Analisi dell'impatto operativo dei sistemi di rullaggio elettrici

POLITECNICO DI MILANO

Facoltà di Ingegneria Industriale

Corso di Laurea in

Ingegneria Aeronautica

Analisi dell'impatto operativo dei sistemi di rullaggio elettrici

Relatore: Prof. Cesare CARDANI

Tesi di Laurea di:

Roberto CARERI Matr. 682714

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✶ ❉❡#❝%✐③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ ♣%♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✾ ✶✳✶ ■♥$%♦❞✉③✐♦♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✶✳✷ ❊♠✐00✐♦♥✐ ❣❛00♦0❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷ 2%♦❝❡❞✉%❡ ❡ #✐#4❡♠✐ ❛44✉❛❧✐ ♣❡% ✐❧ %✉❧❧❛❣❣✐♦ ✶✺ ✷✳✶ ❆❝❝❡♥0✐♦♥❡ ♠♦$♦%✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✷ ❘✉❧❧❛❣❣✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✸ ❆:❯ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✹ :♥❡✉♠❛$✐❝✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✸ ❉❡#❝%✐③✐♦♥❡ ❝♦#4%✉44✐✈❛ ✷✸ ✸✳✶ ❙♦❧✉③✐♦♥✐ ❶❋✉❡❧ ❙❛✈✐♥❣❷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✸✳✷ :%♦❜❧❡♠❛$✐❝❤❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✸✳✸ ❙$❡%③♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✹ ❙❛❧✈❛❣✉❛%❞✐❛ ❞❡✐ :♥❡✉♠❛$✐❝✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✺ :●❙❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶

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✹ ❆♥❛❧✐#✐ ❞❡❧ %✐#♣❛%♠✐♦ ✸✹ ✹✳✶ ❙$%❛$❡❣✐❡ ❞✐ ❛♣♣%♦✈✈✐❣✐♦♥❛♠❡♥$♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✹✳✷ ❆♥❛❧✐0✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✹✳✷✳✶ ❚❛①✐✲❖✉$ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✹✳✷✳✷ :%✐♠❛ ❛♥❛❧✐0✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✹✳✷✳✸ ❈❛0❡ 0$✉❞② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✷✳✹ ▲❱: ✲ ▲♦✇ ❱✐0✐❜✐❧✐$② :%♦❝❡❞✉%❡0 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✹✳✷✳✺ ❆♥❛❧✐0✐ ♣✐M ❛♣♣%♦❢♦♥❞✐$❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✸ ▼❛♥✉$❡♥③✐♦♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✸✳✶ :%♦❣%❛♠♠✐ ❞✐ ♠❛♥✉$❡♥③✐♦♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✷

■◆❉■❈❊ ✸ ✹✳✹ ❊♠✐&&✐♦♥✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✹✳✶ ❱❛❧✉0❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❡♠✐&&✐♦♥✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✹✳✹✳✷ ▲❚❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾

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✼✶

✺ ❱❛❧✉%❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ ,✐,%❡♠❛ ✼✷ ✺✳✶ ■♠♣❛00♦ ♦♣❡;❛0✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✺✳✷ >♦&&✐❜✐❧✐ &✈✐❧✉♣♣✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✺✳✷✳✶ ❈❡❧❧❡ ❛ ❝♦♠❜✉&0✐❜✐❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✺✳✷✳✷ ❆✲❈❉▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✺✳✷✳✸ ❱❛;✐❛❜❧❡ ❚❛①✐ ❚✐♠❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✺✳✷✳✹ ❆❡;♦♣♦;0♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉,✐♦♥✐ ✽✷ ✻✳✶ ❱❛❧✉0❛;❡ ✐ ❝♦♥&✉♠✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✻✳✷ ❱❛❧✉0❛;❡ ❧❡ ❡♠✐&&✐♦♥✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✻✳✸ ❱❛❧✉0❛;❡ ✐ &✐&0❡♠✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺

❊❧❡♥❝♦ ❞❡❧❧❡ ✜❣✉*❡

✶✳✶ "❡$❝❡♥'✉❛❧✐ ❞❡✐ ❝♦.'✐ ♣❡$ ❛$❡❛ ❣❡♦❣$❛✜❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✶✳✷ ❈♦.'♦ ❞❡❧ ❧❛✈♦$♦ ❡ ❞❡❧ ❝♦♠❜✉.'✐❜✐❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✶✳✸ ❇$❡♥'✱ ❲❚■✱ ❏❡' ❋✉❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✶✳✹ ❈♦.'♦ ❡ ❝♦♥.✉♠♦ ❞✐ ❝❛$❜✉$❛♥'❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❝♦♠♣❛❣♥✐❡ ❛❡$❡❡ ❛♠❡$✐❝❛♥❡ ✶✷ ✷✳✶ ❊♥❣✐♥❡ ❞$❛✐♥ ♠❛.' ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✸✳✶ ▲✐♠✐'❛③✐♦♥✐ ♥❡❧❧✬✉.♦ ❞❡❧❧♦ .'❡$③♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✷ "♦.✐③✐♦♥❡ ✈♦❧❛♥'✐♥♦ ❞❡❧❧♦ .'❡$③♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✸ ❱♦❧❛♥'✐♥♦ ❞❡❧❧♦ .'❡$③♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✸✳✹ "♦.✐③✐♦♥❡ ♠❛♥❡''❛ ❡❚❛①✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✺ ❙❝❤❡♠❛ ❝❛$$❡❧❧♦ ❛''❡$$❛❣❣✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✹✳✶ "✐❛③③❛❧❡ ◆♦$❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✹✳✷ "✉♥'✐ ❞✐ $✐❧❛.❝✐♦ ❞♦♣♦ ✐❧ ♣✉.❤✲❜❛❝❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✸ ❋❧✉..♦ ❞✐ '$❛✣❝♦ ♣❡$ ❧❛ ❧✐♥❡❛ ❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✹✳✹ ❙❝❤❡♠❛ $✐❛..✉♥'✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✹✳✺ ❈♦♥.✉♠✐✲❊♠✐..✐♦♥✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✹✳✻ ❘✐.♣❛$♠✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✹✳✼ ❆♥❞❛♠❡♥'♦ ❡♠✐..✐♦♥✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✹✳✽ ❈✐❝❧♦ ▲❚❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✹✳✾ ❈✐❝❧♦ ▲❚❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✺✳✶ ❋❧✉..♦ ❞❛'✐ ❈❉▼ ▼✐❧❡.'♦♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✺✳✷ ❚✇✐.' ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✺✳✸ ❚✇✐$❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✹

❊❧❡♥❝♦ ❞❡❧❧❡ '❛❜❡❧❧❡

✷✳✶ ❈♦♥&✉♠✐ ❆✐+❜✉& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✷ ❈♦♥&✉♠✐ ❆.❯ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✸ ❈♦♥❢+♦♥3♦ ❝♦♥&✉♠✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✹✳✶ ❚❡♠♣✐ ❚❛①✐ ●❡+♠❛♥✐❛✲❋✐♥❛❧♥❞✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✹✳✷ ❚❡♠♣✐ ❚❛①✐ ■♥❣❤✐❧❡3❡++❛✲❖❧❛♥❞❛✲■+❧❛♥❞❛✲❉❛♥✐♠❛+❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✹✳✸ ❚❡♠♣✐ ❚❛①✐ ❙♣❛❣♥❛✲❋+❛♥❝✐❛✲■3❛❧✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✹✳✹ ❚❡♠♣✐ ❚❛①✐ ❙✈✐③③❡+❛✲❱❛+✐ ❊&3 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✹✳✺ ❈♦♥&✉♠✐ ♠❡❞✐ ■❆❚❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✹✳✻ ❈♦♥❞✐③✐♦♥✐ &3❛♥❞❛+❞✿ &❡❧❢ ♠❛♥❡✉✈❡+✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✹✳✼ ❈♦♥❞✐③✐♦♥✐ &3❛♥❞❛+❞✿ ♣✉&❤✲❜❛❝❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✹✳✽ ❈♦♥❞✐③✐♦♥✐ &3❛♥❞❛+❞✿ ❇+✐3✐&❤ ❆✐+✇❛②& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✹✳✾ ❈♦♥❞✐③✐♦♥✐ ❞❡✲✐❝✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✹✳✶✵ ❈♦♥❞✐③✐♦♥✐ ▲❱.✿ &❡❧❢ ♠❛♥❡✉✈❡+✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✶✶ ❈♦♥❞✐③✐♦♥✐ ▲❱.✿ ♣✉&❤✲❜❛❝❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✶✷ ❈♦♥❞✐③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ ♥❡✈❡ &✉❧ ❝❛♠♣♦✿ 3❡♠♣✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✹✳✶✸ ❈♦♥❞✐③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ ♥❡✈❡ &✉❧ ❝❛♠♣♦✿ &❡❧❢ ♠❛♥❡✉✈❡+✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✹✳✶✹ ❈♦♥❞✐③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ ♥❡✈❡ &✉❧ ❝❛♠♣♦✿ ♣✉&❤✲❜❛❝❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✹✳✶✺ ❚❡♠♣✐ ♠❡❞✐ ♣❡+ 3✐♣♦ ❞✐ ❛❡+♦♠♦❜✐❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✶✻ ▼■❚✿ ♣+✐♠♦ ❛♣♣+♦❝❝✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✶✼ ▼■❚✿ &❡❝♦♥❞♦ ❛♣♣+♦❝❝✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✶✽ ❋❡+♠❛3❡ ❡❞ ❛❝❝❡❧❡+❛③✐♦♥✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✶✾ ❋❡+♠❛3❡ ❡❞ ❛❝❝❡❧❡+❛③✐♦♥✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✷✵ ❈♦♥&✉♠✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✹✳✷✶ ❈♦♥&✉♠✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✹✳✷✷ ❘✐&♣❛+♠✐♦ 3❡♠♣✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✻✳✶ ❚❡♠♣✐ ♠❡❞✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✻✳✷ ❚❡♠♣✐ ♠✐♥✐♠✐ ✉3✐❧✐3V ❡❚❛①✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ✺

❆❜"#$❛❝#

■❧ "❡$"♦ ❛♥❛❧✐③③❛ ❧✬✐♠♣❛""♦ ♦♣❡-❛"✐✈♦ ❝❤❡✱ ✉♥ $✐$"❡♠❛ ❞✐ -✉❧❧❛❣❣✐♦ ❡❧❡""-✐❝♦✱ ♣✉5 ❛✈❡-❡ $✉ ✉♥ ✈❡❧✐✈♦❧♦ ❞✐ ❧✐♥❡❛✳ ❙✐ $♦♥♦ ❛♥❛❧✐③③❛"❡ ❧❡ ❛""✉❛❧✐ ♣-♦❝❡❞✉-❡✱ ✈❛❧✉"❛"✐ ✐ "❡♠♣✐ ❞✐ -✉❧❧❛❣❣✐♦ ❞❡✐ ♠❛❣❣✐♦-✐ ❛❡-♦♣♦-"✐ ❡✉-♦♣❡✐ ❡ ❧❡ ❝❛"❡❣♦-✐❡ ❞✐ ✈❡❧✐✈♦❧✐ ❛✐ 8✉❛❧✐ 8✉❡$"✐ $✐$"❡♠✐ ♣♦$$♦♥♦ ❡$$❡-❡ ✐♥❞✐-✐③③❛"✐✳ ➱ $"❛"❛ ❝♦♥❞♦""❛ ✉♥❛ -❛❝❝♦❧"❛ ❞❛"✐ $✉❧ ❝❛♠♣♦✱ ✈❛❧✉"❛♥❞♦ ❧❡ "❡♠♣✐$"✐❝❤❡ ❞❡❧ -✉❧❧❛❣❣✐♦ ♥❡✐ ✈❛-✐ $❝❡♥❛-✐ ❡ 8✉❛♥"✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ✐❧ ♣♦$$✐❜✐❧❡ -✐$♣❛-♠✐♦✳ ❙♦♥♦ $"❛"❡ ❝♦♥❞♦""❡ ✐♥"❡-✈✐$"❡ ❛ ♣✐❧♦"✐ ❡ ♣❡-$♦♥❛❧❡ ❞✐ -❛♠♣❛ ♣❡- ♣♦"❡- ✈❛❧✉"❛-❡ ❡ ❝♦♠♣-❡♥❞❡-❡ ❧❡ ✈❛-✐❛❜✐❧✐ ✐♥ ❣✐♦❝♦✳ ❙♦♥♦ $"❛"❡ ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛"❡ ❧❡ ❡♠✐$$✐♦♥✐ ❣❛$$♦$❡ ♥❡❧❧❡ ✈❛-✐❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉-❛③✐♦♥✐✱ ♣❡-♣♦"❡- ❛♥❛❧✐③③❛-❡ ❧✬✐♠♣❛""♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥"❛❧❡ ❝❤❡ ❧❡ $♦❧✉③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ -✉❧❧❛❣❣✐♦ ❡❧❡""-✐❝♦ ♣♦$$♦♥♦ ❛✈❡-❡✳ ■♥✜♥❡ < $"❛"♦ ❛♥❛❧✐③③❛"♦ ❛ 8✉❛❧✐ $✈✐❧✉♣♣✐ "❛❧❡ "❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣✉5 ♣♦-"❛-❡✳ ✻

