Milano4•4Giuffrè4Editore
Anno4II4Fasc.434-42017
Sara4Landini
TENSIONI E INNOVAZIONI
NEL CREDITO AGRICOLO.
UNA RIFLESSIONE GIURIDICA
Tensioni e innovazioni
nel credito agricolo.
=VIZQÆM[[QWVMOQ]ZQLQKI
Il saggio considera il quadro evolutivo di quelle che sono state indicate nel tempo come le caratteristiche del credito in agricoltura: intervento X]JJTQKWWJJQM\\Q^QUM\IÅVIVbQIZQZQTM^IVbILMTTW[KWXWLMTÅVIVbQI-UMV\W >MVOWVW M^QLMVbQI\M QV XIZ\QKWTIZM ITK]VM \MV[QWVQ KWV ZQNMZQ- UMV\WITKZM[KQ]\WTQ^MTTWLMTZQ[KPQWKZMLQ\QbQWVMT[M\\WZMTMOI\WITT¼QVKQ-LMVbILMTTMKITIUQ\oVI\]ZITQMITTI^WTI\QTQ\oLMQXZMbbQ
The essay considers the evolutionary framework of those that have been pointed out W^MZ\QUMI[\PMKPIZIK\MZQ[\QK[WNKZMLQ\QVIOZQK]T\]ZM"X]JTQKQV\MZ^MV\QWVUM\IÅ-nancial objectives, relevance of the purpose of funding. In particular, there are some tensions with reference to the increased level of credit risk in the sector, a phenomenon related to the incidence of natural disasters and price volatility.
Keywords: credito - assicurazione - agricoltura - impresa agricola - garanzie -
8ZMUM[[I4I[XMKQITQ\oLMTKZMLQ\WIOZQKWTW+ZMLQ\WMI[[QK]ZIbQWVQQVIOZQKWT\]ZI 1V\MZ^MV\WX]JJTQKWVMTKZMLQ\WIOZQKWTWMUM\IÅVIVbI+ZMLQ\WIOZQKWTWMÅVIVbQI-UMV\QLQ[KWXW+ZMLQ\WIOM^WTI\WKWOIZIVbQMKWV\ZWOIZIVbQMOIZIVbQMXMZ[WVITQ :QÆM[[QWVQQVXZW[XM\\Q^I 1. - Premessa. 6MTTIXZWT][QWVMLMT!ITKWZ[WLQQ[\Q\]bQWVQLQLQZQ\\WXZQ^I\WVMTTI =VQ^MZ[Q\o LQ 8ILW^I1 7[\Q XWVM^I QV M^QLMVbI TM KIZI\\MZQ[\QKPM LMT
KZMLQ\WIOZQKWTW[]TTW[NWVLWLQ]VIXQOMVMZITMZQÆM[[QWVM[]TTI]VQÅ-KIbQWVMLMTLQZQ\\WXZQ^I\W4IUI\MZQIVMTTI[]I[XMKQÅKQ\oZIXXZM[MV\I del resto un ottimo banco di prova ancora oggi per chi voglia compiere KWV[QLMZIbQWVQ[]TTI[M\\WZQITQ\oW]VQ\IZQM\oVMTT¼WZLQVIUMV\WOQ]ZQLQKW :QKWZLI7[\QKWUM]VINWZ\MWXXW[QbQWVMITTILQ^Q[QWVMLMTLQZQ\\WXZQ-vato in due codici (quello del commercio e quello civile) venne proprio LIOTQIOZQKWT\WZQQY]ITQ\MUM^IVWKPMQTWZWQV\MZM[[QNW[[MZWTM[QLITTI IXXTQKIbQWVM LMTTI TMOQ[TIbQWVM KWUUMZKQITM ;Q \MUM^I QV XIZ\QKWTIZM ]VI XW[[QJQTM XI^MV\I\I [KQ[[QWVM \ZI LQ[KQXTQVI LMTT¼M[MZKQbQW LMTT¼IOZQ-coltura regolato dalle legge civile e disciplina delle imprese agricole che sarebbero state regolate dal codice del commercio.
4¼WKKI[QWVM XWZ\I T¼)]\WZM I ZQÆM\\MZM []TTM KIZI\\MZQ[\QKPM LMT KZMLQ\W IOZQKWTWKPMÅVQ^IVWXMZKWVVW\IZTWLQ]VIXMK]TQIZM[XMKQITQ\oITT¼QV-terno del sistema diritto privato.
;QW[[MZ^IKWUMTI[W^^MVbQWVMILIbQMVLMIOZQKWTMZIXXZM[MV\IXMZTI *IVKI]VIQUUWJQTQbbIbQWVM4¼IbQMVLIIOZIZQIvKIZI\\MZQbbI\IQVOM-VMZM LI ]V¼QV[]ٻKQMVbI LQ KIXQ\ITM XZWXZQW M LI ]V KQKTW XZWL]\\Q^W T]VOWKPMZITTMV\ITIZW\IbQWVMÅVIVbQIZQI8MZY]M[\WQTKZMLQ\WIOZQKWTW VWVXZM[MV\IY]MTTIZIXQLIM[I]ZQJQTQ\oXZWXZQILMTKZMLQ\WVMTT¼QVL][\ZQI e nel commercio. 9]M[\WXWVMXZWJTMUQVMTTM[W^^MVbQWVQLIXIZ\MLMT[Q[\MUIJIVKIZQW KPMQV^MKMPIJQ[WOVWLQZMLLQ\Q^Q\oMTQY]QLQ\oMLvXMZ\IV\WXWZ\I\WIL QV^M[\QUMV\QIJZM^M[KILMVbIMIJI[[WZQ[KPQW2. +WV ZQO]IZLW ITT¼I[XM\\W LMT ZQ[KPQW KZMLQ\QbQW WKKWZZM \MVMZM QVWT\ZM XZM[MV\M T¼QVKQLMVbI KPM TM I^^MZ[Q\o I\UW[NMZQKPM PIVVW []TTI
XZWL]-1 G. OSTI, Credito agrario e diritto privato, in Riv. dir. comm., 1928, 73. 2+NZL. GANGEMI, Il credito agrario in Italia*WTWOVI!
