}45_{, G. Tiozzo}144_{, V. Tisserand}85_{, V. Tocut}11_{, W. H. Toki}117_{, E. W. Tomassini}32_, M. Tomoto7_{, T. Tomura}8_{, E. Torassa}144_{, E. Torrence}139_{, S. Tosi}119,120_{, C. Touramanis}25_{, J. C. Toussaint}62_, S. N. Tovey126_{, P. P. Trapani}16_{, E. Treadwell}210_{, G. Triggiani}77,92_{, S. Trincaz-Duvoid}11_{, W. Trischuk}91_{, D. Troost}15_, A. Trunov45_{, K. L. Tsai}20_{, Y. T. Tsai}20_{, Y. Tsujita}113_{, K. Tsukada}7_{, T. Tsukamoto}7_{, J. M. Tuggle}36_{, A. Tumanov}91_, Y. W. Tung20_{, L. Turnbull}175_{, J. Turner}45_{, M. Turri}30_{, K. Uchida}103_{, M. Uchida}99_{, Y. Uchida}199_{, M. Ueki}176_, K. Ueno7_{, K. Ueno}20_{, N. Ujiie}7_{, K. A. Ulmer}32_{, Y. Unno}154_{, P. Urquijo}126_{, Y. Ushiroda}7_{, Y. Usov}27,28_{, M. Usseglio}62_, Y. Usuki38_{, U. Uwer}101_{, J. Va’vra}45_{, S. E. Vahsen}103_{, G. Vaitsas}149_{, A. Valassi}11_{, E. Vallazza}142_{, A. Vallereau}48_, P. Vanhoefer70_{, W. C. van Hoek}32_{, C. Van Hulse}200_{, D. van Winkle}45_{, G. Varner}103_{, E. W. Varnes}91_{, K. E. Varvell}6_, G. Vasileiadis131_{, Y. S. Velikzhanin}20_{, M. Verderi}131_{, S. Versill´e}48_{, K. Vervink}129_{, B. Viaud}111_{, P. B. Vidal}1_{, S. Villa}129_, P. Villanueva-Perez46_{, E. L. Vinograd}171_{, L. Vitale}142,143_{, G. M. Vitug}73_{, C. Voß}64_{, C. Voci}144,145_{, C. Voena}10_, A. Volk88_{, J. H. von Wimmersperg-Toeller}125_{, V. Vorobyev}27,28_{, A. Vossen}211_{, G. Vuagnin}142,143_{, C. O. Vuosalo}125_, K. Wacker105_{, A. P. Wagner}45_{, D. L. Wagner}32_{, G. Wagner}64_{, M. N. Wagner}187_{, S. R. Wagner}32_{, D. E. Wagoner}175_, D. Walker109_{, W. Walkowiak}30_{, D. Wallom}109_{, C. C. Wang}20_{, C. H. Wang}140_{, J. Wang}124_{, J. G. Wang}84_{, K. Wang}73_, L. Wang30_{, L. L. Wang}11_{, P. Wang}96_{, P. Wang}96_{, T. J. Wang}96_{, W. F. Wang}45_{, X. L. Wang}84_{, Y. F. Wang}106_, F. R. Wappler102_{, M. Watanabe}100_{, A. T. Watson}148_{, J. E. Watson}53_{, N. K. Watson}148_{, M. Watt}65_{, J. H. Weatherall}76_, M. Weaver45_{, T. Weber}45_{, R. Wedd}126_{, J. T. Wei}20_{, A. W. Weidemann}153_{, A. J. R. Weinstein}45_{, W. A. Wenzel}15_, C. A. West63_{, C. G. West}32_{, T. J. West}76_{, E. White}47_{, R. M. White}153_{, J. Wicht}7_{, L. Widhalm}†56_{, J. Wiechczynski}19_, U. Wienands45_{, L. Wilden}88_{, M. Wilder}30_{, D. C. Williams}30_{, G. Williams}95_{, J. C. Williams}76_{, K. M. Williams}84_, M. I. Williams1_{, S. Y. Willocq}137_{, J. R. Wilson}153_{, M. G. Wilson}30_{, R. J. Wilson}117_{, F. Winklmeier}117_,