!❡♠❡$$❛

❘✐"♣❛%♠✐❛%❡ ( ❧❛ ❝❤✐❛✈❡ ❞❡❧ "✉❝❝❡""♦✱ ♦❣❣✐ ❝♦♠❡ ♥♦♥ ♠❛✐✳ ❙❡ ❛❧ %✐"♣❛%♠✐♦ ( ❛""♦❝✐❛5♦ ❛♥❝❤❡ ✐❧ %✐"♣❡55♦ ❞❡❧❧❡ "5%✐♥❣❡♥5✐ ♥♦%♠❛5✐✈❡ "✉❧❧❡ ❡♠✐""✐♦♥✐✱ ❛❧❧♦%❛✱ ♣♦5%❡❜❜❡ ❡""❡%❡ ✉♥❛ ❜✉♦♥❛ "♦❧✉③✐♦♥❡✳ ▲♦ "❝♦♣♦ ❞❡❧❧♦ "❝%✐55♦ ( 9✉❡❧❧♦ ❞✐ ✈❛❧✉5❛%❡ "✉❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ "❡ ✐ "✐"5❡♠✐✱ ❝❤❡ "✐ "5❛♥✲ ♥♦ "✈✐❧✉♣♣❛♥❞♦ ♥❡❧ ♠♦♥❞♦ ❛❡%♦♥❛✉5✐❝♦ ♣❡% ✉♥ %✉❧❧❛❣❣✐♦ ♣✐; ♣❛%"✐♠♦♥✐♦"♦✱ "♦♥♦ %❡❛❧♠❡♥5❡ ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥5✐✳ ❙✐ ( ✈♦❧✉5♦ ❞❛%❡ ❛❧❧♦ "❝%✐55♦ ✉♥ 5❛❣❧✐♦ ♣✐; ❝%✐5✐❝♦✱ "❢%✉55❛♥❞♦ ✐♥ ♣❛%5❡✱ ❧❡ ❝♦♥♦"❝❡♥③❡ ❞❡❧❧✬❛✉5♦%❡ "✉❧ ♠♦♥❞♦ ❛❡%♦♥❛✉5✐❝♦ %❡❧❛5✐✈❡ ❛❧ "✉♦ ✐♠♣✐❡❣♦✳ ❈♦♥5%♦❧❧♦%❡ ❞❡❧ 5%❛✣❝♦ ❛❡%❡♦ ❞❛❧ ✷✵✶✵✱ ❤❛ ❧❛✈♦%❛5♦ ✜♥♦ ❛❧❧❛ ✜♥❡ ❞❡❧ ✷✵✶✸ ♣%❡""♦ ❧❛ 5♦%%❡ ❞✐ ❝♦♥5%♦❧❧♦ ❞✐ ◆❛♣♦❧✐ ❶❈❛♣♦❞✐❝❤✐♥♦ ❷❡❞ ♦❣❣✐ ( ✐♠♣✐❡❣❛5♦ ❛ ▼✐❧❛♥♦ ❶▲✐♥❛5❡ ❷✳ ❙❢%✉55❛♥❞♦ ✐ ❝♦♥5❛55✐ ❛❧❧✬✐♥5❡%♥♦ ❞❡❧❧✬❛❡%♦✲ ♣♦%5♦ ❤❛ ❝♦♥❞♦55♦ ✐♥5❡%✈✐"5❡✱ %❛❝❝♦❧5♦ ❞❛5✐ ❡ "❡♠♣❧✐❝✐ ♦""❡%✈❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ 5✉55♦ 9✉❡❧❧♦ ❝❤❡ ♣✉G ❝♦♥❞✐③✐♦♥❛%❡ ❧❛ ✈✐5❛ ♦♣❡%❛5✐✈❛ ❞✐ ✉♥ ✈❡❧✐✈♦❧♦ ❞♦5❛5♦ ❞✐ ✉♥ "✐✲ "5❡♠❛ ❡❧❡55%✐❝♦ ❞✐ %✉❧❧❛❣❣✐♦✳ ❈♦♥"✐❞❡%❛♥❞♦ ✉♥ ❛❡%♦♣♦%5♦ 5✐♣♦✱ ❝♦♠❡ 9✉❡❧❧♦ ❞✐ ▲✐♥❛5❡✱ "✐ "♦♥♦ ✈❛❧✉5❛5❡ ❧❡ ❝%✐5✐❝✐5H✱ ❧❡ ♣%♦❝❡❞✉%❡ ❛❡%♦♣♦%5✉❛❧✐ ❡ ♣♦""✐❜✐❧✐ ✐♥❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥5✐ ❛ ❝✉✐ ♣✉G ❛♥❞❛%❡ ✐♥❝♦♥5%♦ ✉♥ "✐"5❡♠❛ ❡❧❡55%✐❝♦✳ ❆♥❝❤❡ ✐♥ %❡✲ ❧❛③✐♦♥❡ ❛❧❧❛ ❶❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛ 5✐♣♦ ❷✭❆✸✷✵✮ ❛❧❧❛ 9✉❛❧❡ 9✉❡"5✐ "✐"5❡♠✐ ♣♦""♦♥♦ ❡""❡%❡ ❞❡"5✐♥❛5✐✱ "✐ "♦♥♦ ❛♥❛❧✐③③❛5✐ ✐ ♣♦""✐❜✐❧✐ ♠✐❣❧✐♦%❛♠❡♥5✐ ❝❤❡ 5❛❧✐ "♦❧✉③✐♦♥✐ ♣♦""♦♥♦ ✐♥5%♦❞✉%%❡✳ ✼

❛"#❡ ■

❈❛♣✐$♦❧♦ ✶

❉❡*❝,✐③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ ♣,♦❜❧❡♠❛

❛♥♦$❛♠✐❝❛ (✉ *✉❛♥+♦ ✐❧ ❝♦(+♦ ❞❡❧ ❝❛$❜✉$❛♥+❡ (+✐❛ ❞✐✈❡♥+❛♥❞♦ ✉♥❛ ✈♦❝❡ (❡♠♣$❡ ♣✐2 ❞❡+❡$♠✐♥❛♥+❡ ♥❡❧ ❜✐❧❛♥❝✐♦ ❞✐ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♠♣❛❣♥✐❛ ❛❡$❡❛ ❡ ✐♠♣❛++♦ ❞❡❧ +$❛(♣♦$+♦ ❛❡$❡♦ (✉❧❧❡ ❡♠✐((✐♦♥✐ ❣❧♦❜❛❧✐✳

✶✳✶ ■♥$%♦❞✉③✐♦♥❡

◆❡❧ ✷✵✵✽✱ ✐❧ ❝❛$❜✉$❛♥+❡ : (+❛+❛ ❧❛ ✈♦❝❡ ♣✐2 ❝♦(+♦(❛ ♣❡$ ✐❧ (❡++♦$❡ ❣❧♦❜❛❧❡ ❞❡❧ +$❛(♣♦$+♦ ❛❡$❡♦✳ ❙✉❧❧❛ ❜❛(❡ ❞✐ ✉♥ ❝❛♠♣✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ✹✺ ✐♠♣♦$+❛♥+✐ ❝♦♠♣❛❣♥✐❡ ❛❡$❡❡ ♣❛((❡❣❣❡$✐ ❛ ❧✐✈❡❧❧♦ ♠♦♥❞✐❛❧❡✱ ✐❧ ❝❛$❜✉$❛♥+❡ ❤❛ $❛♣♣$❡(❡♥+❛+♦ ❝✐$❝❛ ✐❧ 32, 3% ❞❡✐ ❝♦(+✐ ♦♣❡$❛+✐✈✐ +♦+❛❧✐✱ $✐(♣❡++♦ ❛❧ 27, 4% ❞❡❧ ✷✵✵✼✳ ▲❛ *✉♦+❛ ❞❡❧ ❝♦(+♦ ❞❡❧ ❧❛✈♦$♦ ✭❝♦♠♣$❡(❡ ❧❡ ♣❡♥(✐♦♥✐✮ : (❝❡(❛ ❞❛❧ 22, 8% ❞❡❧ ✷✵✵✼ ❛❧ 20, 1% ♥❡❧ ✷✵✵✽✳ ▲❛ *✉♦+❛ ❞❡❧ ❝♦(+♦ ❞❡❧ ❝❛$❜✉$❛♥+❡ ❡$❛ ❞❡❧ 12 − 13% +$❛ ✐❧ ✷✵✵✶ ❡ ✐❧ ✷✵✵✸✱ ♠❛ ✐❧ ♣$❡③③♦ ♠❡❞✐♦ ❞❡❧ ❥❡+ ❢✉❡❧ ❛❧ ❜❛$✐❧❡ ♣❛((H ❞❛✐ ✸✹✱✼ ✩ ♥❡❧ ✷✵✵✸ ❛ ✶✷✻✱✼ ✩ ♥❡❧ ✷✵✵✽✳ ❆ ♣❛$+✐$❡ ❞❛❧ ✷✵✵✶ ❧❡ ❝♦♠♣❛❣♥✐❡ ❛❡$❡❡ $✐(♣♦(❡$♦ ❛✐ ❝♦(+✐ (❡♠♣$❡ ♣✐2 ❡❧❡✈❛+✐ ❞❡❧ ❝❛$❜✉$❛♥+❡ ❡ ❛❧❧❡ ❢♦$+✐ ♣$❡((✐♦♥✐ ✜♥❛♥③✐❛$✐❡ ♦♣❡$❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❛❡$❡✐ ❝❤❡ ❝♦♥(✉♠❛((❡$♦ (❡♠♣$❡ ♠❡♥♦ ❝❛$❜✉$❛♥+❡ ❡ ♣♦$+❛♥❞♦ ❛ +❡$♠✐♥❡ ❣✉❛❞❛❣♥✐ ✐♥ ♣$♦❞✉++✐✈✐+M ❡❞ ❡✣❝✐❡♥③❛ ✐♥ +✉++❡ *✉❡❧❧❡ ✈♦❝✐ ❡(+$❛♥❡❡ ❛❧ ❝♦♠❜✉(+✐❜✐❧❡✳ ■♥ ♣❛$+✐❝♦❧❛$❡✱ ❧❛ ♣$♦❞✉++✐✈✐+M ❞❡❧ ❧❛✈♦$♦ ✭✐♥ +❡$♠✐♥✐ ❞✐ ❛❞❞❡++✐ ♣❡$ +♦♥♥❡❧❧❛+❛ ❛❧ ❝❤✐❧♦♠❡+$♦✮ ♠✐❣❧✐♦$H ❞❡❧ 42% ♥❡❧ ♣❡$✐♦❞♦✱ ❞✐ ❝♦♥(❡❣✉❡♥③❛✱ ❧❛ *✉♦+❛ ❞✐ ❧❛✈♦$♦ ♥❡✐ ❝♦(+✐ ♦♣❡$❛+✐✈✐ +♦+❛❧✐ (❝❡(❡ ❞❛❧ 28, 3% ❞❡❧ ✷✵✵✶ ❛❧ 20, 1% ♥❡❧ ✷✵✵✽✳ ▲❡ ❝♦♠♣❛❣♥✐❡ ❛❡$❡❡ ♦++❡♥♥❡$♦✱ ✐♥♦❧+$❡✱ ♥♦+❡✈♦❧✐ ♠✐❣❧✐♦$❛♠❡♥+✐ ♥❡✐ ❝♦(+✐ ✐♥ ❛❧+$✐ (❡++♦$✐✱ ❝♦♠❡ ♥❡❧❧❛ ❞✐(+$✐❜✉③✐♦♥❡ ❡ ♥❡❧❧❛ (❡♠♣❧✐✜❝❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ ♣$♦❣❡++♦ ✐♠♣$❡♥❞✐+♦$✐❛❧❡ ❬✺❪✳ ✾