bQWVMIOZQKWTIMQTNI\\WKPM[MUXZMILQٺMZMVbILQY]IV\WI^^QMVMVMT KWUUMZKQWMVMTT¼QVL][\ZQIT¼I\\Q^Q\oXZWL]\\Q^IIOZQKWTI[QKWVKMV\ZIQV ]VV]UMZWTQUQ\I\WLQWXMZIbQWVQKWV]VIKWV[MO]MV\MKWVKMV\ZIbQWVM del rischio.
Queste caratteristiche del credito agricolo hanno connotato i contratti ILM[[WKWTTMOI\QQV\MZUQVQLQKW[\Q\]bQWVMLQOIZIVbQMZMITQMLMTT¼][W LMTTMKIUJQITQ;QW[[MZ^I^IKWUMQTZQUMLQWITTMT]VOPMQUUWJQTQbbI-bQWVQILW\\I\WNW[[MTIXZI\QKILMTTMKIUJQITQI[KILMVbIZQVVW^IJQTQKPM I^ZMJJM QVY]QVI\W Q XWZ\INWOTQ LMOTQ Q[\Q\]\Q LQ KZMLQ\W KMTIVLW LQM\ZW ®KIZ\ILQKWUWLW¯QVM[QOQJQTQ\oLMTKZMLQ\WI[KILMVbI3.
+WVKT]LM^I7[\QKWV]VINZI[MLQQVL]JJQIMNNQKIKQIMI\\]ITQ\o®\]\-\W QT UMKKIVQ[UW MKWVWUQKW LMT KZMLQ+WVKT]LM^I7[\QKWV]VINZI[MLQQVL]JJQIMNNQKIKQIMI\\]ITQ\o®\]\-\W IOZIZQW v XZWNWVLIUMV-te diverso da quello del credito mercantile. E questa conclusione, ITTI[]I^WT\IKWUMKW[\Q\]Q[KMQTX]V\WLQXIZ\MVbIITT¼MKWVWUQ[\I M ITT¼]WUW LQ OW^MZVW XMZ TW [\]LQW LMQ XZW^^MLQUMV\Q QLWVMQ IL I[[QK]ZIZMVMTTIUIOOQWZUQ[]ZIXW[[QJQTMQTNIJJQ[WOVWLQKIXQ\ITM ITT¼IOZQKWT\]ZIKW[zvX]V\WLQXIZ\MVbIITOQ]ZQ[\IXMZT¼M[I\\IKWU-XZMV[QWVMMXMZTI^IT]\IbQWVMKZQ\QKILMTTMVWZUMMLMOTQQ[\Q\]\QLQ diritto privato vigenti in questa materia, non solo, ma anche per la LM\MZUQVIbQWVMLMTT¼QVLQZQbbWTMOQ[TI\Q^WXQKWVNIKMV\MITTW[KWXW WZIKKMVVI\WÐKPQIZWQVNI\\QKPMVWV[QX]LM\\IZVWZUIIL]V rapporto, se non se ne conosce la natura economico-sociale e se non [QvQVOZILWLQ^IT]\IZMTIXW[[QJQTMMNNQKQMVbILMTTIVWZUI¯ 1TXZM[MV\M[IOOQWQV\MVLMU]W^MZMLITT¼W[[MZ^IbQWVMLQV]W^MLQVI-UQKPMVMTKZMLQ\WIOZQKWTWQVXIZ\MLW^]\MIL]VIM^WT]bQWVMLMTTM QUXZM[MIOZQKWTMMLMTTITWZWI\\Q^Q\oQVXIZ\MLW^]\WITTIKWUJQVI- bQWVMLQ\ITMY]ILZWKWVVW^Q\oXZM[MV\QVMT[M\\WZMKZMLQ\QbQWZQUM-LQ\IVLW[]TTII\\]ITM[XMKQITQ\oLMTKZMLQ\WIOZQKWTW
2. - La specialità del credito agricolo.