L. O. Winstrom30_{, M. A. Winter}149_{, W. J. Wisniewski}45_{, M. Wittgen}45_{, J. Wittlin}137_{, W. Wittmer}45_{, R. Wixted}91_, A. Woch111_{, B. J. Wogsland}150_{, E. Won}122_{, Q. K. Wong}39_{, B. C. Wray}163_{, A. C. Wren}149_{, D. M. Wright}136_, C. H. Wu20_{, J. Wu}122_{, S. L. Wu}125_{, H. W. Wulsin}45_{, S. M. Xella}65_{, Q. L. Xie}96_{, Y. Xie}53_{, Y. Xie}9_{, Z. Z. Xu}106_, Ch. Y`eche62_{, Y. Yamada}7_{, M. Yamaga}176_{, A. Yamaguchi}176_{, H. Yamaguchi}7_{, T. Yamaki}212_{, H. Yamamoto}176_, N. Yamamoto7_{, R. K. Yamamoto}†69_{, S. Yamamoto}168_{, T. Yamanaka}178_{, H. Yamaoka}7_{, J. Yamaoka}103_{, Y. Yamaoka}7_, Y. Yamashita213_{, M. Yamauchi}7_{, D. S. Yan}203_{, Y. Yan}45_{, H. Yanai}100_{, S. Yanaka}99_{, H. Yang}49_{, R. Yang}91_{, S. Yang}22_, A. K. Yarritu45_{, S. Yashchenko}61_{, J. Yashima}7_{, Z. Yasin}73_{, Y. Yasu}7_{, S. W. Ye}106_{, P. Yeh}20_{, J. I. Yi}76_{, K. Yi}45_, M. Yi69_{, Z. W. Yin}203_{, J. Ying}124_{, G. Yocky}45_{, K. Yokoyama}7_{, M. Yokoyama}8_{, T. Yokoyama}179_{, K. Yoshida}38_, M. Yoshida7_{, Y. Yoshimura}7_{, C. C. Young}45_{, C. X. Yu}96_{, Z. Yu}125_{, C. Z. Yuan}96_{, Y. Yuan}96_{, F. X. Yumiceva}153_, Y. Yusa100_{, A. N. Yushkov}27_{, H. Yuta}183_{, V. Zacek}111_{, S. B. Zain}102_{, A. Zallo}9_{, S. Zambito}16,17_{, D. Zander}161_, S. L. Zang96_{, D. Zanin}16_{, B. G. Zaslavsky}171_{, Q. L. Zeng}117_{, A. Zghiche}85_{, B. Zhang}48_{, J. Zhang}7_{, J. Zhang}32_, L. Zhang73_{, L. M. Zhang}106_{, S. Q. Zhang}96_{, Z. P. Zhang}106_{, H. W. Zhao}96_{, H. W. Zhao}128_{, M. Zhao}69_{, Z. G. Zhao}106_, Y. Zheng69_{, Y. H. Zheng}103_{, Z. P. Zheng}96_{, V. Zhilich}27,28_{, P. Zhou}141_{, R. Y. Zhu}22_{, Y. S. Zhu}96_{, Z. M. Zhu}124_, V. Zhulanov27,28_{, T. Ziegler}91_{, V. Ziegler}45_{, G. Zioulas}133_{, M. Zisman}15_{, M. Zito}62_{, D. Z¨urcher}129_{, N. Zwahlen}129_, O. Zyukova27,28_{, T. ˇZivko}3_{, and D. ˇZontar}3

∗ _{General Editor} § _{Section Editor}

¶ _{Additional Section Writer} † _Deceased

1

Queen Mary, University of London, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom

2

Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia

3

J. Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia

4

Theoretische Physik 1, Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakult¨at, Universit¨at Siegen, Walter-Flex-Straße 3, D-57068 Siegen, Germany

5

Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3160, USA

6

School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia

7

High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan

8

Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan

9

INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, I-00044 Frascati, Italy

10

INFN Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma, Italy

11

Laboratoire de l’Acc´el´erateur Lin´eaire, IN2P3/CNRS et Universit´e Paris-Sud 11, Centre Scientifique d’Orsay, F-91898 Orsay Cedex, France

12

Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow 117218, Russia

13

Physik Department, James-Franck-Straße 1, Technische Universit¨at M¨unchen, D-85748 Garching, Germany

14

Institut f¨ur Theoretische Teilchenphysik und Kosmologie, RWTH Aachen, D-52056 Aachen, Germany

15

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA

16

INFN Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy

17

Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit`a di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy

18

University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA

19

H. Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakow 31-342, Poland

20

Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan

21

University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA

22

California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA

23

Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 115, Republic of China

24

INFN, Sezione de Bari, via Orabona 4, I-70126 Bari, Italy

25

University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom

26

Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow Region 141700, Russia

27

Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia

28

Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia

29

University of Bergen, Institute of Physics, N-5007 Bergen, Norway

30

University of California at Santa Cruz, Institute for Particle Physics, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA

31

Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit`a di Roma La Sapienza, I-00185 Roma, Italy

32

University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA

33

Johannes Gutenberg-Universit¨at Mainz, Institut f¨ur Kernphysik, D-55099 Mainz, Germany

34

Nara Women’s University, Nara 630-8506, Japan

35

Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8583, Japan

36

University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA

37

Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan

38

Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan

39

Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA

40

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA

41

KEK Theory Center, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies, KEK 1-1, OHO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan

42

Particle and Nuclear Physics Division, J-PARC Center 201-1, Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki, 309-11-6, Japan

43

Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea

44

Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom

45

SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA

46

IFIC, Universitat de Valencia-CSIC, E-46071 Valencia, Spain

47

University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA

48

Laboratoire de Physique Nucl´eaire et de Hautes Energies, IN2P3/CNRS, Universit´e Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, Universit´e Denis Diderot-Paris7, F-75252 Paris, France

49

Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea

50

Moscow Physical Engineering Institute, Moscow 115409, Russia

51

Dipartmento di Fisica, Universit`a di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy

52

Departament de F´ısica Te`orica, IFIC, Universitat de Val`encia – CSIC Apt. Correus 22085, E-46071 Val`encia, Spain

53

University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, United Kingdom

54

McGill University, Montr´eal, Qu´ebec, Canada H3A 2T8

55

University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3P6

56

Institute of High Energy Physics, 1050 Vienna, Austria

57

RIKEN BNL Research Center, Brookhaven, NY 11973, USA

58

Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, USA

59

Institut f¨ur Theoretische Teilchenphysik, Karlsruher Institut f¨ur Technologie, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany

60

University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA

61

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607 Hamburg, Germany

62

CEA, Irfu, SPP, Centre de Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

63

University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA

64

Universit¨at Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany

65

Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom

66

Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4060, USA

67

INFN Sezione di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy

68

Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit`a di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy

69

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Laboratory for Nuclear Science, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA

70

Max-Planck-Institut f¨ur Physik, 80805 M¨unchen, Germany

71

72

University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany

73

University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA

74

University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688, USA

75

University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1

76

University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom

77

INFN Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy

78

Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy

79

Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India

80

National Central University, Chung-li 32054, Taiwan

81

INFN Sezione di Perugia I-06123 Perugia, Italy

82

Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit`a di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy

83

Luther College, Decorah, IA 52101, USA

84

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA

85

Laboratoire d’Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Universit´e de Savoie, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France

86

Excellence Cluster Universe, Technische Universit¨at M¨unchen, 85748 Garching, Germany

87

Ruhr Universit¨at Bochum, Institut f¨ur Experimentalphysik 1, D-44780 Bochum, Germany

88

Technische Universit¨at Dresden, Institut f¨ur Kern- und Teilchenphysik, D-01062 Dresden, Germany

89

Beihang University, Beijing 100191

90

Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel

91

Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA

92

Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit`a di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy

93

Kanagawa University, Yokohama 221-8686, Japan

94

Korea University, Seoul 136-713, South Korea

95

University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75083, USA

96

Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing 100039, China

97

University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90024, USA

98

Tohoku Gakuin University, Tagajo 985-8537, Japan

99

Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan

100

Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan

101

Universit¨at Heidelberg, Physikalisches Institut, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany

102

State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, USA

103

University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA

104

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA

105

Technische Universit¨at Dortmund, Fakult¨at Physik, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany

106

University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China

107

INFN Sezione di Ferrara, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy

108

Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Universit`a di Ferrara, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy

109

University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom

110

INFN CNAF I-40127 Bologna, Italy

111

Universit´e de Montr´eal, Physique des Particules, Montr´eal, Qu´ebec, Canada H3C 3J7

112

Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Hiroshima 731-5193, Japan

113

University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan

114

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA

115

Toyama National College of Maritime Technology, Toyama 933-0293, Japan

116

Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom

117

Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA

118

NIKHEF, National Institute for Nuclear Physics and High Energy Physics, NL-1009 DB Amsterdam, The Netherlands

119

INFN Sezione di Genova, I-16146 Genova, Italy

120

Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit`a di Genova, I-16146 Genova, Italy

121

Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, SatyaNagar, 751007, India

122

Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA

123

Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India

124

Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China

125

University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA

126

School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia

127

Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, United Kingdom

128

University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA

129 _´

Ecole Polytechnique F´ed´erale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland

130

Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India

131

Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, CNRS/IN2P3, Ecole Polytechnique, F-91128 Palaiseau, France

132