❈❆"■❚❖▲❖ ✶✳ ❉❊❙❈❘■❩■❖◆❊ ❉❊▲ "❘❖❇▲❊▼❆ ✶✵

❉✐✛❡$❡♥③❡ $❡❣✐♦♥❛❧✐ ❞❡❧ ❝♦-.♦ ❞❡❧ ❝❛$❜✉$❛♥.❡ ❡ ❞❡❧ ❧❛✈♦$♦

❙♦♥♦ %✐❣♥✐✜❝❛+✐✈❡ ❧❡ ❞✐✛❡1❡♥③❡ ❣❡♦❣1❛✜❝❤❡ +1❛ ❧❡ 4✉♦+❡ ❞❡✐ ❝♦%+✐ ❞❡❧ ❝❛1✲ ❜✉1❛♥+❡ ❡ ❞❡❧ ❧❛✈♦1♦ ❛❧❧✬✐♥+❡1♥♦ ❞❡✐ ❝♦%+✐ ♦♣❡1❛+✐✈✐ +♦+❛❧✐✿ ♥❡❧ ✷✵✵✽✱ ❧❛ ✈♦❝❡ ❝♦%+♦ ❞❡❧ ❧❛✈♦1♦ ♥❡❧❧❛ ❣❡%+✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❝♦♠♣❛❣♥✐❡ ❛❡1❡❡ ❢✉ ❞❡❧ 22 − 25% ✐♥ ◆♦1❞ ❆♠❡1✐❝❛ ❡ ✐♥ ❊✉1♦♣❛✱ ♠❛ %♦❧♦ ❞❡❧ 14, 7% ✐♥ ❆%✐❛✲C❛❝✐✜❝♦✱ ❝✐D 1✐✢❡++❡ ✐❧ ❜❛%✲ %♦ ❝♦%+♦ ❞❡✐ %❛❧❛1✐ ❞❡❧ ❝♦♥+✐♥❡♥+❡ ❛%✐❛+✐❝♦✳ ❚✉++❛✈✐❛✱ ♥♦♥♦%+❛♥+❡ ✐❧ ❝♦%+♦ ❞❡❧ ❧❛✈♦1♦ ♣✐H ❜❛%%♦✱ ❧❛ ♣❡1❝❡♥+✉❛❧❡ ❞❡❧ ❝♦%+♦ ❞❡❧ ❝❛1❜✉1❛♥+❡ ❡1❛ ❞❡❧ 36, 7% ✐♥ ❆%✐❛✲C❛❝✐✜❝♦✱ ✐♥ ♣1♦♣♦1③✐♦♥❡ ♣✐H ❡❧❡✈❛+❛ ❝❤❡ ❛❧+1♦✈❡ ❬✺❪✳ ❋✐❣✉1❛ ✶✳✶✿ C❡1❝❡♥+✉❛❧✐ ❞❡✐ ❝♦%+✐ ♣❡1 ❛1❡❛ ❣❡♦❣1❛✜❝❛ ▲❛ ❣1❛♥❞❡ ♦♣❡1❛ ❞✐ 1✐%+1✉++✉1❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❝♦♠♣❛❣♥✐❡ ❛❡1❡❡ ❞❡❧ ◆♦1❞ ❆♠❡✲ 1✐❝❛ ❛ ♣❛1+✐1❡ ❞❛❧ ✷✵✵✶✱ ❤❛ ❝♦♥%❡♥+✐+♦ ❞✐ 1❛❣❣✐✉♥❣❡1❡ ♠✐❣❧✐♦1❛♠❡♥+✐ %✐❣♥✐✜✲ ❝❛+✐✈✐ ♥❡❧❧❛ ♣1♦❞✉++✐✈✐+N ❡ 1✐❞✉③✐♦♥✐ ❞❡❧ ❝♦%+♦ +♦+❛❧❡ ❞❡❧ ❧❛✈♦1♦✳ ■❧ ❝♦%+♦ ❞❡❧ ❧❛✈♦1♦✱ %✉❧ +♦+❛❧❡ ❞❡✐ ❝♦%+✐ ♦♣❡1❛+✐✈✐ ♣❡1 ❧❡ ❝♦♠♣❛❣♥✐❡ ❛❡1❡❡ ❞❡❧ ◆♦1❞ ❆♠❡✲ 1✐❝❛✱ %❝❡%❡ ❜1✉%❝❛♠❡♥+❡ ❞❛❧ 36, 2% ❞❡❧ ✷✵✵✶ ❛❧ 21, 5% ♥❡❧ ✷✵✵✽✱ ❝✐D 1✐✢❡++❡ ✉♥ ❢♦1+❡ ❛✉♠❡♥+♦ ❞❡❧❧✬✐♥❞✐❝❡ ❞✐ ❝♦%+♦ ❞❡❧ ❝❛1❜✉1❛♥+❡ 1✐%♣❡++♦ ❛❧❧♦ %+❡%%♦ ♣❡✲ 1✐♦❞♦✱ ♠❛ ❛♥❝❤❡ ❝❤❡ ✐❧ ❝♦%+♦ ❞❡❧ ❧❛✈♦1♦ ❞✐♠✐♥✉P ♠♦❧+♦✶_{✳ ◆❡❧ ✷✵✵✽✱ ❧❛ ♣1✐♠❛} ✈♦❧+❛ ❞❛❧ ✷✵✵✶✱ ✐❧ ❝♦%+♦ ❞❡❧ ❝❛1❜✉1❛♥+❡ 1❛♣♣1❡%❡♥+D✱ ♣❡1 ❧❡ ❝♦♠♣❛❣♥✐❡ ❛❡1❡❡ ❡✉1♦♣❡❡✱ ✉♥❛ ♣❡1❝❡♥+✉❛❧❡ ♣✐H ❛❧+❛ ❞❡✐ ❝♦%+✐ ♦♣❡1❛+✐✈✐ 1✐%♣❡++♦ ❛ 4✉❡❧❧♦ ❞❡❧ ❧❛✈♦1♦✳ ■❧ ❧❛✈♦1♦ ✐♥❝✐❞❡ ♣❡1 ✐❧ 24, 8% ❞❡✐ ❝♦%+✐ ♦♣❡1❛+✐✈✐✱ ♠❡♥+1❡ ✐❧ ❝❛1❜✉1❛♥+❡ ❝✐1❝❛ 25, 3%✱ ✐❧ ❞✐✈❛1✐♦ +1❛ ✐❧ ❝❛1❜✉1❛♥+❡ ❡ ✐❧ ❝♦%+♦ ❞❡❧ ❧❛✈♦1♦ ✐♥✐③✐D ❛ 1✐❞✉1%✐ ✐♥ ♠♦❞♦ %✐❣♥✐✜❝❛+✐✈♦ ❛ ♣❛1+✐1❡ ❞❛❧ ✷✵✵✶✳ ❈✐D 1✐✢❡++❡ ✐♥ ♣❛1+❡ ❧❛ ♠❛❣❣✐♦1❡ ✢❡%%✐❜✐❧✐+N ❝♦♠♠❡1❝✐❛❧❡ ♣❡1 ❧❡ ❝♦♠♣❛❣♥✐❡ ❛❡1❡❡ ❡✉1♦♣❡❡ ❞✐ 1❡❛❧✐③③❛1❡ ✉♥❛ ❝♦✲ ♣❡1+✉1❛ ✜♥❛♥③✐❛1✐❛ ❞❡✐ ❝♦%+✐ ❞❡❧ ❝❛1❜✉1❛♥+❡✱ ❝❤❡ ❤❛ ❢♦1♥✐+♦ ✉♥❛ ♣1♦+❡③✐♦♥❡ ❞❛❧ ❢♦1+❡ ❛✉♠❡♥+♦ ❞❡✐ ❝♦%+✐ ❞❡❧ ❝❛1❜✉1❛♥+❡✳ ❙✉❝❝❡%%✐✈❛♠❡♥+❡ ❧❛ ❝1✐%✐ ✜♥❛♥③✐❛1✐❛ ❞❡❧ ✷✵✵✽✴✷✵✵✾ ❝♦❧♣P ❛♥❝❤❡ ✐❧ ♠❡1❝❛+♦ ♣❡+1♦❧✐❢❡1♦ ❢❛❝❡♥❞♦ ❝1♦❧❧❛1❡ ✐ ❝♦♥%✉♠✐ ❡ ✐❧ ♣1❡③③♦ ❞❡❧ ❣1❡❣❣✐♦ ✭✜❣✉1❛ ✶✳✸✮✳ ❉❛❧ ✷✵✵✹✱ ❝♦♥ ✐❧ ❝♦%+♦ ❞❡❧ ❧❛✈♦1♦ ❜❛%%♦✱ ✐❧ ❝❛1❜✉1❛♥+❡ 1❛♣♣1❡%❡♥+❛ ✐❧ ♠❛❣❣✐♦1 ✐♥❞✐❝❡ ♥❡❧ ❜✐❧❛♥❝✐♦ ♣❡1 ❧❡ ❝♦♠♣❛❣♥✐❡ ❛❡1❡❡ ❞❡❧❧✬❛1❡❛ ❆%✐❛✲C❛❝✐✜❝♦ ✭4✉❛++1♦ ❛♥♥✐ ♣1✐♠❛ ❝❤❡ ♥❡❧ 1❡%+♦ ❞❡❧ ♠♦♥❞♦✮❀ ❧❡ ❝♦♠✲ ♣❛❣♥✐❡ ❛❡1❡❡ ❞✐ 4✉❡%+✬❛1❡❛ %♦♥♦ %+❛+❡ ❧❡ ♣✐H ❡%♣♦%+❡ ❛❧❧✬✐♥❝1❡♠❡♥+♦ ❞❡❧ ❝♦%+✐ ❞❡❧ ❣1❡❣❣✐♦✳ ◆❡❧ ✷✵✵✽✱ ❧❡ %♣❡%❡ ❞❡❧ ❝❛1❜✉1❛♥+❡ ❤❛♥♥♦ 1❛♣♣1❡%❡♥+❛+♦ ✐♥ ♠❡❞✐❛ ✶_{❈♦♠♣❧✐❝✐ ❛♥❝❤❡ ❧❡ ♠❛♥♦✈,❡✱ ❛ ❧✐✈❡❧❧♦ ♣❡♥.✐♦♥✐./✐❝♦✱ ✐♥/,❛♣,❡.❡ ❞❛❧❧♦ ❙/❛/♦✳}

❈❆"■❚❖▲❖ ✶✳ ❉❊❙❈❘■❩■❖◆❊ ❉❊▲ "❘❖❇▲❊▼❆ ✶✶ ✐❧ 36, 7% ❞❡✐ ❝♦'(✐ ♦♣❡*❛(✐✈✐ ♣❡* ❧❡ ❝♦♠♣❛❣♥✐❡ ❛❡*❡❡ ❆'✐❛✲2❛❝✐✜❝♦ ❝♦♥ ♣✉♥(❡ '✉♣❡*✐♦*✐ ❛❧ 50% ❬✺❪✳ ❋✐❣✉*❛ ✶✳✷✿ ❈♦'(♦ ❞❡❧ ❧❛✈♦*♦ ❡ ❞❡❧ ❝♦♠❜✉'(✐❜✐❧❡ ◆❡❧❧❛ ✜❣✉*❛ ✶✳✸ @ *✐♣♦*(❛(♦ ❧✬❛♥❞❛♠❡♥(♦ ❞❡❧ ❝♦'(♦ ♠❡❞✐♦ ❞❡❧ ❣*❡❣❣✐♦ ❡ ❞❡❧ ❝♦♠❜✉'(✐❜✐❧❡ ♣❡* ❥❡( ✭ $ barile✮✶✱ '✐ ♥♦(❛ ❧✬❛✉♠❡♥(♦ ❝♦♥(✐♥✉♦ ❞❡❧ ♣*❡③③♦ ✜♥♦ ❛❧ ✷✵✶✶ ♣❡* ♣♦✐ '(❛❜✐❧✐③③❛*'✐✷_{✳ ■♥ ✜❣✉*❛ ✶✳✹ @ *✐♣♦*(❛(♦ ❧✬❛♥❞❛♠❡♥(♦ ❞❡✐ ❝♦'(✐ ❡} ❞❡✐ ❝♦♥'✉♠✐ ❞✐ ❝❛*❜✉*❛♥(❡ ✜♥♦ ❛ '❡((❡♠❜*❡ ✷✵✶✹✳ ❙❡❝♦♥❞♦ ✐❧ ❇❚❙ ✭❇✉*❡❛✉ ♦❢ ❚*❛♥'♣♦*(❛(✐♦♥ ❙(❛(✐'(✐❝'✮✱ ♥❡✐ ♣*✐♠✐ ♥♦✈❡ ♠❡'✐ ❞❡❧ ✷✵✶✹✱ ✐❧ ❝♦♥'✉♠♦ ❞✐ ❝❛*❜✉*❛♥(❡ ♥❡❧ '❡((♦*❡ ❞❡❧ (*❛'♣♦*(♦ ❛❡*❡♦ '(❛(✉♥✐(❡♥'❡ @ ❛✉♠❡♥(❛(♦ ❞❡❧ 2%✳ ■❧ ❝♦'(♦ ♣❡* ❣❛❧❧♦♥❡✸ _{@ '❝❡'♦✱ ♥❡❧ ♠❡'❡ ❞✐ '❡((❡♠❜*❡ ❞❡❧ ✷✵✶✹✱ ❛ 2, 86$✱ ❝♦♥ ✉♥} ❞❡❝*❡♠❡♥(♦ '✉ ❜❛'❡ ❛♥♥✉❛ ❞✐ ❝✐*❝❛ 6, 2% ❡ ✐ ❞✐♣❡♥❞❡♥(✐ ✭❛ (❡♠♣♦ ♣✐❡♥♦✮ '♦♥♦ ❛✉♠❡♥(❛(✐ ❞❡❧ 1, 1% ❬✷✻❪✳

✶✳✷ ❊♠✐&&✐♦♥✐ ❣❛&&♦&❡

■❧ (*❛'♣♦*(♦ ❛❡*❡♦ ✐♥❝✐❞❡ '♦❧♦ ♣❡* ✐❧ 5% '✉❧ ❝♦♥'✉♠♦ (♦(❛❧❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ *✐'♦*'❡ ♣❡✲ (*♦❧✐❢❡*❡ ♠♦♥❞✐❛❧✐✳ ❖❣♥✐ ❛♥♥♦ ✈✐ @ ✉♥ ♠✐❣❧✐♦*❛♠❡♥(♦ ❞❡❧❧✬❡✣❝✐❡♥③❛ ❡♥❡*❣❡(✐❝❛ ❞❡❧ 3−4%✳ 2❡* ❢❛*❡ ✉♥ ❡'❡♠♣✐♦ ✐ ♠♦(♦*✐ (✉*❜♦❥❡( ♣*♦❞♦((✐ ♥❡❧ ✶✾✽✷ ♣*♦❞✉❝♦♥♦ ✶_{✶ ❜❛#✐❧❡❂✶✸✺ ❑❣✳} ✷_{■❧ ❇#❡♥0 1 ✐❧ ❣#❡❣❣✐♦ ❞✐ #✐❢❡#✐♠❡♥0♦ ♣❡# ✐❧ ♠❡#❝❛0♦ ❊✉#♦♣❡♦ ♠❡♥0#❡ ✐❧ ❲❚■ ✭❲❡=0} ❚❡①❛= ■♥0❡#♠❡❞✐❛0❡✮ ♣❡# @✉❡❧❧♦ ❛♠❡#✐❝❛♥♦✱ ♦✈✈✐❛♠❡♥0❡ ❧❡ ❞✐✛❡#❡♥③❡ ♥♦♥ =✐ ❧✐♠✐0❛♥♦ =♦❧♦ ❛❧ ♠❡#❝❛0♦ =✉❧ @✉❛❧❡ ✈❡♥❣♦♥♦ =❝❛♠❜✐❛0✐ ♠❛ ❛♥❝❤❡ ❛❞ ❛❧0#✐ ❢❛00♦#✐✱ ❛❞ ❡=❡♠♣✐♦ ✐❧ ♠❡③③♦ ❞✐ 0#❛=♣♦#0♦ ✭❡=✳ ♦❧❡♦❞♦00✐✭❲■❚✮✮✳ ✸_{U.S.gal. = 3, 79❧✐0#✐}