9]IVLWXIZTQIUWLQMZWOIbQWVMLMTKZMLQ\WQVIOZQKWT\]ZIKQZQNMZQIUW IL]V[M\\WZMLMTUMZKI\WKZMLQ\QbQWKIZI\\MZQbbI\WLIVW\MXMK]TQIZQ\o"
3 G. OSTI, op. cit., 82. Sulla cambiale agraria si veda anche P. GERMANI, La cambiale agraria, in
Banca Borsa e tit. cred., 1939, I, 64; G. RAGUSA MAGGIORE, Note sul credito e sulla cambiale agraria,
QUXZWV\IX]JJTQKQ[\QKIKWVVW\I\QUM\IÅVIVbQIZQXIZ\QKWTIZMLMJWTMb- bIKWV\ZI\\]ITMLMT[WOOM\\WQV^M[\Q\WZMXMK]TQIZQ\oKPM[QZQÆM\\WVWVMT-la disciplina di settore4. 1TKZMLQ\WIOZQKWTW[QXZM[MV\IKWVVW\I\WLI]VIIVKWZINWZ\MQUXZWV\I X]JJTQKQ[\QKITMOI\IIT[Q[\MUILQÅVIVbQIUMV\QMIOM^WTIbQWVQKPMTWIT- TWV\IVIVWLITTMTWOQKPMLQUMZKI\WXMZK]QT¼I\\MVbQWVMLMOTQMV\QÅVIV- bQI\WZQXQ]\\W[\WKPM[]TTW[\WZQKWKZMLQ\QbQWLMTT¼QUXZM[IZQ[]T\IQVKMV\ZI-\I[]TTIXZM[MVbIQVKIXWITZQKPQMLMV\MQTÅVIVbQIUMV\WLQY]MQZMY]Q[Q\Q NWZUITQKPMKWVL]KWVWITOWLQUMV\WLQIOM^WTIbQWVQVWZUI\Q^M )KKIV\WIY]M[\WXZWÅTWQV\MUXQXQZMKMV\Q[Q[\IW[[MZ^IVLW]VU]\I-mento nelle richieste di accesso al credito che spesso si accompagnano IL]VILWUIVLIKWV[]TMVbQITMMLQXZM[\IbQWVMLQ[MZ^QbQ+QvLW^]\W
IVKPMITT¼MUMZOMZMLQ[XMKQÅKPMM[QOMVbMLMTUMZKI\WIOZQKWTWKPMZQ[]T-\IKWVVW\I\WLITTIXZM[MVbILQXQKKWTMMUMLQMQUXZM[MKPMUIVKIVW LQ ]V ILMO]I\W [^QT]XXW WZOIVQbbI\Q^W ML QUXZMVLQ\WZQITM 8MZ LQ XQ la maggior parte delle imprese agricole non risulta avere strumenti or-OIVQbbI\Q^QIUUQVQ[\ZI\Q^QMKWV\IJQTQILMO]I\QXMZQTZIOOQ]VOQUMV\W degli standardUQVQUQKPMTMJIVKPMZQKPQMLWVWKWVT¼QV\ZWL]bQWVMLMTTI ZQNWZUILMTT¼)KKWZLW[]T+IXQ\ITMUMOTQWVW\IKWUM*I[QTMI
/TQ[^QT]XXQLMTTIKWV[]TMVbIQV\ITMIUJQ\WLW^ZMJJMZWIVKPMIQ]\IZM gli imprenditori agricoli a superare quella certa attitudine culturale a ricevere contributi pubblici che li ha allontanati da una corretta sensibi-TQ\o^MZ[WTMTWOQKPMLQmarketingM^MZ[WTIXMZKMbQWVMLMTTIKWVKWZZMVbI sia interna che estera.
+WVZQNMZQUMV\WITKZMLQ\WQVIOZQKWT\]ZI[QXIZTI[XM[[WLQUM\IÅVIV- bI"QTKZMLQ\WvI[[WKQI\WQVOMVMZMIUW\Q^IbQWVQVWVÅVIVbQIZQMUIXW-litiche e si accompagna a strumenti incentivanti il ricorso al credito. In \IT[MV[W[QKWTTWKIVWIOM^WTIbQWVQLQNWV\MVWZUI\Q^I[XM[[WLQ^MZ[IVI-
bQWVITMMWZMOQWVITM"IJJI[[IUMV\QVW\M^WTQLMOTQQV\MZM[[QKPMOTQIOZQ-4*MVNWKITQbbI\MTMKIZI\\MZQ[\QKPMLMTT¼QUXZMVLQ\WZMIOZQKWTWVMTTQJZWLQM. IBRENDA, Le
rela-bQWVQKWV\ZI\\]ITQVMTUMZKI\WIOZWITQUMV\IZM6IXWTQ
C. LUCARELLI , ,ITKZMLQ\WIOZIZQWXMZT¼IOZQKWT\WZMITTIÅVIVbIXMZT¼QUXZMVLQ\WZMIOZQKWTW
QV)OZQZMOQWVQM]ZWXIIVVWVUIZbW#-CARLUCCIO - P. FERRARI - C. LUCARELLI - F.
SPIGARELLI - L. VIGANO<MVLMVbMM^WT]\Q^MLMTUMZKI\WLMTKZMLQ\WIOZIZQWQV1\ITQI5QTIVW #55ASINI8ZW[XM\\Q^MVMTT¼M^WT]bQWVMLMQZIXXWZ\Q\ZIJIVKPMMT¼IOZQKWT\]ZI+WTTIVI Agricoltura, quaderno n. 1, Unioncamere, 1998; D. PIATTI, Agricoltura e credito: dalla
despe-KQITQbbIbQWVMIQV]W^Q[MZ^QbQÅVIVbQIZQXMZT¼QUXZM[I1;5-)#:RUOZI, Dal credito
IOZIZQWITTIXZM[\IbQWVMLQ[MZ^QbQJIVKIZQITT¼IOZQKWT\]ZI4MXZWXW[\MLMTT¼MKWVWUQIIOZQKWTI agroalimentare e ambientale, in Banche e banchieri, 1999, n. 2.
KWT\WZQ^MZ[IVWITTMJIVKPMXMZQÅVIVbQIUMV\QZQKM^]\QIOM^WTIbQWVQQV KWV\WQV\MZM[[Q]VIKWUXIZ\MKQXIbQWVMLMT[WOOM\\WIOM^WTI\WZMITT¼QU-XWZ\WLIÅVIVbQIZMIOM^WTIbQWVQQVKWV\WKIXQ\ITM:QKWZLQIUWIVKWZI QKWV\ZQJ]\QX]JJTQKQKPM[Q[W[\IVbQIVWQVMZWOIbQWVQQVKWV\WKIXQ\ITM INWVLWXMZL]\WWVMTTINWZUILQKWÅVIVbQIUMV\QIXZWOM\\QXZM[MV\I\Q LIIbQMVLMIOZQKWTMMKWMZMV\QKWVOTQWJQM\\Q^Q[\ZI\MOQKQZMOQWVITQ/TQ Q[\Q\]\QLQKZMLQ\WXZWXWVOWVW[WT]bQWVQÅVIVbQIZQMI[]XXWZ\W\MUXWZI-VMWIV\QKQXQ8)+WLMÅVQ\Q^WU]\]QIKWXMZ\]ZILMQÅVIVbQIUMV\Q P.S.R.) degli agricoltori che si stanno avvalendo di contributi pubblici6.
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Dal testo della norma si desume che il legislatore comprende nella ca-tegoria «agricoltura», anche quegli operatori che si pongono a monte e I^ITTMLMTXZWKM[[WXZWL]\\Q^WIOZQKWTW;MUJZI[W\\W\ITMXZWÅTWXQ KWZZM\\WXIZTIZMLQKZMLQ\WITTIÅTQMZIIOZQKWTI
8]ZUIV\MVMVLW\ITQ[XMKQÅKQKWVVW\I\QQTKZMLQ\WITT¼IOZQKWT\]ZIPI[]-JQ\W \ZI[NWZUIbQWVQ LW^]\M QV XZQUW T]WOW IL QV\MZ^MV\Q VWZUI\Q^Q QV UI\MZQIKZMLQ\QbQI
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partire da tale accordo le banche hanno dovuto porre maggior
atten-7+NZG. OSTI, op. cit., 73 ss.; F. CARRESI, Legittimazione e causa nei contratti di diritto agrario, in Riv.
dir. agr!!#A. JANNARELLI, Il credito agrario e peschereccio nel testo unico della legge bancaria, in
Dir. giur. agr. amb., 1994, 197; G. TUCCI, Particolari operazioni di credito: credito fondiario, agrario e
peschereccio, in AA.VV., Il testo unico bancario: esperienze e prospettive:WUI!!#;GATTI, Il
credito agrario e il credito peschereccio, in ,QZJIVKIMUMZKI\WÅV., 1998, I, 11 ss.
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13 Sul punto F. FREDIANI, Il credito agrario in Italia, in F. FREDIANI - G. MOSCARINI (a cura di),
Manuale del credito agrario, Palermo, 2010, 3; P. CRIVELLARO, Il nuovo credito bancario alle imprese
agricole. Cosa è cambiato con Basilea 2, Il sole 24ore, 2008, 8-9; E. CASTIGLIONE, Strumenti per favorire
l’accesso al credito da parte delle imprese agricole1;5-)QVRapporto sul credito in agricoltura, 2006, 9.
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Y]M[\QQTXMZKMV\WLMTT¼QUXWZ\WZMTI\Q^WITTMKWUXWVMV\Q"XIOIUMV\W di base e greeningLQM[MVbQWVM14. Si prevede una durata massima della
an-\QKQXIbQWVM4I*IVKI[QZQ[MZ^ILQ^IT]\IZMTMZQKPQM[\MLQIV\QKQXIbQWVM IXZWXZQWQV[QVLIKIJQTMOQ]LQbQWQVLQKIVLW]V\MZUQVMXMZLMTQJMZIZM T¼IV\QKQXIbQWVM4¼IKKWOTQUMV\WLMTTILWUIVLILM\MZUQVMZo]VWJJTQOW LMTTI*IVKIINWZUITQbbIZMT¼IKKWZLWKWVTI[W\\W[KZQbQWVMLMTKWV\ZI\\W Venendo ai principali strumenti di intervento pubblico e alla relativa normativa, attraverso il Programma di sviluppo rurale (P.S.R.) si met-\MILQ[XW[QbQWVMLMTTMQUXZM[MIOZQKWTM]VI[MZQMLQUQ[]ZMI[W[\MOVW LMOTQQV^M[\QUMV\QMLQIbQWVQIOZWIUJQMV\ITQÅVITQbbI\MILWZQMV\IZMTW [^QT]XXWZ]ZITMLMTTIZMOQWVM[MKWVLWTMÅVITQ\oXWTQ\QKPMKWU]VQ\IZQM 1TZMOWTIUMV\W+-V! LMT[M\\MUJZMLMT+WV[QOTQWM]-ropeo sul sostegno allo sviluppo rurale individuava un sistema di pro-OZIUUIbQWVM KPM XZM^MLM^I TI NWZU]TIbQWVM M IZ\QKWTIbQWVM LMTTI [\ZI\MOQI LQ QV\MZ^MV\W" I TQ^MTTW KWU]VQ\IZQW I\\ZI^MZ[W T¼MTIJWZIbQWVM LQ7ZQMV\IUMV\Q[\ZI\MOQKQKWU]VQ\IZQITQ^MTTWVIbQWVITMKWVQT8QIVW [\ZI\MOQKWVIbQWVITMITQ^MTTW\MZZQ\WZQITMZMOQWVITMKWVQT8ZWOZIUUILQ sviluppo rurale.