❈❆"■❚❖▲❖ ✶✳ ❉❊❙❈❘■❩■❖◆❊ ❉❊▲ "❘❖❇▲❊▼❆ ✶✸ ❝✐$❝❛ ✽✺✪ ❞✐ ❣❛+ ✐♥❝♦♠❜✉+1✐ ✐♥ ♠❡♥♦ $✐+♣❡11♦ ❛ 4✉❡❧❧✐ ♣$♦❞♦11✐ ♥❡❣❧✐ ❛♥♥✐ ✬✼✵ ❡ ✐❧ ♠♦♥♦++✐❞♦ ❞✐ ❝❛$❜♦♥✐♦ ✭CO✮ ; ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐1♦ ❞❡❧ 70% ♥❡❧❧♦ +1❡++♦ ♣❡$✐♦❞♦✳ ●❧✐ ❛❡$♦♠♦❜✐❧✐ ❛ ❣❡11♦ ❝♦♥1$✐❜✉✐+❝♦♥♦ ♣❡$ ❝✐$❝❛ ✐❧ 2 − 3% ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣$♦❞✉③✐♦♥❡ ♠♦♥❞✐❛❧❡ ❞✐ ❜✐♦++✐❞♦ ❞✐ ❛③♦1♦ NO2 ❡ ❞✐ CO2 ❬✷✼❪✳ ■ +✐+1❡♠✐ ❞✐ 1$❛+♣♦$1♦ ❞✐ +✉♣❡$✜❝✐❡✱ ✐♥✈❡❝❡✱ ♣$♦❞✉❝♦♥♦ ❝✐$❝❛ ✐❧ 22% ❞❡❧❧❡ ❡♠✐++✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ ❝❛$❜♦♥✐♦ ❡ ✐❧ 1$❛✲ +♣♦$1♦ ♠❛$✐11✐♠♦ ❡✉$♦♣❡♦ ❝✐$❝❛ 1$❡ ✈♦❧1❡ 4✉❡❧❧♦ ❞❡❣❧✐ ❛❡$♦♠♦❜✐❧✐✳ ■❧ 1$❛+♣♦$1♦ ❛❡$❡♦ ✐♥❝✐❞❡ ❝✐$❝❛ ❞❡❧ 3 − 5% +✉❧❧✬✐♠♣❛11♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧❡ ❝❧✐♠❛ ❞❡❧ ♣✐❛♥❡1❛ ❬✷✾❪✳ ▲❛ ♣$♦❝❡❞✉$❛ ♣❡$ ❧❛ ❝❡$1✐✜❝❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❡♠✐++✐♦♥✐ ❞❡✐ ♠♦1♦$✐ ❡ ✐ ❧✐♠✐1✐ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❡♠✐+✲ +✐♦♥✐ ❞❡❧❧❡ +♦+1❛♥③❡ ♥♦❝✐✈❡ ❡ ✐ ♠❡1♦❞✐ ❞✐ ♠✐+✉$❛ +♦♥♦ $✐♣♦$1❛1❡ ♥❡❧❧✬❆♥♥❡++♦ ✶✻ ♣❛$1❡ ■■✳ ●❧✐ ❛❡$♦♠♦❜✐❧✐ +♦♥♦ ❝❡$1✐✜❝❛1✐ ♣❡$ ❧❡ ❡♠✐++✐♦♥✐ ❞❡✐ ♠♦1♦$✐ ❝♦♠❡ +♣❡❝✐✜❝❛1♦ ❞❛❧❧✬■❈❆❖ ▲❚❖ ✭❚❛❦❡ ♦✛ ❛♥❞ ▲❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❈②❝❧❡✮✳ ◗✉❡+1❡ ♣$♦❝❡❞✉$❡ ♣❡$ ❧❛ ❝❡$1✐✜❝❛③✐♦♥❡✱ ❧✬❛✈✈✐❝✐♥❛♠❡♥1♦ ❞❛ 1500 ❢1✱ 1❛①✐ ✐♥ ❛$$✐✈♦✱ $✉❧❧❛❣❣✐♦ ✐♥ ✉+❝✐1❛ ❡ ❞❡❝♦❧❧♦ ✜♥♦ ❛ 1500 ❢1✱ ♥♦♥ ; ❞❡11♦ ❝❤❡ +✐❛♥♦ ✐❧ ♠♦❞♦ ♠✐❣❧✐♦$❡ ♣❡$ ✈❛❧✉1❛$❡ ❧❡ ❡♠✐++✐♦♥✐ ❛❧ ❣✐♦$♥♦ ❞✬♦❣❣✐✳ ❙✐ +♦♥♦ ❝♦♠✉♥4✉❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥1❛1❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ♠❡1♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❡✱ ❛ ❧✐✈❡❧❧♦ ❛❡$♦♣♦$1✉❛❧❡✱ ♣❡$ ❧❛ $✐❞✉③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❡♠✐++✐♦♥✐✱ ❝♦♠❡ ❧❛ ❣❡+1✐♦♥❡ ❞❡✐ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥1✐ +✉❧❧✬❛♣$♦♥✱ ❧❡ ♦♣❡$❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ ♣✉+❤✲❜❛❝❦ ❡ ❧❡ ♣$♦❝❡❞✉$❡ ❞✐ ❝♦♠♣❛❣♥✐❛ ♣❡$ $✐❞✉$$❡ ✐ ❝♦♥+✉♠✐ ❝♦♠❡ 4✉❡❧❧❡ ❞✐ $✉❧❧❛$❡ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ +♦❧♦ ♠♦✲ 1♦$❡✳ ▲❛ $✐❞✉③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❡♠✐++✐♦♥✐ ♥❡❧❧❡ ♦♣❡$❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ ❛❡$♦♣♦$1♦✱ ♣✉V ❡++❡$❡ ❛++✐♠✐❧❛1❛ ❛❧❧❡ ♣$♦❝❡❞✉$❡ ♣❡$ ❧❛ $✐❞✉③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ $✉♠♦$❡ ❡ ♣❡$ 4✉❡❧❧❡ ❝♦♥+✉♠♦ ❞✐ ❝❛$❜✉$❛♥1❡✳ ❉✉$❛♥1❡ ✐❧ ❞❡❝♦❧❧♦ ; ♣♦++✐❜✐❧❡ ✉♥❛ $✐❞✉③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❡♠✐++✐♦♥✐✱ +❝❡❣❧✐❡♥❞♦ ❧❛ ♠✐❣❧✐♦$ ❝♦♥✜❣✉$❛③✐♦♥❡ ❡ $❡❣♦❧❛♥❞♦ ❛❞❡❣✉❛1❛♠❡♥1❡ ✐ ♠♦1♦$✐✳ ▲❡ 1$❛✐❡11♦$✐❡ ❞✐ ✈♦❧♦ ♣♦++♦♥♦ ❡++❡$❡ ❞❡❜✐1❛♠❡♥1❡ ❛❝❝♦$❝✐❛1❡✱ ❧❡ ❞✐+❝❡+❡ ♦11✐♠✐③③❛✲ 1❡ ❝♦♥ ❛❧1❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐1X ❡ ❝♦♥ ✐❧ ♠✐♥✐♠♦ ✉+♦ ❞❡✐ ❞✐$✉11♦$✐ ❡ ❞❡✐ ✢❛♣ ♣❡$ ♠✐❣❧✐♦$❛$❡ ❧✬❡✣❝✐❡♥③❛ ❛❡$♦❞✐♥❛♠✐❝❛ ❡ ❧✐♠✐1❛$❡ ❧✬✉+♦ ❞❡✐ ♠♦1♦$✐✳ ■♥ ❣❡♥❡$❛❧❡✱ ❝♦♠✉♥4✉❡✱ ✐ ✈❡❧✐✈♦❧✐ ❝♦♥1$✐❜✉✐+❝♦♥♦ ❛❧❧✬✐♥4✉✐♥❛♠❡♥1♦ ❞❡❧❧✬❛$✐❛ ♥❡❧❧❡ ✈✐❝✐♥❛♥③❡ ❞❡❧❧✬❛❡$♦♣♦$1♦ ♠❡♥♦ ❞✐ 4✉❛♥1♦ ❢❛❝❝✐❛♥♦ ✐ ✈❡✐❝♦❧✐ +✉❧❧✬❛♣$♦♥ ❡ ❧❛ ❣❡♥❡$❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ❡♥❡$❣✐❛ ♣❡$ ❧✬❛❡$♦♣♦$1♦ +1❡++♦✳ [✉V ❡++❡$❡ ❛++✉♥1♦ ❝❤❡ ❧✬❛♣✐❝❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❝♦♥1❛♠✐♥❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧✬❛$✐❛✱ ❣❡♥❡$❛❧♠❡♥1❡✱ +✐ ❤❛ ❞✉$❛♥1❡ ✐❧ ♣✐❝❝♦ ❞✐ 1$❛✣❝♦ ❡+1✐✈♦✳ ◆❡❧ ♣$♦++✐♠♦ ❢✉1✉$♦ +❛$X ♥❡❝❡++❛$✐♦ ✐♥1$♦❞✉$$❡ ✉♥ ♠❛❣❣✐♦$ ♥✉♠❡$♦ ❞✐ ✈❡✐❝♦❧✐ ❞✐ $❛♠♣❛ ❡❧❡11$✐❝✐ ❡ ♥❡❧❧♦ +1❡++♦ 1❡♠♣♦ $✐❞✉$$❡ ❧✬✉+♦ ❞❡❧❧✬❆[❯ ❛ ❢❛✈♦$❡ ❞✐ ❛❧1$✐ +✐+1❡♠✐ ❛❡$♦♣♦$1✉❛❧✐✳ ■♥ ♠♦❧1✐ ♣❛❡+✐ +✈✐❧✉♣♣❛1✐ ; ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥1❛1♦ ❝❤❡ ❧❛ 4✉❛❧✐1X ❞❡❧❧✬❛$✐❛ ; ♠✐❣❧✐♦$❡ ✐♥ ❝✐11X $✐+♣❡11♦ ❛❧❧❛ ③♦♥❛ ❛❡$♦♣♦$1✉❛❧❡✳ ▲♦ +✈✐❧✉♣♣♦ ❞❡❧ +❡11♦$❡ ❛❡$♦♥❛✉1✐❝♦✱ ♥❡❣❧✐ ✉❧1✐♠✐ ❞❡❝❡♥♥✐✱ ; +1❛1♦ ♠♦❧1♦ $❛♣✐❞♦ ❡ ❧❛ ♥❡❝❡++✐1X ❞✐ ❡♥❡$❣✐❛ ; ❛✉♠❡♥1❛1❛ ♥♦1❡✈♦❧♠❡♥1❡ 1❛♥1♦ ❞❛ ♣♦1❡$ ♣$❡✈❡❞❡$❡ ❝❤❡ ♥❡❧ ❝♦♥1❡+1♦ ♠♦♥❞✐❛❧❡ ❧✬✐♥❞✉+1$✐❛ ❛❡$♦♥❛✉1✐❝❛ ♥♦♥ ✐♥❝✐❞❡$X ♣✐^ +♦❧♦ ♠❛$❣✐♥❛❧♠❡♥1❡ ♥❡❧❧❡ ❡♠✐++✐♦♥✐ ♠♦♥❞✐❛❧✐✳

❈❆"■❚❖▲❖ ✶✳ ❉❊❙❈❘■❩■❖◆❊ ❉❊▲ "❘❖❇▲❊▼❆ ✶✹

❏❡"✲❆✶✿ ■♥❢♦+♠❛③✐♦♥✐ 0✉❧❧❡ ♣+♦♣+✐❡"4 ✜0✐❝❤❡ ❡ ❝❤✐✲

♠✐❝❤❡ ❢♦♥❞❛♠❡♥"❛❧✐

❙✐ $✐♣♦$'❛ ❞✐ *❡❣✉✐'♦ ✉♥ *✐♥'❡'✐❝♦ ❡❧❡♥❝♦ ❞❡❧❧❡ ♣$♦♣$✐❡'1 ✜*✐❝❤❡ ❞❡❧ ❝♦♠❜✉✲ *'✐❜✐❧❡ ❏❡'✲❆✶ ✉'✐❧✐③③❛'♦ ✐♥ ❛✈✐❛③✐♦♥❡❬✶✹❪✳ ❼ ❆*♣❡''♦✿ ❧✐?✉✐❞♦ ❧✐♠♣✐❞♦ ❼ ❖❞♦$❡✿ ❞✐ ♣❡'$♦❧✐♦ ❼ A✉♥'♦ ❞✐ ❢✉*✐♦♥❡✴♣✉♥'♦ ❞✐ ❝♦♥❣❡❧❛♠❡♥'♦✿ <✲✹✼ ❽ ❼ A✉♥'♦ ❞✐ ❡❜♦❧❧✐③✐♦♥❡ ✐♥✐③✐❛❧❡ ❡ ✐♥'❡$✈❛❧❧♦ ❞✐ ❡❜♦❧❧✐③✐♦♥❡✿ 155 − 300 ❽ ❼ A✉♥'♦ ❞✐ ✐♥✜❛♠♠❛❜✐❧✐'1✿ >✸✽❽ ❼ ❉❡♥*✐'1 $❡❧❛'✐✈❛✿ 0, 775˘0, 840kg/dm3 _{❛ 15❽} ❼ ❚❡♠♣❡$❛'✉$❛ ❞✐ ❛✉'♦❛❝❝❡♥*✐♦♥❡✿ >✷✷✵ ❽ ❼ ❱✐*❝♦*✐'1✿ ♠❛① ✽ mm2 s ❛ −20 ❽ ❼ A$♦♣$✐❡'1 ❡*♣❧♦*✐✈❡✿ ♥❡**✉♥ ❣$✉♣♣♦ ❝❤✐♠✐❝♦ ❛**♦❝✐❛❜✐❧❡ ❛❧❧❛ ♠♦❧❡❝♦❧❛ ❝♦♥ ♣$♦♣$✐❡'1 ❡*♣❧♦*✐✈❡ ❼ A$♦♣$✐❡'1 ♦**✐❞❛♥'✐✿ ❧❛ *♦*'❛♥③❛ ♥♦♥ $❡❛❣✐*❝❡ ❡*♦'❡$♠✐❝❛♠❡♥'❡ ✭'$❛*❢❡✲ $✐♠❡♥'♦ ❞✐ ❝❛❧♦$❡ ❞❛❧ *✐*'❡♠❛ ❛❧❧✬❡*'❡$♥♦✮ ❝♦♥ ♠❛'❡$✐❛❧✐ ❝♦♠❜✉*'✐❜✐❧✐

❈❛♣✐$♦❧♦ ✷

()♦❝❡❞✉)❡ ❡ .✐.$❡♠✐ ❛$$✉❛❧✐ ♣❡) ✐❧

)✉❧❧❛❣❣✐♦

❇!❡✈❡ ✐♥&!♦❞✉③✐♦♥❡ +✉❧❧❡ ♣!♦❝❡❞✉!❡ ♦♣❡!❛&✐✈❡ ❛&&✉❛❧♠❡♥&❡ ✐♥ ✉+♦ ❡ +✉✐ +✐+&❡♠✐ ❝❤❡ ♠❛❣❣✐♦!♠❡♥&❡ ♣♦++♦♥♦ ❡++❡!❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥③❛&✐ ❞❛ ✉♥ ♣♦++✐❜✐❧❡ ✉&✐❧✐③③♦ ❞✐ ✉♥ +✐+&❡♠❛ ❞✐ !✉❧❧❛❣❣✐♦ ❡❧❡&&!✐❝♦ ✭❡❚❛①✐✮✳