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14Ð]V®XIOIUMV\WXMZTMXZI\QKPMIOZQKWTMJMVMÅKPMXMZQTKTQUIMT¼IUJQMV\M¯QV\ZWLW\\W
KWVZMOWTIUMV\W+-VIZ\\ITTMOI\W1@/TQIOZQKWT\WZQKPMPIVVWLQZQ\\W al pagamento di base sono tenuti a rispettare su tutti gli ettari ammissibili i seguenti impegni ambientali:
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2. mantenimento prati e pascoli permanenti; 3. aree di interesse ecologico (EFA).
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2016, 841; ID., +MZ\QÅKIbQWVMLQY]ITQ\oMZM[XWV[IJQTQ\oKQ^QTM5QTIVW#-AL MUREDEN, La
re-sponsabilità del fabbricante nella prospettiva della standardizzazione delle regole sulla sicurezza dei prodotti,
in La sicurezza dei prodotti e la responsabilità del produttore, <WZQVW #ID., Il danno da
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#)CORDIANO, Sicurezza dei prodotti e tutela preventiva dei consumatori8ILW^I#.
RUSCELLO, La direttiva 2001/95/CE sulla sicurezza generale dei prodotti. Dalla tutela del consumatore
alla tutela della persona, in Vita not
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)XXWVMVLWXIZ\QKWTIZQKWVLQbQWVQITT¼IKKM[[WITTMIOM^WTIbQWVQX]JJTQKPM XMZT¼IOZQKWT\]ZILQK]QIJJQIUWXIZTI\W[QvQVOZILWLQQVKMV\Q^IZMKWV- LW\\MLMOTQWXMZI\WZQKPMXW[[IVWNI^WZQZMOTQWJJQM\\Q^QLQQV\MZM[[MOMVM-rale sopradetti18.
In tal senso il credito agricolo mira a raggiungere obbiettivi ulteriori ZQ[XM\\WITTITWZWN]VbQWVMÅVIVbQIZQI +ZMLQ\WIOZQKWTWMÅVIVbQIUMV\QLQ[KWXW 4IKIZI\\MZQ[\QKIUM\IÅVIVbQIZQILMTKZMLQ\WIOZQKWTWTMOI\IKWUMLM\\W ILQV\MZ^MV\QX]JJTQKQ[\QKQKPM\ZW^IVWVMTKZMLQ\W]VITM^IXMZQVLQZQbbIZM OTQWXMZI\WZQ^MZ[WLM\MZUQVI\M[KMT\MLQXWTQ\QKIMKWVWUQKIÅVQ[KWVWXMZ NIZMV\ZIZMVMTTW[KPMUIKI][ITMLMTKWV\ZI\\WLQÅVIVbQIUMV\WTW[KWXW K]QTW[\M[[WvQVLQZQbbI\WKWVKWV[MO]MVbM[]TXQIVWLMTTI^ITQLQ\oMLMN-ÅKIKQILMTKWV\ZI\\WW^MTW[\M[[WZQ[]T\QQZZMITQbbIJQTMWVWVZMITQbbI\W19.
Si pensi al credito agevolato che presuppone un rapporto principale di ÅVIVbQIUMV\WM]VZIXXWZ\W[MKWVLIZQW\ZIT¼MV\MX]JJTQKWÅVIVbQI\WZM MT¼Q[\Q\]\WKPMMZWOIQTÅVIVbQIUMV\W4¼MV\MX]JJTQKW[QIKKWTTIQTXIOI- UMV\WLQ]VIXIZ\MLMOTQQV\MZM[[QLW^]\QITT¼Q[\Q\]\WLQKZMLQ\WLMTZIXXWZ-\W XZQVKQXITM LQ ÅVIVbQIUMV\W ;QIUW QV XZM[MVbI LQ ]V KWTTMOIUMVUMV\WLQ]VIXIZ\MLMOTQQV\MZM[[QLW^]\QITT¼Q[\Q\]\WLQKZMLQ\WLMTZIXXWZ-\W ]VQTI\MZITM\ZI\ITQZIXXWZ\QXMZK]Q[QI[[]UMKPMT¼M[\QVbQWVMLMTVMOWbQW LQ ÅVIVbQIUMV\W XMZ LQKPQIZIbQWVM LQ V]TTQ\o W XMZ ZQ[WT]bQWVM LM\MZ-UQVMZoQT^MVQZUMVWLMTT¼QV\MZ^MV\WX]JJTQKWUIVWV[IZoXW[[QJQTMQT
WٺMZ\IKWZZQ[XWVLMV\MITTILWUIVLILMQXZWLW\\QITQUMV\IZQQT®LQZQ\\WITKQJW¯;Q^MLI[]Y]M[\W ]T\QUWXZWÅTWALSTON - TOMAŠEVSKI, The Right to Food, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1984. Sul diritto
al cibo come predicato del diritto alla salute LEARY, The Right to Health in International Human Rights
Law, in Health and Human Rights, vol. 1, No. 1 (Fall 1994). Il tema del diritto al cibo ha trovato
cittadi-VIVbIIVKPMQV1\ITQI1V\IT[MV[Wv[\I\ITM\\ITIXZWV]VKQILMTTI+I[[;Mb>8MVUIOOQW n. 18248, P.G. in proc. O.R., in Riv. pen!KWVK]Qv[\I\IKWV[QLMZI\I®T¼QUUMLQI\IM QUXZM[KQVLQJQTMM[QOMVbILQITQUMV\IZ[Q¯]VW[\I\WLQVMKM[[Q\oZQTM^IV\MKWUM[KZQUQVIV\MQVKI[W LQN]Z\WLQXWKPMY]IV\Q\oLQKQJW
18 F. MASTROPAOLO, Interventi di terzi e garanzie nelle vicende del rapporto obbligatorio, in F. MASTROPAOLO (a
cura di), I contratti di garanzia<WZQVW^WT11QTY]ITM[Q[WٺMZUI[]TTMÅO]ZMKWV\ZI\\]ITQ KPMLM^QIVWLITKWV\ZI\\W\QXQKWLQK]QIOTQIZ\\! !!K]QLo^Q\ITI^IZQM\oLQTMOOQQ[\Q\]\Q^M LQÅVIVbQIUMV\QX]JJTQKQ4ITMOOMKPMXZM^MLMÅVIVbQIUMV\QMIOM^WTIbQWVQVMTLM\\IZMQZMY]Q[Q\Q XMZT¼IKKM[[WKZMII[XM\\I\Q^MMTQUQ\ITILQ[KZMbQWVITQ\oLMTTI8))BBADESSA, Obbligo di far credito, in
Enc. dir., 5QTIVW@@1@!!!