✷✳✶ ❆❝❝❡♥'✐♦♥❡ ♠♦+♦,✐

▲❛ ♣!♦❝❡❞✉!❛ ❞✐ ♠❡++❛ ✐♥ ♠♦&♦ ;✱ ✐♥ ♠♦❧&❡ ❝✐!❝♦+&❛♥③❡✱ ❛✉&♦♠❛&✐❝❛✳ ❈♦✲ ♠✉♥?✉❡✱ +❡ ❧❛ ♣!♦❝❡❞✉!❛ ❛✉&♦♠❛&✐❝❛ ❞♦✈❡++❡ ❢❛❧❧✐!❡ ♣❡! ✉♥✬✐♥+✉✣❝✐❡♥③❛ ❞✐ ♣!❡++✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧✬❛!✐❛ ✐♥ ✐♥❣!❡++♦✱ ❝♦♠❡ ❛❞ ❡+❡♠♣✐♦ ✐♥ ❝❛+♦ ❞✐ ❛❡!♦♣♦!&✐ ♣♦+&✐ ❛❞ ❡❧❡✈❛&❡ ❛❧&✐&✉❞✐♥✐ ♦ ❞✐ ❜❛++❛ ♣!❡++✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ ❣!✉♣♣♦ ❡+&❡!♥♦✱ ; ❝♦♥+✐❣❧✐❛&❛ ❧❛ ♣!♦❝❡❞✉!❛ ♠❛♥✉❛❧❡✳ ❉✉!❛♥&❡ ❧✬❛❝❝❡♥+✐♦♥❡ ♣✉D ✈❡!✐✜❝❛!+✐ ✐❧ !✐♣♦!&♦✱ ❞❛ ♣❛!&❡ ❞❡❧ ♣❡!+♦♥❛❧❡ ❞✐ &❡!!❛✱ ❞✐ ✉♥❛ ♣❡!❞✐&❛ ❞✐ ❝❛!❜✉!❛♥&❡ ❞❛❧❧✬❡♥❣✐♥❡ ❞!❛✐♥ ♠❛+&✱ ✐♥ ?✉❡+&♦ ❝❛+♦ +✐ ❞♦✈!❡❜❜❡ ♠❛♥&❡♥❡!❡ ✐❧ ♠♦&♦!❡ ✐♥ ✐❞❧❡ ✶ _{♣❡! ✺ ♠✐♥✳✱ ♥❡❧ ❝❛+♦}

❝♦♥&✐♥✉❛++❡ ; ♥❡❝❡++❛!✐❛ ✉♥✬✐+♣❡③✐♦♥❡ ♠❛♥✉&❡♥&✐✈❛ ♣!✐♠❛ ❞❡❧❧✬✐♥✈♦❧♦ ❬✷✹❪✳ K✉D ❛❝❝❛❞❡!❡ ❝❤❡ ❧✬❛❧✐♠❡♥&❛③✐♦♥❡ ❡❧❡&&!✐❝❛ ✈❡♥❣❛ ❛ ♠❛♥❝❛!❡ ❞✉!❛♥&❡ ❧❛ ♣!♦❝❡❞✉!❛ ❞✐ ♠❡++❛ ✐♥ ♠♦&♦✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛&❛ ❞❛ ✉♥❛ ♣❡!❞✐&❛ ❞❡❧ ❞✐+♣❧❛② ❞❡❧❧✬❊❈❆▼✷_✱

✐♥ ?✉❡+&♦ ❝❛+♦ ; ♥❡❝❡++❛!✐♦ +♣❡❣♥❡!❡ ✐❧ ♠❛+&❡! ❞❡❧❧✬❊◆● ✶✳ K!✐♠❛ ❞✐ !✐♣❡&❡!❡ ❧✬♦♣❡!❛③✐♦♥❡ ; ♥❡❝❡++❛!✐♦ ❡✛❡&&✉❛!❡ ✸✵+ ❞✐ ❞!② ❝!❛♥❦✸_✳

■ ♣❛!❛♠❡&!✐ +&❛♥❞❛!❞ ❞❡❧ ♠♦&♦!❡ ✐♥ ✐❞❧❡ ❛❧ ❧✐✈❡❧❧♦ ❞❡❧ ♠❛!❡ ❬✷✹❪✿ ✶ _{♦"❡♥③❛ ♠♦"♦(❡ ❛❧ ♠✐♥✐♠♦✱ 7%} ✷_{❊❧❡❝"(♦♥✐❝ ❈❡♥"(❛❧✐③❡❞ ❆✐(❝(❛❢" ▼♦♥✐"♦( ✭❊❈❆▼✮ 5 ✉♥ 7✐7"❡♠❛✱ 7✈✐❧✉♣♣❛"♦ ❞❛ ❆✐(❜✉7✱} ❝❤❡ ♠♦♥✐"♦(❛ ❧❡ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥✐ ❞❡❧❧✬❛❡(♦♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛♥❞♦❧❡ ❛ 7❡❝♦♥❞❛ ❞❡❧❧❛ (✐❧❡✈❛♥③❛ ❛✐ ♣✐❧♦"✐✳ ✸_{❊✬ ❧❛ ✈❡♥"✐❧❛③✐♦♥❡ ❢♦(③❛"❛ ❞❡✐ ♠♦"♦(✐ ♣❡( ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛(❡ ✐ ✈❛♣♦(✐ ❞❡❧ ❝♦♠❜✉7"✐❜✐❧❡ ❞♦♣♦} ✉♥✬❛❝❝❡♥7✐♦♥❡ ❢❛❧❧✐"❛✳ ▲✬❡?✉✐♣❛❣❣✐♦ ♣✉A ❡✛❡""✉❛(❡ ?✉❡7"❛ ♠❛♥♦✈(❛ ♠❛♥✉❛❧❡♠❡♥"❡✳ ✶✺

❈❆"■❚❖▲❖ ✷✳ "❘❖❈❊❉❯❘❊ ❊ ❙■❙❚❊▼■ ❆❚❚❯❆▲■ "❊❘ ■▲ ❘❯▲▲❆●●■❖✶✻ ❋✐❣✉&❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❊♥❣✐♥❡ ❞&❛✐♥ ♠❛01 ❼ ◆✶✹ _{❝✐&❝❛ 19.5%} ❼ ◆✷✺ _{❝✐&❝❛ 58.5%} ❼ ❊●❚✻_{❝✐&❝❛ ✸✾✵❽} ❼ ❋❋ ❝✐&❝❛ ✷✼✺ ❑❣✴❤

❆❧ 1❡&♠✐♥❡ ❞❡❧❧✬❛❝❝❡♥0✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ ♣&✐♠♦ ♠♦1♦&❡ 0✐ ♣&❡❝❡❞❡ ❝♦♥ ✐❧ 0❡❝♦♥❞♦✱ 1&❛♥♥❡ ♥❡❧ ❝❛0♦ ❞✐ &✉❧❧❛❣❣✐♦ 0✐♥❣❧❡ ❡♥❣✐♥❡✳

✷✳✷ ❘✉❧❧❛❣❣✐♦

❯♥❛ ❜✉♦♥❛ 01✐♠❛ ❞❡✐ 1❡♠♣✐ ❞✐ &✉❧❧❛❣❣✐♦ F ❢♦♥❞❛♠❡♥1❛❧❡✳ ■ ♠♦1♦&✐ ❛ &❡❛✲ ③✐♦♥❡ 0♦♥♦ ♦11✐♠✐③③❛1✐ ♣❡& ❧❡ ❝♦♥❞✐③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ ✈♦❧♦✱ ♠❛ ♦♣❡&❛♥♦ ♣❡& ✉♥ 1❡♠♣♦ ❝♦♥0✐❞❡&❡✈♦❧❡ ❛❧ 0✉♦❧♦ ♣❡& &❛❣❣✐✉♥❣❡&❡ ❧❛ ♣✐01❛ ♦ ✐❧ 1❡&♠✐♥❛❧✳ ◗✉❡01♦ 1❡♠♣♦ 01❛ ❛✉♠❡♥1❛♥❞♦ 0✐❛ ♣❡& ✈✐❛ ❞❡❧❧✬❛✛♦❧❧❛♠❡♥1♦ ❞❡❣❧✐ ❛❡&♦♣♦&1✐ 0✐❛ ♣❡& ❧✬❛✉♠❡♥✲ 1♦ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❧♦&♦ ❞✐♠❡♥0✐♦♥✐✱ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ✉♥❛ ♣❡&❞✐1❛ ❞✐ 1❡♠♣♦ ❡ ❧✬❛✉♠❡♥1♦ ❞❡❧ ❝♦♥0✉♠♦ ❞✐ ❝♦♠❜✉01✐❜✐❧❡✳ ❙♦❧♦ ❧✬✉0♦ ❞✐ ✉♥♦ ❞❡✐ ❞✉❡ ♠♦1♦&✐ ♣❡& ✐❧ 1❛①✐ ✭♦ ❞✉❡ ✹_{◆✶ " ✐❧ ❝♦♠♣)❡++♦)❡ ❞✐ ❜❛++❛ ♣)❡++✐♦♥❡✴✈❡❧♦❝✐23 ❞✐ )♦2❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ ❢❛♥ ❡+♣)❡++❛ ✐♥} ♣❡)❝❡♥2✉❛❧❡✳ ✺_{◆✷ " ✐❧ ❝♦♠♣)❡++♦)❡ ❞✬❛❧2❛ ♣)❡++✐♦♥❡✴✈❡❧♦❝✐23 ❞✐ )♦2❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ 2✉)❜✐♥❛ ❡+♣)❡++❛ ✐♥} ♣❡)❝❡♥2✉❛❧❡✳ ✻_{❊①❤❛✉+2 ●❛+ ❚❡♠♣❡)❛2✉)❡}

❈❆"■❚❖▲❖ ✷✳ "❘❖❈❊❉❯❘❊ ❊ ❙■❙❚❊▼■ ❆❚❚❯❆▲■ "❊❘ ■▲ ❘❯▲▲❆●●■❖✶✼ ♣❡$ ❣❧✐ ❛❡$♦♠♦❜✐❧✐ ,✉❛❞$✐♠♦/♦$✐✮ ♣✉1 ♣♦$/❛$❡ ❛ ❞❡✐ ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐✳ ❆✐$❜✉7 ❢♦$♥✐7❝❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛③✐♦♥✐ 7✉❧❧❡ ♣$♦❝❡❞✉$❡ 7/❛♥❞❛$❞ ❞❛ ❛❞♦//❛$❡ ♥❡❧ ❋❧✐❣❤/ ❈$❡✇ ❖♣❡$❛/✐♥❣ ▼❛♥✉❛❧ ♣❡$ ❛❧❝✉♥❡ ♦♣❡$❛③✐♦♥✐✳ ■ ✈❡//♦$✐ ❞❡✈♦♥♦ ❝♦♥✲ 7✐❞❡$❛$❡ ❞✐✈❡$7✐ ❢❛//♦$✐ ♣$✐♠❛ ❞✐ ✐♥❝♦$♣♦$❛$❡ /❛❧❡ ♣$♦❝❡❞✉$❛ ♥❡✐ ❧♦$♦ 7/❛♥❞❛$❞ ♦♣❡$❛/✐✈✐✿ ❼ ♥♦♥ D ❛❞❛//❛ ♣❡$ ❡❧❡✈❛/✐ ♣❡7✐❀ ❼ D 7❝♦♥7✐❣❧✐❛/❛ ❧❛❞❞♦✈❡ 7✐❛♥♦ ♣$❡✈✐7/✐ ❞✐7❧✐✈❡❧❧✐ ♦ ♥❡❧ ❝❛7♦ ❞✐ 7✉♣❡$✜❝✐ ❜❛❣♥❛/❡❀ ❼ ♥♦♥ F ❣❛$❛♥/✐/❛ ❧❛ ♣$♦/❡③✐♦♥❡ ❞❛ ✐♥❝❡♥❞✐ ,✉❛♥❞♦ ✐❧ ♠♦/♦$❡ ✈✐❡♥❡ ♠❡77♦ ✐♥ ♠♦/♦ ❧♦♥/❛♥♦ ❞❛❧❧❛ $❛♠♣❛❀ ❼ ❧❛ $✐❞♦//❛ $✐❞♦♥❞❛♥③❛ ♣✉1 ❝♦♠♣♦$/❛$❡ ✉♥❛ $✐❞✉③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐/G ❞✐ ❢$❡♥❛/❛ ❡✴♦ ❞✐ 7/❡$③♦❀ ❼ F ♥❡❝❡77❛$✐♦ ❛③✐♦♥❛$❡ ✐❧ ♠♦/♦$❡ ❞❛✐ ❞✉❡ ❛✐ ❝✐♥,✉❡ ♠✐♥✉/✐ ✭❛ 7❡❝♦♥❞❛ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♠♦/♦$✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡✮ ♣$✐♠❛ ❞❡❧ ❞❡❝♦❧❧♦❀ ✐❧ /❡♠♣♦ ❞✐ $✐7❝❛❧❞❛♠❡♥/♦ ♥❡✐ ♠♦/♦$✐ ❛❞ ❛❧/♦ $❛♣♣♦$/♦ ❞✐ ❜②♣❛77✱ ❤❛ ✉♥ 7✐❣♥✐✜❝❛/✐✈♦ $✐7❝♦♥/$♦ 7✉❧❧❛ ✈✐/❛ ❞❡❧ ♠♦/♦$❡ 7/❡77♦❀ ❼ ♣♦/$❡❜❜❡$♦ ✈❡$✐✜❝❛$7✐ ♣$♦❜❧❡♠✐ /❡❝♥✐❝✐ ❞✉$❛♥/❡ ❧✬❛❝❝❡♥7✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ ♠♦/♦$❡ ❝♦♥ ❝♦♥7❡❣✉❡♥/❡ ♣❡$❞✐/❛ ❞✐ /❡♠♣♦ ♣❡$ ❛❝❝❡$/❛♠❡♥/✐❀ ❼ ❋❈❖▼ ✭❋❧✐❣❤/ ❈$❡✇ ❖♣❡$❛/✐♥❣ ▼❛♥✉❛❧✮ ♣$❡✈❡❞❡ ❧✬❛③✐♦♥❛♠❡♥/♦ ❞❡❧❧✬❆✲ M❯ ♣$✐♠❛ ❞❡❧❧♦ 7♣❡❣♥✐♠❡♥/♦ ❞❡❧ ♠♦/♦$❡ ❞♦♣♦ ❧✬❛//❡$$❛❣❣✐♦ ♣❡$ ❡✈✐/❛$❡ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❞✉/❛ ❞✐ /❡♥7✐♦♥❡❀ ❼ D ♥❡❝❡77❛$✐♦ ✉♥ ❞❡✜♥✐/♦ ✐♥/❡$✈❛❧❧♦ ❞✐ /❡♠♣♦ ♣$✐♠❛ ❞❡❧❧♦ 7♣❡❣♥✐♠❡♥/♦ ❞❡❧ ♠♦/♦$❡ ❞♦♣♦ ❧✬❛//❡$$❛❣❣✐♦ ✐♥ ,✉❛♥/♦✱ ✉♥ ♣$❡♠❛/✉$♦ 7♣❡❣♥✐♠❡♥/♦✱ ♣♦/$❡❜❜❡ ✐♥✜❝✐❛$❡ ❧❛ ✈✐/❛ ❞❡❧ ♠♦/♦$❡ 7/❡77♦❀ ❼ ❧❛ 7❝❡❧/❛ ❞❡❧ ♠♦/♦$❡ ❞❛ ✉7❛$❡ ♣❡$ ✐❧ $✉❧❧❛❣❣✐♦ ❞❡✈❡ /❡♥❡$❡ ❝♦♥/♦ ❞✐ ,✉❛♥/♦ $✐♣♦$/❛/♦ ♥❡❧ ❋❈❖▼✳ ■❧ $✉❧❧❛❣❣✐♦ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ 7♦❧♦ ♠♦/♦$❡ $✐❝❤✐❡❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♠❛❣❣✐♦$❡ 7♣✐♥/❛ ♣❡$ ✐❧ /❛①✐ ❡ ❧❡ ♠❛♥♦✈$❡✱ ❜✐7♦❣♥❛ ✐♥ ♦❣♥✐ ❝❛7♦ ❡7❡$❝✐/❛$❡ ✉♥❛ ❝❡$/❛ ❛//❡♥③✐♦♥❡ ♣❡$ ❡✈✐✲ /❛$❡ ❡❝❝❡77✐✈✐ ❥❡/ ❜❧❛7/ ❡ ❧❛ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥/❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ❋❖❉✳ ➱ ❞❛ 7♦//♦❧✐♥❡❛$❡ ❝❤❡ $♦/❛③✐♦♥✐ 7/$❡//❡ ❡✴♦ ✈❡❧♦❝✐ ♥❡❧ 7❡♥7♦ ❞❡❧ ♠♦/♦$❡ ♦♣❡$❛/✐✈♦ ♥♦♥ 7♦♥♦ ♣♦77✐❜✐❧✐ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ❛❡$♦♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❞✐ ♣❡7♦ ❝♦♥7✐7/❡♥/❡✳ ■❧ 7✐♥❣❧❡ ❡♥❣✐♥❡ /❛①✐ ♣✉S ❛♥❝❤❡ ❡7✲ 7❡$❡ ✉/✐❧❡ ♣❡$ ❧❛ 7❛❧✈❛❣✉❛$❞✐❛ ❞❡✐ ❢$❡♥✐✱ ✐♥ ,✉❛♥/♦ ♥♦♥ ✈❡♥❣♦♥♦ ✉/✐❧✐③③❛/✐ ♣❡$ ❝♦$$❡❣❣❡$❡ ❧❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐/G ❞❛/❛ ❞❛❧❧✬❡❝❝❡77✐✈❛ ♣♦/❡♥③❛ ❞❡✐ ❞✉❡ ♠♦/♦$✐❀ ❝♦♥ ,✉❡7/❛

❈❆"■❚❖▲❖ ✷✳ "❘❖❈❊❉❯❘❊ ❊ ❙■❙❚❊▼■ ❆❚❚❯❆▲■ "❊❘ ■▲ ❘❯▲▲❆●●■❖✶✽ ♣#♦❝❡❞✉#❛ ❧❛ ✈✐-❛ ❞❡✐ ❞✐.❝❤✐ ❛❧ ❝❛#❜♦♥✐♦ ♣♦-#❡❜❜❡ ♣#♦❧✉♥❣❛#.✐ ♥♦-❡✈♦❧♠❡♥-❡✳ ❉✐ .❡❣✉✐-♦ 6 #✐♣♦#-❛-❛ ✉♥❛ -❛❜❡❧❧❛ ❝❤❡ #✐❛..✉♠❡ ✐❧ #✐.♣❛#♠✐♦ ♠❡❞✐♦ ❞✐ ❝❛#❜✉#❛♥-❡ ♣❡# ✉♥ #✉❧❧❛❣❣✐♦ ❞✐ ✶✷ ♠✐♥✉-✐ ❝♦♥ ❧✬✉.♦ ❞✐ ❡♥-#❛♠❜✐ ✐ ♠♦-♦#✐❀ ❞✐ ✉♥ ♠♦-♦#❡ ❝♦♥.✐❞❡#❛♥❞♦ ✐ ✹ ♠✐♥✉-✐ ❝✐#❝❛ ♥❡❝❡..❛#✐ ♣❡# ♣♦#-❛#❡ ✐♥ -❡♠♣❡#❛✲ -✉#❛ ✐❧ .❡❝♦♥❞♦ ♣#♦♣✉❧.♦#❡✳ ❉❛-✐ ❢♦#♥✐-✐ ❞❛ ❆✐#❜✉. ♣❡# ✐ ✈❡❧✐✈♦❧✐ ♣✐> ❞✐✛✉.✐✳ ❚✐♣♦ ✶✷ ♠✐♥ -❛①✐ ✶✷ ♠✐♥ -❛①✐ ❈❛#❜✉#❛♥-❡ ❛❡#♦♠♦❜✐❧❡ ✷ ♠♦-♦#✐ ✭✽ ♠✐♥ ❝♦♥ ✶ ♠♦-♦#❡✮ #✐.♣❛#♠✐❛-♦ ❬❑❣❪ ❬❑❣❪ ❬❑❣❪ ❆✸✶✽ ✶✷✵ ✽✵ ✹✵ ❆✸✶✾ ✶✷✵ ✽✵ ✹✵ ❆✸✷✵ ✶✸✽ ✾✷ ✹✻ ❆✸✷✶ ✶✻✷ ✶✵✽ ✺✹ ❚❛❜❡❧❧❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❈♦♥.✉♠✐ ❆✐#❜✉.

❈❆"■❚❖▲❖ ✷✳ "❘❖❈❊❉❯❘❊ ❊ ❙■❙❚❊▼■ ❆❚❚❯❆▲■ "❊❘ ■▲ ❘❯▲▲❆●●■❖✶✾

✷✳✸ ❆$❯

▲✬❆%❯✶ _{✭❆✉①✐❧✐❛-② %♦✇❡- ❯♥✐3✮ 5 ✉♥✬✉♥✐36 ❝❤❡ ❣❛-❛♥3✐:❝❡ ❛❧ ✈❡❧✐✈♦❧♦ ❞✐} ❡::❡-❡ ✐♥❞✐♣❡♥❞❡♥3❡✱ ❞❛❧ ♣✉♥3♦ ❞✐ ✈✐:3❛ ♣♥❡✉♠❛3✐❝♦✱ ❡❧❡33-✐❝♦ ❡ ❞✐ @✉❡❧❧♦ ❞❡❧ ❝♦♥❞✐③✐♦♥❛♠❡♥3♦✱ ❞❛✐ :✐:3❡♠✐ ❞✐ 3❡--❛✳ ■❧ ❝♦♥:✉♠♦ ❞✐ ❝❛-❜✉-❛♥3❡ ❞❡❧❧✬❆%❯ 5 ♦✈✈✐❛♠❡♥3❡ ♠♦❞❡:3♦✱ -✐:♣❡33♦ ❛ @✉❡❧❧♦ ♥❡❝❡::❛-✐♦ ❛❧ ✈♦❧♦ ❞✐ ✉♥ ❛❡-♦♣❧❛♥♦✳ ▲❡ ❝♦♠♣❛❣♥✐❡ ❝❡-❝❛♥♦ :❡♠♣-❡ ❞✐ ❛❞♦33❛-❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ♣♦❧✐3✐❝❤❡ ❞✐ ✉3✐❧✐③③♦ ♣-❡❝✐:❡ ❡ ♠✐-❛3❡✱ ❝♦♥:❛♣❡✈♦❧✐ ❞❡❧ -✐:♣❛-♠✐♦ ❝❤❡ ♣♦::♦♥♦ ♦33❡♥❡-❡ ❞❛ ✉♥ ❡✣❝✐❡♥3❡ ✉:♦ ✐♥ -❛♠♣❛✳ ■❧ ❝♦♥:✉♠♦ ❞❡❧❧✬❆%❯ ✈❛-✐❛ ❞❛✐ ❝❛-✐❝❤✐ ❛ ❝✉✐ ❞❡✈❡ ❢❛- ❢-♦♥3❡ ❡ ❞❛❧❧❡ ❝♦♥❞✐③✐♦♥✐ ❛♠❜✐❡♥3❛❧✐✳ ▲❛ ❝♦♥❞✐③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ❝♦♥:✉♠♦ ♠✐♥✐♠♦ 5 @✉❡❧❧♦ ❞✐ -❡❛❞② 3♦ ❧♦❛❞ ❘❚▲✱ ❝❛-✐❝❤✐ ❛❞❞✐③✐♦♥❛❧✐ ♥❡ ❛✉♠❡♥3❛♥♦ ✐❧ ❝♦♥:✉♠♦✷_✳ ❚✐♣♦ ▼♦❞❡❧❧♦ ❘❚▲ ❘❚▲ ▼✐♥ ❊❈❙ ▼❛① ❊❈❙ ❛❡-♦♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❆%❯ ▼❛① ❊▲ ▼❛① ❊▲ ▼❛① ❊▲ ❬❑❣✴❤-❪ ❬❑❣✴❤-❪ ❬❑❣✴❤-❪ ❬❑❣✴❤-❪ ❆✸✷✵ ✸✻✲✸✵✵ ✼✵ ✽✺ ✶✵✺ ✶✷✺ ❆✸✷✵ ✶✸✶✲✾❆ ✼✺ ✾✺ ✶✶✺ ✶✷✺ ❆✸✸✵ ❆✸✹✵ ✸✸✶✲✸✺✵ ✶✷✵ ✶✹✵ ✶✼✺ ✷✶✵ ❚❛❜❡❧❧❛ ✷✳✷✿ ❈♦♥:✉♠✐ ❆%❯ ▲❡ ♣-♦❝❡❞✉-❡ :♣❡❝✐✜❝❤❡ ❞❡❧❧✬✉:♦ ❞❡❧❧✬❆%❯ ♣❡- ✐❧ -✐:♣❛-♠✐♦ ❞✐ ❝♦♠❜✉:3✐❜✐❧❡ :♦♥♦ ❞❡❝✐:❡ ❞❛❧❧❡ ❝♦♠♣❛❣♥✐❡✳ %❡- ❢❛-❡ ✉♥ ❡:❡♠♣✐♦✱ ❧✬✉:♦ ❞✐ @✉❡:3♦ :✐:3❡♠❛ ❛♥❝❤❡ :♦❧♦ ♣❡- ✉♥ ♠✐♥✉3♦ ✐♥ ♣✐\ ❞❡❧ ❞♦✈✉3♦ ✭❛ ✶✽✵ ❑❣✴❤-✮ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ ✉♥ ❝♦♥:✉♠♦ ❞✐ ✸✵✵✵ ❦❣ ✐♥ ♣✐\ ✐♥ ✉♥ ❛♥♥♦ ❡ ❧✬❛✉♠❡♥3♦ ❞❡✐ ❝♦:3✐ ❞✐ ♠❛♥✉3❡♥③✐♦♥❡ ❬✸❪✳ ■ ✈❡33♦-✐ ❞❡✈♦♥♦ ❞❡❝✐❞❡-❡ :❡ ✉3✐❧✐③③❛-❡ ❣❧✐ ❛♣♣❛-❛3✐ ❞✐ 3❡--❛ ✭●-♦✉♥❞ %♦✇❡- ❯♥✐3✱ ●-♦✉♥❞ ❈❧✐♠❛3✐:❛3✐♦♥ ❯♥✐3✱ ❆✐- ❙3❛-3 ❯♥✐3✮ ♦ ❧✬❆%❯❀ ❞✐♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛ ♥✉♠❡-♦:✐ ❢❛33♦-✐ ❡ ♣❛-❛♠❡3-✐ -❡❧❛3✐✈✐ ❛❞ ♦❣♥✐ 3✉-♥❛-♦✉♥❞✸ _{❡ ❞❛❧❧✬❛❡-♦♣♦-3♦✳ ❆❧❝✉♥✐} ♣❛-❛♠❡3-✐ ♣♦::♦♥♦ ❡::❡-❡✿ ❼ ❞✉-❛3❛ ❞❡❧ 3✉-♥✲❛-♦✉♥❞ ❼ ❝♦♥❞✐③✐♦♥✐ ❛♠❜✐❡♥3❛❧✐ ❼ ❝♦:3♦ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❝♦♥♥❡::✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❣❧✐ ❛♣♣❛-❛3✐ ❼ @✉❛❧✐36 ❞❡❣❧✐ ❛♣♣❛-❛3✐ ✶_❬✸❪ ✷_{❘❚▲✿❘❡❛❞② +♦ ▲♦❛❞✱ ❊▲✿ ❊❧❡❝+1✐❝ ▲♦❛❞✱ ❊❈❙✿ ❊♥✈✐1♦♠❡♥+❛❧ ❈♦♥❞✐+✐♦♥✐♥❣ ❙②9+❡♠} ✸_{:1♦❝❡❞✉1❛ ❞✐ 1✐<✉❛❧✐✜❝❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ ✈❡❧✐✈♦❧♦ ♣1✐♠❛ ❞✐ ✉♥❛ 1✐♣❛1+❡♥③❛}