19+NZA. ZIMMATORE, Il mutuo di scopo. Problemi generali8ILW^I! ; M. RISPOLI FARINA,
viceversa201T^MVQZUMVWLMTT¼QV\MZ^MV\WX]JJTQKWXW\ZoXMZQVKQLMZM[]T
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KWVNWZUMIQXZQVKzXQLQJ]WVINMLMIKKMZ\IVLWKPMQTZMKM[[WVWV[QIUIQ M[MZKQ\I\W[MKWVLWUWLITQ\oQUXZM^Q[\MMLIZJQ\ZIZQMKWV\ZI[\IV\QKWVTI ragionevole aspettativa della controparte22.
)T\ZWvQTXZWJTMUILMTTI[WXZI^^MV]\IQUXW[[QJQTQ\oLMTTW[KWXW;QW[-[MZ^IKPMQTU]\]WLQ[KWXWvV]TTWXMZLQNM\\WWZQOQVIZQWLMTTIKI][I Y]IVLWQTKWV\ZI\\W[QI[\I\W[\QX]TI\WXMZ]VIÅVITQ\oLQ^MZ[ILIY]MTTI ivi prevista. Laddove invece si abbia che lo scopo non possa essere re-ITQbbI\WI^ZMUUW]V¼QVKQLMVbILQ\QXWZQ[WT]\WZQWZQ[XM\\WITKWV\ZI\\W [\M[[W1TXZWJTMUI[QvXW[\WQVKI[QQVK]QTIUIVKIVbILMTT¼I]\WZQbbI-bQWVMPIQUXMLQ\WLQ]\QTQbbIZMQTÅVIVbQIUMV\WXMZTW[KWXWQVLQKI\W 8MK]TQIZMvQTZQKWZ[WIU]\]QI^MV\QTW[KWXWLQÅVIVbQIZMXZWOM\\QLQQV-^M[\QUMV\QLM[\QVI\QITTILQٺ][QWVMLMTT¼][WLQMVMZOQMZQVVW^IJQTQ[\]LQ LQNI\\QJQTQ\oQV\MZ^MV\QXMZUQOTQWZIZMT¼MٻKQMVbIVMTKWV[]UWLQMVMZ-OQMZMITQbbIbQWVMLQQUXQIV\QXMZTIXZWL]bQWVMLQMVMZOQIZQVVW^IJQTM QV[\ITTI\QLIXZQ^I\QKQ\\ILQVQQUXZM[MMV\QX]JJTQKQ)TÅVMLQQVY]I-LZIZM\ITQKWV\ZI\\QVMTTIKI\MOWZQILMT®U]\]WLQ[KWXW¯TI;+PINI\\W ZQKWZ[WITUMKKIVQ[UWLMT®KWTTMOIUMV\WVMOWbQITM¯UMLQIV\MQTY]ITM TM XIZ\Q XMZ[MO]WVW ]V ZQ[]T\I\W MKWVWUQKW KWUXTM[[W ZMITQbbI\W LI
20 +I[[ ;Mb 1 +Q^ OMVVIQW V ! QV Giust. civ. Mass., 2016. Nel caso di specie
I^M^IUW]VÅVIVbQIUMV\WIOZIZQWI[[Q[\Q\WLI]VIOIZIVbQILQ;\I\WXMZQT\ZIUQ\MLQ]V IXXW[Q\WMV\M[]TXIOIUMV\WLMOTQQV\MZM[[Q4I[WKQM\oJMVMÅKQIZQI^QMVM[W\\WXW[\IIXZW-KML]ZIKWVKWZ[]ITMMTI8)KPMI^M^INWZVQ\WOIZIVbQIQV\MZZWUXMQTXIOIUMV\WITTIJIVKI ÅVIVbQI\ZQKMQVNWZbILMTTI[W[XMV[QWVMLMTKWZ[WLMOTQQV\MZM[[QIQ[MV[QLMTT¼IZ\LMTTITMOOM NITTQUMV\IZM KPQMLMVLW TI ZM[\Q\]bQWVM LMTTM [WUUM MZWOI\M I NIZ LI\I LITT¼IXMZ\]ZI LMTTI procedura concorsuale. A tale richiesta si oppone la banca che non trova accoglimento delle proprie conclusioni da parte dei giudici.
211VKI[WLQIXMZ\]ZILMTKZMLQ\WILM[MUXQWQTZMKM[[WvXZM^Q[\WQVKI[WLQZQL]bQWVMLMTTI
OIZIVbQI[IT^WKPMT¼IKKZMLQ\I\WVWVW\\MUXMZQVMT[MV[WLQ]V[]XXTMUMV\WLQOIZIVbQIWLQ ]VI[W[\Q\]bQWVMLMTOIZIV\MIZ\ WXX]ZMQVKI[WLQIXMZ\]ZILQKZMLQ\WI\MUXWQVLM-\MZUQVI\WIZ\
22>+I[[;Mb1+Q^IOW[\WV!QVCorr. giur., !8MZIT\ZWQV\IT[MV[W
[QZQV^QMVMIVKPM]VIXZWV]VKQI)*.LMT+WTTMOQWLQ5QTIVWLMTIXZQTMZMTI\Q^IIL un caso di recesso ad nutum in caso di un istituto di credito. Nel caso di specie peraltro vi era stato un termine di preavviso eccessivamente breve.
]VIXT]ZITQ\oKWWZLQVI\ILQKWV\ZI\\QKPMKWV[MZ^IVW]VIXZWXZQIKI]- [II]\WVWUIIVKPM[MKQI[K]VWvKWTTMOI\WN]VbQWVITUMV\MKWVOTQIT-\ZQKW[QKKPuTM^QKMVLMKPMQV^M[\WVW]VKWV\ZI\\WXW[[WVWZQXMZK]W\MZ[Q []TT¼IT\ZW8MZKPuXW[[IKWVÅO]ZIZ[Q]VKWTTMOIUMV\WVMOWbQITMQV[MV[W \MKVQKW[WVWY]QVLQVMKM[[IZQL]MZMY]Q[Q\Q"T¼]VWWOOM\\Q^WKW[\Q\]Q\W LITVM[[W\MTMWTWOQKW\ZIQVMOWbQÅVITQbbI\QIZMOWTIZMOTQQV\MZM[[QLMTTM XIZ\QVMTT¼IUJQ\WLQ]V¼WXMZIbQWVMMKWVWUQKIOTWJITMM]VQ\IZQI#T¼IT\ZW soggettivo, costituito dal comune intento pratico delle parti di volere VWV[WTWT¼MٺM\\W\QXQKWLMQ[QVOWTQVMOWbQUIIVKPMQTKWWZLQVIUMV\W \ZIM[[QXMZTIZMITQbbIbQWVMLMTÅVM]T\MZQWZM
1V [W[\IVbI QT KWV\ZI\\W LQ U]\]W [Q I\\MOOQI Y]ITM U]\]W LQ [KWXW QV N]VbQWVM LMTTM KWVKZM\M XZM^Q[QWVQ KWV\ZI\\]ITQ KPM LQ[XWVOIVW IL M[MUXQWTI[XMKQÅKILM[\QVIbQWVMLMTÅVIVbQIUMV\WITTI[\QX]TILQ]V ulteriore contratto (compravendita di un dato bene) o allo svolgimento LQ]VILI\II\\Q^Q\oKWUMTIXZWL]bQWVMLQMVMZOQIZQVVW^IJQTMKPMZQ-chiede a sua volta la stipula di ulteriori contratti (appalto, somministra-bQWVM NWZVQ\]ZI MKK M T¼IKY]Q[QbQWVM LQ ]V XZW^^MLQUMV\W I]\WZQbbI-\WZQW4IOQ]ZQ[XZ]LMVbILQUMZQ\WPIIٺMZUI\WKPMQTU]\]W[\QX]TI\W XMZÅVIVbQIZMTIZMITQbbIbQWVMLQ]VQUXQIV\WNW\W^WT\IQKWIKY]Q[\IVLW XIVVMTTQMQTKWV\ZI\\WLQIXXIT\W[WVWVMOWbQOQ]ZQLQKQKWTTMOI\Q#[zKPM TIUIVKI\IKW[\Z]bQWVMLMTT¼QUXQIV\WXMZQVILMUXQUMV\WLMTTI[WKQM\o QVKIZQKI\IXZQ^ILQMٻKIKQIQTKWV\ZI\\WLQU]\]WM[\QVO]MVLWT¼WJJTQOW XMZQU]\]I\IZQLQXIOIZMTMZI\MLMTÅVIVbQIUMV\W23. 1VÅVM^QXW[[WVWM[[MZMKI[QLQQV^M[\QUMV\WQVÅVITQ\oLQ^MZ[MKPMXW[-sono essere inquadrati in un inadempimento rispetto agli impegni presi KWV QT KWV\ZI\\W LQ ÅVIVbQIUMV\W KWV KWV[MO]MV\M ZQ[WT]bQWVM [\IV\M T¼QUXWZ\IVbILMTT¼QVILMUXQUMV\WZQ[XM\\WITT¼WXMZIbQWVM=VKI[WXIZ-\QKWTIZMZQO]IZLIT¼]\QTQbbWLMTLMVIZWZQKM^]\WQVXZM[\Q\WXMZT¼IKY]Q[\W LMTT¼QUUWJQTMK]QQTÅVIVbQIUMV\WMZIQVLQZQbbI\WUIKWVQV\M[\IbQWVM LMTTW[\M[[WVWVITTI[WKQM\oKPM[^WTOMI\\Q^Q\oIOZQKWTIUIIL]VWLMQ [WKQ1VY]M[\WKI[W[QPI]VW[^QIUMV\WLITÅVMLMTÅVIVbQIUMV\WQV Y]IV\WQTJMVMIKY]Q[Q\WKWVQTKZMLQ\WMTIZOQ\WVWVMV\ZIVMTTIXZWXZQM\o LMTÅVIVbQI\WUILQ]VIT\ZW[WOOM\\W,Q^MZ[WvQTKI[WLQQVILMUXQ-UMV\WITTMXZM[KZQbQWVQLMTTILQZMbQWVMKZMLQ\QNI\\MXZWXZQMLITT¼WZOIVW KPMPIQTXW\MZMLMTQJMZI\Q^WZQ[XM\\WITT¼MV\MÅVIVbQI\WZMT¼),WXX]ZM 23<ZQJ+I[[QVW!W\\WJZM:MLIbQWVM/Q]ٺZu.