❈❆"■❚❖▲❖ ✷✳ "❘❖❈❊❉❯❘❊ ❊ ❙■❙❚❊▼■ ❆❚❚❯❆▲■ "❊❘ ■▲ ❘❯▲▲❆●●■❖✷✵ ❼ ❝❛$✐❝♦ ❞✐ ♣❛))❡❣❣❡$✐ ❼ ,❡♠♣♦ ♥❡❝❡))❛$✐♦ ❛❧❧❛ ❝♦♥♥❡))✐♦♥❡ ❼ ♣$♦❝❡❞✉$❡ ❛♥,✐$✉♠♦$❡ 1❡$ ❧✉♥❣❤✐ ,✉$♥❛$♦✉♥❞ ♦ ❧✉♥❣❤❡ )♦),❡ ✭❝♦♠❡ 4✉❡❧❧❡ ♥♦,,✉$♥❡✮ ❧✬✉)♦ ❞❡❧❧✬❆✲ 1❯ ♥♦♥ : ❧❛ )❝❡❧,❛ ♠✐❣❧✐♦$❡ ✐♥ 4✉❛♥,♦ ✐❧ ❢❛,,♦$❡ ,❡♠♣♦ : ❧✐♠✐,❛,♦✱ $✐)♣❛$♠✐❛♥❞♦ ❝❛$❜✉$❛♥,❡ ❡ ♣$❡)❡$✈❛♥❞♦ ❧✬❛♣♣❛$❛,♦ ),❡))♦✳ ■♥ ❛❧,$✐ ❝❛)✐✱ ,✉$♥✲❛$♦✉♥❞ ✐♥❢❡✲ $✐♦$❡ ❛ ✹✺ ♠✐♥✉,✐✱ : ♣$❡❢❡$✐❜✐❧❡ ❧✐♠✐,❛$❡ ❧❡ ❛❝❝❡♥)✐♦♥✐ ❞❡❧❧✬❆1❯ ❡ ✉,✐❧✐③③❛$❧♦ ✐♥ ♠♦❞❛❧✐,D ❘❚▲ ♣✐✉,,♦),♦ ❝❤❡ )♣❡❣♥❡$❧♦ ❡ $✐❛❝❝❡♥❞❡$❧♦ ♣❡$ ❧✐♠✐,❛$❡ ✐ ❝✐❝❧✐ ❞✐ ❛❝❝❡♥)✐♦♥❡✳ ❆❧❝✉♥✐ ❛❡$♦♣♦$,✐ ❧✐♠✐,❛♥♦ ❧✬✉)♦ ❞✐ 4✉❡),♦ ❛♣♣❛$❛,♦ ❛❞ ✉♥ ❞❡✜✲ ♥✐,♦ ✐♥,❡$✈❛❧❧♦ ❞✐ ,❡♠♣♦ ♣$✐♠❛ ❞❡❧ ❞❡❝♦❧❧♦ ❡ ❞♦♣♦ ❧✬❛$$✐✈♦✱ ✐♥ ❛❧❝✉♥✐ ❝❛)✐ ❞✐ ,✉$♥✲❛$♦✉♥❞ ♣❛$,✐❝♦❧❛$♠❡♥,❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐ : )❝♦♥)✐❣❧✐❛❜✐❧❡ ❧♦ )♣❡❣♥✐♠❡♥,♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡,♦ ❞❡✐ ♠♦,♦$✐ ❝♦)I✱ ❛♥❝❤❡ )❡ ❧❛ ❞♦♠❛♥❞❛ ❞✐ ❊❈❙ : ❞✐✣❝✐❧❡ ❞❛ )♦❞❞✐)❢❛$❡ )♣❡❝✐❛❧✲ ♠❡♥,❡ ✐♥ ♣❛$,✐❝♦❧❛$✐ ❝♦♥❞✐③✐♦♥✐ ❝❧✐♠❛,✐❝❤❡ ✭❝❛❧❞♦ ❡❝❝❡))✐✈♦✮ ❧✬❆1❯ ♥♦♥ ✈✐❡♥❡ ❛③✐♦♥❛,♦✳ ▲✬❛❝❝❡♥)✐♦♥❡ ❞❡✐ ♠♦,♦$✐ ❞❡✈❡ ❡))❡$❡ ❡✛❡,,✉❛,❛ ✐♥ ❝♦♦$❞✐♥❛♠❡♥,♦ ❝♦♥ ❧✬❆❚❈ ❛♥❝❤❡ ✐♥ $❡❧❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ✉♥ ♣♦))✐❜✐❧❡ )❧♦, ♦ ❞✐ ✉♥ ❡✈❡♥,✉❛❧❡ ♣✉)❤✲ ❜❛❝❦✳ ❙❡ ❧❛ )♣✐♥,❛ ❞♦✈❡))❡ ❡))❡$❡ $✐,❛$❞❛,❛ : ♣$❡❢❡$✐❜✐❧❡ ❧✬✉)♦ ❞❡❧❧✬❆1❯ ♣❡$ ✐❧ ❝♦♥❞✐③✐♦♥❛♠❡♥,♦ ❡ ❧❛ ❢♦$♥✐,✉$❛ ❡❧❡,,$✐❝❛❀ ❧✬❛❝❝❡♥)✐♦♥❡ ❞❡✐ ♠♦,♦$✐ ❞♦✈$❡❜❜❡ ❡))❡$❡ $✐,❛$❞❛,♦ ✜♥♦ ❛ 4✉❛♥❞♦ ♥♦♥ )✐ : ♣$♦♥,✐✳ ❚✐♣♦ ▼♦❞❡❧❧♦ ❊♥❣✐♥❡ ❋❋ ❆1❯ ❋❋ ❊①,$❛ ❢✉❡❧ ❛❡$♦♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❆1❯ ✶ ♠✐♥✉,❡ ❬❑❣✴❤$❪ ❬❑❣✴❤$❪ ❬❑❣❪ ❆✸✷✵ ❈❋▼ ✸✻✲✸✵✵ ✸✵✵ ✶✵✺ ✸ ❆✸✸✵ ❘❘ ✸✸✶✲✸✺✵ ✼✷✵ ✶✼✺ ✾ ❆✸✹✵ ❈❋▼ ✸✸✶✲✸✺✵ ✸✵✵ ✶✼✺ ✷ ❚❛❜❡❧❧❛ ✷✳✸✿ ❈♦♥❢$♦♥,♦ ❝♦♥)✉♠✐ ■❧ ✈❛♥,❛❣❣✐♦ ❞❡❧❧✬❆1❯ ♥♦♥ : )♦❧♦ ♥❡❧ $✐)♣❛$♠✐♦ ❞✐ ❝♦♠❜✉),✐❜✐❧❡✱ ✐♥❢❛,,✐ ✐❧ ❝♦),♦ ♦$❛$✐♦ ❞✐ ♠❛♥✉,❡♥③✐♦♥❡ : ♥❡,,❛♠❡♥,❡ ✐♥❢❡$✐♦$❡ ❛ 4✉❡❧❧♦ ❞❡✐ ♠♦,♦$✐✱ ❝♦)I $✐❞✉❝❡♥❞♦ ❧✬✉)♦ ❞❡✐ ♠♦,♦$✐ ❛ ,❡$$❛ )✐ $✐❞✉❝♦♥♦ ❛♥❝❤❡ ✐ ❝♦),✐ ♦♣❡$❛,✐✈✐✳

❈❆"■❚❖▲❖ ✷✳ "❘❖❈❊❉❯❘❊ ❊ ❙■❙❚❊▼■ ❆❚❚❯❆▲■ "❊❘ ■▲ ❘❯▲▲❆●●■❖✷✶

✷✳✹ #♥❡✉♠❛)✐❝✐

●❧✐ ♣♥❡✉♠❛+✐❝✐ ❞✐ ✉♥ ❛❡.♦♠♦❜✐❧❡ 1♦♥♦ ❝♦1+.✉✐+✐✱ ❝♦♠❡ ♣.✐♥❝✐♣✐♦✱ ♥❡❧❧♦ 1+❡1✲ 1♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞✐ 4✉❡❧❧✐ ❝❤❡ ❡4✉✐♣❛❣❣✐❛♥♦ ❧❡ ❛✉+♦♠♦❜✐❧✐✱ ♠❛ ❝♦♥ ❝❛.❛++❡.✐1+✐❝❤❡ ❝❤❡ ♥❡ ❞❡✜♥✐1❝♦♥♦ ❧❡ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥✐✱ ❝❤❡ 1♦♥♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡+❛♠❡♥+❡ ❞✐✈❡.1❡✳ <❡. ❣❧✐ ❛❡.❡✐ ❝♦♠✲ ♠❡.❝✐❛❧✐ ❡ 4✉❡❧❧✐ ♠✐❧✐+❛.✐✱ ✐ ♣.♦❞✉++♦.✐ 1♦♥♦ ♦.♠❛✐ ♦.✐❡♥+❛+✐ ❛❞ ✉1❛.❡ ♣♥❡✉♠❛✲ +✐❝✐ ❞✐ +✐♣♦ .❛❞✐❛❧❡ ❡ +✉❜❡❧❡11✱ ♠❡♥+.❡ ♣❡. ❧✬❛✈✐❛③✐♦♥❡ ❣❡♥❡.❛❧❡ 1♦♥♦ ❛♥❝♦.❛ ♠♦❧+♦ ❞✐✛✉1✐ ✐ ❝✐♥+✉.❛+✐✳ ◗✉❡1+❛ 1♦❧✉③✐♦♥❡ ❤❛ ❝♦♠❡ ❝❛.❛++❡.✐1+✐❝❛ ♣.✐♠❛.✐❛ ❧❛ ❞✐1♣♦1✐③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧✬❛.♠❛+✉.❛ ✐♥ 1❡♥1♦ +.❛1✈❡.1❛❧❡ .✐1♣❡++♦ ❛❧ 1❡♥1♦ ❞✐ ♠❛.✲ ❝✐❛❀ ✐ ✈❛♥+❛❣❣✐ 1♦♥♦ ✉♥ ❝♦♥+❛++♦ ❞❡❧ ❜❛++✐1+.❛❞❛ ❝♦♥ ✐❧ +❡..❡♥♦ ❞❡❝✐1❛♠❡♥+❡ 1✉♣❡.✐♦.❡ ❛ 4✉❡❧❧♦ ❞✐ ✉♥ ♣♥❡✉♠❛+✐❝♦ ❝♦♥✈❡♥③✐♦♥❛❧❡ ❝❤✐❛♠❛+♦ ❛♥❝❤❡ ❛ ❶+❡❧❡ ✐♥❝.♦❝✐❛+❡✶_❷✳ ■❧ ❜❛++✐1+.❛❞❛ B ❧✐1❝✐♦✱ ❝♦♠♣❛✐❛♥♦ 1♦❧♦ 1❝❛♥❛❧❛+✉.❡ ❞✐1♣♦1+❡ ♥❡❧ 1❡♥1♦ ❞✐ ♠❛.❝✐❛ 1✉❧❧❛ ❝✐.❝♦♥❢❡.❡♥③❛✱ ♣❡.❝❤C ✉♥ ❛❡.♦♠♦❜✐❧❡ ♥♦♥ ❞❡✈❡ ❢❛.❡ ❝✉.✈❡ ✭❞✐❢✲ ❢❡.❡♥+❡♠❡♥+❡ ❞❛ ✉♥✬❛✉+♦♠♦❜✐❧❡✮✱ 1❡ ♥♦♥ ✐♥ ❢❛1❡ ❞✐ .✉❧❧❛❣❣✐♦ ❡ ❞✐ ♣.❡✲❞❡❝♦❧❧♦ ❡ ♣♦1+✲❛++❡..❛❣❣✐♦ ❡❞ ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐+F .✐❞♦++❡✳ ◗✉❡1+✐ ♣♥❡✉♠❛+✐❝✐✱ ❝♦♥ ❞✐♠❡♥1✐♦♥✐ ❝❤❡ ♣♦11♦♥♦ .❛❣❣✐✉♥❣❡.❡ ✐ ❞✉❡ ♠❡+.✐ ❞✐ ❞✐❛♠❡+.♦✱ ❞❡✈♦♥♦ ❡11❡.❡ ✐❧ ♣✐G ❧❡❣✲ ❣❡.✐ ♣♦11✐❜✐❧❡✱ ♣❡. .✐❞✉..❡ ✐❧ ♣❡1♦ +♦+❛❧❡ ❞❡❧ ✈❡❧✐✈♦❧♦✳ ▲❡ 1❝❛♥❛❧❛+✉.❡ 1❡.✈♦♥♦ ❛ 1❝❛.✐❝❛.❡ ❧✬❛❝4✉❛✱ ✐♥ ❝❛1♦ ❞✐ ♣✐1+❛ ❜❛❣♥❛+❛✱ ✐❧ ♣✐G ♣♦11✐❜✐❧❡ ✈❡.1♦ ♣♦♣♣❛ ❡ ♠❡♥♦ ❛✐ ❧❛+✐✱ ♣❡. ♥♦♥ ❢❛. ❝♦♥✢✉✐.❡ ❧✬❛❝4✉❛ ✐♥ ❞✐.❡③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡✐ ♠♦+♦.✐✱ ❝❤❡ 1♦♥♦ ❝♦♠✉♥4✉❡ ❝♦❧❧❛✉❞❛+✐ ♣❡. ✐♥❣❡1+✐♦♥✐ ✐❞.✐❝❤❡ ❞✐✣❝✐❧♠❡♥+❡ .✐1❝♦♥+.❛❜✐❧✐✳ ◗✉❡1+✐ ♣♥❡✉♠❛+✐❝✐ ❞❡✈♦♥♦ 1♦♣♣♦.+❛.❡✱ ❞❛ ❢❡.♠✐✱ ✐❧ ♣❡1♦ ❞❡❧❧✬❛❡.❡♦✱ ❞❡❧ ❝❛.❜✉.❛♥+❡✱ ❞❡✐ ♣❛11❡❣❣❡.✐ ❡ ❞❡✐ ❧♦.♦ ❜❛❣❛❣❧✐ ❡✱ 1✉❝❝❡11✐✈❛♠❡♥+❡✱ ❞❡✈♦♥♦ ♣❡.❝♦..❡.❡ ❧❛ +❛①✐✇❛② ✜♥♦ ❛❧ ❞❡❝♦❧❧♦✳ ■❧ .✉❧❧❛❣❣✐♦ ❛✈✈✐❡♥❡ ♥♦.♠❛❧♠❡♥+❡ ❛ ❝✐.❝❛ ✺✵ ❦♠✴❤ ♣❡. ✉♥ ♣❛✐♦ ❞✐ ❝❤✐❧♦♠❡+.✐✱ ♠❛ 1♦♥♦ +❡1+❛+✐ ♣❡. ♣❡.❝♦..❡.❡ ❝✐.❝❛ ✶✷ ❦♠ ❛❞ ✽✵ ❦♠✴❤✳ ❉✉.❛♥+❡ ❧❛ ❝♦.1❛ ❞✐ ❞❡❝♦❧❧♦ 1✉❜✐1❝♦♥♦ ❧❛ 1❡❝♦♥❞❛ ♠❛❣❣✐♦.❡ 1♦❧❧❡✲ ❝✐+❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ ❧♦.♦ ❧❛✈♦.♦✱ ♣❡.❝❤C ❧✬❛❡.❡♦ B ❛ ♣✐❡♥♦ ❝❛.✐❝♦✳ ▲❛ 1♦❧❧❡❝✐+❛③✐♦♥❡ ♠❛❣❣✐♦.❡ ❞❡❧ ♣♥❡✉♠❛+✐❝♦ 1✐ ❤❛ ❞✉.❛♥+❡ ❧✬❛++❡..❛❣❣✐♦✱ ✐❧ 4✉❛❧❡ ❞❡✈❡ 1♦1+❡♥❡.❡ ✐❧ ♣❡1♦ ❞❡❧ ✈❡❧✐✈♦❧♦ ✭♠❡❞✐❛♠❡♥+❡ ✉♥ ✈❡❧✐✈♦❧♦ ❞❡❧❧✬❛✈✐❛③✐♦♥❡ ❝♦♠♠❡.❝✐❛❧❡ ♣❡✲ 1❛ ✐♥+♦.♥♦ ❛❧❧❡ ✺✵✳✵✵✵ ❑❣✮ ❝♦♥ ✈❡❧♦❝✐+F ✈❡.+✐❝❛❧✐ ❡ ❧♦♥❣✐+✉❞✐♥❛❧✐ ✭✐♥+♦.♥♦ ❛✐ ✷✵✵ ❦♠✴❤✮ ❞✐11✐♣❛♥❞♦ ❧✬❡♥❡.❣✐❛ ❝♦♥ ✐❧ +❡..❡♥♦ ❡ .❛❣❣✐✉♥❣❡♥❞♦ +❡♠♣❡.❛+✉.❡ ❡❧❡✈❛+❡✳ ❯♥ ♣♥❡✉♠❛+✐❝♦ ♣❡. ❧✬❛✈✐❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡✈❡ ♣♦+❡. ♣❛11❛.❡ ✐♥ ♣♦❝♦ +❡♠♣♦ ❞❛✐ ♣♦11✐❜✐❧✐ ✺✵ ❣.❛❞✐ ❞❡❧❧✬❛1❢❛❧+♦ ❞✐ ✉♥❛ ♣✐1+❛ ❛❧ 1♦❧❡ ❡1+✐✈♦ ❛✐ ✲✻✵ ❣.❛❞✐ ❞❡❧ ✈♦❧♦ ✐♥ ❝.♦❝✐❡.❛ ✐♥ 4✉♦+❛✳ ❆ ❝❛✉1❛ ❞❡❧ ❝❛❧♦.❡ ❝❤❡ ❞❡✈♦♥♦ 1♦♣♣♦.+❛.❡ ❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ✈✐♦❧❡♥③❛ ❞❡❧❧✬✐♠♣❛++♦✱ ❧❡ ❣♦♠♠❡ ❞✐ ✉♥ ✈❡❧✐✈♦❧♦ ❝♦♠♠❡.❝✐❛❧❡ .❡1✐1+♦♥♦ +.❛ ✐ ✷✵✵ ❡ ✐ ✾✵✵ ❛++❡..❛❣❣✐✱ ♠❡♥+.❡ 4✉❡❧❧✐ ♠✐❧✐+❛.✐ +.❛ ✐ ✺✵ ❡ ✐ ✻✵✳ ▲❡ ♣.❡11✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ 1❡.✈✐③✐♦✱ ♣❡. ❣❧✐ ❛❡.❡✐ ❝♦♠♠❡.❝✐❛❧✐✱ 1✐ ❛++❡1+❛♥♦ ❛++♦.♥♦ ❛✐ ✶✽✵ ♣1✐ ❡❞ ✐❧ +❛❧❧♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ ♣♥❡✉♠❛+✐❝♦ ❝♦♥+✐❡♥❡ ✉♥❛ +.❡❝❝✐❛ ❞✬❛❝❝✐❛✐♦ ❝❤❡ ❞❡✈❡ ❣❛.❛♥+✐.❡ ♥♦♥ 1♦❧♦ ❧❛ ✶_{▲✬❛#♠❛%✉#❛ ' ❝♦♠♣♦+%❛ ❞❛ +♦%%✐❧✐++✐♠✐ ✜❧✐ ❞✐ ❛❝❝✐❛✐♦ ✐♥❝#♦❝✐❛%✐ %#❛ ❞✐ ❧♦#♦ ❞✐❛❣♦♥❛❧♠❡♥%❡} ✐♥ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❛ ❢♦#♠❛#❡ ✉♥❛ ❶%❡❧❛❷✳

❈❆"■❚❖▲❖ ✷✳ "❘❖❈❊❉❯❘❊ ❊ ❙■❙❚❊▼■ ❆❚❚❯❆▲■ "❊❘ ■▲ ❘❯▲▲❆●●■❖✷✷ !❡♥✉!❛ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣)❡**✐♦♥❡✱ ♠❛ ❛♥❝❤❡ ✐❧ ♠❛**✐♠♦ ❛♥❝♦)❛❣❣✐♦ ❣♦♠♠❛✲❝❡)❝❤✐♦♥❡✱ ❝❤❡ ❛❧ ♠♦♠❡♥!♦ ❞❡❧ !♦✉❝❤✲❞♦✇♥ )❛❣❣✐✉♥❣❡ ❧❛ ♠❛**✐♠❛ *♦❧❧❡❝✐!❛③✐♦♥❡✱ *✐❛ ✐♥ ♣)❡**✐♦♥❡ *✐❛ ✐♥ !❡♠♣❡)❛!✉)❛✳ ❙✉❧❧❛ ❞✉)❛!❛ ❞✐ ✉♥ ♣♥❡✉♠❛!✐❝♦ ✐♥❝✐❞♦♥♦ ♠♦❧!✐ ❢❛!!♦)✐✱ ❝❤❡ ✈❛♥♥♦ ❞❛❧ ♥✉♠❡)♦ ❞✐ !)❛!!❡ ♣❡)❝♦)*❡ ❛❧ ❝❛)✐❝♦ ♠❡❞✐♦✱ ❞❛✐ !✐♣✐ ❞✐ ❛*❢❛❧!♦ ❞❡❧❧❡ ♣✐*!❡ ❝♦♥ ❝✉✐ ✈❡♥❣♦♥♦ ✐♥ ❝♦♥!❛!!♦✱ !❛①✐✇❛②✱ ❛❞ ❛)❡❡ ❞✐ ♣❛)❝❤❡❣❣✐♦ ❝♦♠♣)❡*❡✱ ❛❧❧✬✉*♦ ❝❤❡ ✐ ♣✐❧♦!✐ ❢❛♥♥♦ ❞❡❧❧✬❛❡)♦♠♦❜✐❧❡✳ ●❧✐ ❛!!❡))❛❣❣✐ ❞✉)✐ ❝♦♥✲ *✉♠❛♥♦ ♣✐> ❣♦♠♠❛✱ ❝♦*? ❝♦♠❡ ❧❡ ❜)❡✈✐ ❞❡)❛♣❛!❡ ❝❤❡ *✐ ✐♥❝♦♥!)❛♥♦ ✐♥ ❢❛*❡ ❞✐ ❛!!❡))❛❣❣✐♦ ❞♦✈✉!❡ ❛✐ ✈❡♥!✐ ❧❛!❡)❛❧✐ ❡ ❝❤❡ ♣)❡❝❡❞♦♥♦ ✐❧ ❝♦))❡!!♦ ❛❧❧✐♥❡❛♠❡♥!♦ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♣✐*!❛✱ ❛ @✉❡*!♦ ❞❡✈♦♥♦ ❡**❡)❡ ❛❣❣✐✉♥!❡ ❧❡ ❢)❡♥❛!❡✱ ♣✐> ♦ ♠❡♥♦ ❧✉♥❣❤❡✱ ❝❤❡ ❛ ❧♦)♦ ✈♦❧!❛ ✐♥❝✐❞♦♥♦ *✉❧❧❡ !❡♠♣❡)❛!✉)❡✳

❈❛♣✐$♦❧♦ ✸

❉❡*❝,✐③✐♦♥❡ ❝♦*$,✉$$✐✈❛

■♥"#♦❞✉③✐♦♥❡ ❛✐ +✐+"❡♠✐ ❞✐ ❡❚❛①✐✱ ❞❡+❝#✐③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ +♦❧✉③✐♦♥✐ ❝❤❡ +✐ +"❛♥♥♦ +✈✐❧✉♣♣❛♥❞♦✱ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❧♦#♦ ♣♦++✐❜✐❧✐ ♣#♦❜❧❡♠❛"✐❝❤❡✱ ❞❡✐ ✈❛♥"❛❣❣✐ ❡ ❞❡❧❧✬✐♠♣❛""♦ +✉❧ ❧❛②♦✉" ❞✐ ❝❛❜✐♥❛✳

✸✳✶ ❙♦❧✉③✐♦♥✐ ❶❋✉❡❧ ❙❛✈✐♥❣❷

❙♦♥♦ "#❡ ❧❡ +♦❝✐❡"; ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣❡"✐③✐♦♥❡ ♣❡# ♦✛#✐#❡✱ ❛❧❧❡ ❝♦♠♣❛❣♥✐❡ ❛❡#❡❡✱ ✉♥ +✐+"❡♠❛ ❝❤❡ ❝♦♥+❡♥"❛ ✉♥ #✐+♣❛#♠✐♦ ❞✐ ❝❛#❜✉#❛♥"❡✱ ♠❛♥"❡♥❡♥❞♦ ✐ ♠♦"♦#✐ ❞❡✐ ✈❡❧✐✈♦❧✐ +♣❡♥"✐ ❞✉#❛♥"❡ ✐❧ #✉❧❧❛❣❣✐♦✳ ❲❤❡❡❧❚✉❣✱ ■+#❛❡❧ ❆❡#♦+♣❛❝❡ ■♥❞✉+"#✐❡+ ❡ ❊●❚❙✱ ✉♥❛ ❥♦✐♥" ✈❡♥"✉#❡ "#❛ ❙❛❢#❛♥ ❡ ❍♦♥❡②✇❡❧❧✱ ♣#♦♣♦♥❣♦♥♦ +♦❧✉③✐♦♥✐ ❛ ❜♦#❞♦ ♦ ❡+"❡#♥❡ ❝♦♥ ❧✬♦❜✐❡""✐✈♦ ❞✐ #❡♥❞❡#❡ ✐❧ ✈❡❧✐✈♦❧♦ ❛✉"♦♥♦♠♦ ❛ "❡##❛✱ +❡♥③❛ ❞♦✈❡# ✉"✐❧✐③③❛#❡ ✐ +✉♦✐ ♣#♦♣✉❧+♦#✐✳ ▲❡ "#❡ ❛③✐❡♥❞❡ ❤❛♥♥♦ +❝❡❧"♦ ❞✐✈❡#+❡ +♦❧✉✲ ③✐♦♥✐✿ ❲❤❡❡❧❚✉❣✱ ❝♦♥ +❡❞❡ ❛ ●✐❜✐❧"❡##❛✱ ❤❛ ✐❞❡❛"♦ ✉♥ +✐+"❡♠❛ ❝❤❡ ❝♦♥+✐+"❡ ✐♥ ✉♥ ♠♦"♦#❡ ❡❧❡""#✐❝♦ ✐♥+"❛❧❧❛"♦ +✉❧❧❛ #✉♦"❛ ❛♥"❡#✐♦#❡❀ ♠❡♥"#❡ ❊●❚❙ ❤❛ ✐❞❡❛"♦ ✐❧ +✉♦ +✐+"❡♠❛ ❡❧❡""#✐❝♦ ❞✐ #✉❧❧❛❣❣✐♦ ✈❡#❞❡ +✉❧ ❝❛##❡❧❧♦ ♣#✐♥❝✐♣❛❧❡❀ ■❆■ ✭■+#❛❡❧ ❆❡#♦+♣❛❛❝❡ ■♥❞✉+"#✐❡+✮✱ ❤❛ +❝❡❧"♦ ❝♦♠❡ +♦❧✉③✐♦♥❡ ✉♥ ✈❡✐❝♦❧♦ ❛✉"♦♥♦♠♦✱ ❚❛✲ ①✐❜♦"✱ ✐♥ ❣#❛❞♦ ❞✐ "#❛✐♥❛#❡ ❧✬❛❡#❡♦ ❞❛❧❧♦ +"❛♥❞ ❛❧❧❛ +♦❣❧✐❛ ♣✐+"❛ ❡ #✐"♦#♥♦✳ ■❧ ✈❛♥"❛❣❣✐♦ ❞❡❧❧❡ +♦❧✉③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ ❊●❚❙ ❡ ❞✐ ❲❤❡❡❧❚✉❣ K ❝❤❡ +♦♥♦ ♣❡#♠❛♥❡♥"✐ ♣❡# ❧✬♦♣❡#❛"♦#❡✱ ✐♥ L✉❛♥"♦ +✐ "#❛""❛ ❞✐ +✐+"❡♠✐ ❛ ❜♦#❞♦✳ ■♥♦❧"#❡✱ ❧❛ +❝❡❧"❛ ❝♦+"#✉"✲ "✐✈❛ +✉❧ ❝❛##❡❧❧♦ ♣#✐♥❝✐♣❛❧❡ ❢♦#♥✐+❝❡ ✉♥❛ "#❛③✐♦♥❡ ♦""✐♠❛❧❡✱ ♥♦♥ ❝♦♠♣♦#"❛♥❞♦ ❛❧❝✉♥❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛ ❛❧ ❝❛##❡❧❧♦ +"❡++♦ ❝♦♠❡✱ ❞❡❧ #❡+"♦ ❛♥❝❤❡ ❧❛ +♦❧✉③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❲❤❡❡❧❚✉❣✳ ➮ ❝♦♠✉♥L✉❡ ❞❛ +♦""♦❧✐♥❡❛#❡ ❝❤❡ L✉❡+"❛ "❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♥♦♥ K #✐✈♦❧"❛ ❛❧❧❛ #✐❝❡#❝❛ ❞✐ ♣#❡+"❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ #✐❧✐❡✈♦ ♥K "❡♥"❛ ❞✐ +♦❞❞✐+❢❛#❡ ❧❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐"; ♠❛++✐♠❛ ❞✐ ✉♥ ✈❡❧✐✈♦❧♦ ❝♦♠♠❡#❝✐❛❧❡✱ ♠❛ ♣✐✉""♦+"♦ #✐❝❡#❝❛ ✉♥✬❛❧"❡#♥❛"✐✈❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝❛ ❡ ❧❡❣❣❡#❛✱ +"✉❞✐❛"❛ ♣❡# ♠❛++✐♠✐③③❛#❡ ✐ #✐❝❛✈✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❝♦♠♣❛❣♥✐❛ ❛❡#❡❛✳ ❲❤❡❡❧❚✉❣ ❝♦♥+❡♥"❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐"; ❞✐ ❛✈❛♥③❛♠❡♥"♦ ❞❡❧❧✬♦#❞✐♥❡ ❞❡✐ ✼✲✶✵ ♥♦❞✐ ❡ ✐♥ ❝❛+✐ #❡❧❛"✐✈❛✲ ♠❡♥"❡ #❛#✐✱ ❛❞ ❡+❡♠♣✐♦ ✉♥❛ ✈✐❛ ❞✐ #✉❧❧❛❣❣✐♦ +❝✐✈♦❧♦+❛ ♦ L✉❛♥❞♦ ❧✬❛❡#♦♠♦❜✐❧❡ ✷✸