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6. - Credito agevolato, garanzie, co-garanzie e controgaranzie.
In caso di credito agevolato entrano poi solitamente in gioco ]VI [MZQM LQ ZIXXWZ\Q LQ OIZIVbQI KWOIZIVbQI M KWV\ZWOIZIVbQI 8MV[QIUWITKI[WLQ]V[WOOM\\WKPMZQKM^M]VNQVIVbQIUMV\WIOZI-ZQWKWVOIZIVbQILQ;\I\WXMZQT\ZIUQ\MLQ]VMV\MIKQLMX]\I\W sul pagamento degli interessi. La concessione di un credito agevola-to presuppone comunque la nascita di un rapporagevola-to di diritagevola-to privaagevola-to \ZIT¼Q[\Q\]\WNQVIVbQIZQWMLQTXZQ^I\WQVY]ILZIJQTMKWUMU]\]WLQ ;\I\W M ]V ZIXXWZ\W [MKWVLIZQW \ZI T¼MV\M X]JJTQKW M QT NQVIVbQI\W con cui il primo si accolla una parte degli interessi che devono esse-re corrisposti al mutuante. ;QXW[[WVWXWQI^MZMOIZIVbQMXMZ[WVITQÅLMQ][[QWVQKWV\ZI\\QI]\WVWUQ LQOIZIVbQIMT¼QV\MZ^MV\WLQKWOIZIVbQMMKWV\ZWOIZIVbQMWXMZIV\QQV XIZ\QKWTIZMQVKI[WLQQV\MZ^MV\WLQ+WVÅLQ241T\MZUQVM+WVÅLQv]V IKZWVQUWLQ®KWV[WZbQWLQOIZIVbQIKWTTM\\Q^ILMQÅLQ¯KPM[^WTOMI\\Q-^Q\oLQXZM[\IbQWVMLQOIZIVbQMXMZIOM^WTIZMTMQUXZM[MVMTT¼IKKM[[WIQ ÅVIVbQIUMV\QLM[\QVI\QITTMI\\Q^Q\oMKWVWUQKPMMXZWL]\\Q^M
1T +WVÅLQ X] ZQTI[KQIZM ÅLMQ][[QWVQ M OIZIVbQM I XZQUI ZQKPQM[\I ZQ-[XWVLMVLWLMTTMWJJTQOIbQWVQI[[]V\MKWVQT[]WXI\ZQUWVQWI[MUXTQKM richiesta della Banca garantita in caso di default del garantito.
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IVITWOWOQoXZQUI®4IXWTQbbIÅLMQ][[WZQI[\QX]TI\IIOIZIVbQILMTTMWJJTQOIbQWVQI[[]V\MLI]VIX-1T +WVÅLQ WXMZI IVKPM I\\ZI^MZ[W Q .WVLQ KWV[WZ\QTQ KW[\Q\]Q\Q [QI I\-traverso risorse pubbliche sia atI\-traverso i contributi degli imprenditori I[[WKQI\QKZMIVLWXZM[[WOTQQV\MZUMLQIZQJIVKIZQLMQNWVLQLQOIZIVbQI LM[\QVI\Q 1V KI[W LQ QV[WT^MVbI LMT U]\]I\IZQW QT .WVLW I[[]UM ]VI XMZKMV\]ITM LQ ZQ[KPQW 1T +WVÅLQ X] KWVLQ^QLMZM QT ZQ[KPQW KWV IT\ZQ +WVÅLQLQXZQUWTQ^MTTWWKWVIT\ZQMV\QI\\ZI^MZ[WTIKWOIZIVbQIW
XIT\I\WZMKW[\Q\]Q[KM]VIOIZIVbQII\QXQKIQVY]IV\WNMZUIZM[\IVLWT¼QV^ITQLQ\oLMTTIXWTQbbI[\M[[I [M QV\MZ^MV]\I []KKM[[Q^IUMV\M ZQ[XM\\W ITT¼QVILMUXQUMV\W LMTTM WJJTQOIbQWVQ OIZIV\Q\M T¼QV[W[\Q-\]QJQTQ\oLQY]M[\M]T\QUMKWUXWZ\IKPMQTKZMLQ\WZMX]XZM\MVLMZMLITOIZIV\M[WTWQTZQ[IZKQUMV\W LMTLIVVWLW^]\WXMZT¼QVILMUXQUMV\WLMTT¼WJJTQOI\WXZQVKQXITMXZM[\IbQWVMLQ^MZ[ILIY]MTTIITTI Y]ITMI^M^ILQZQ\\W^MVMVLWKW[z^]TVMZI\WQTUMKKIVQ[UWLMTTI[WTQLIZQM\oKPMVMTTIÅLMQ][[QWVM attribuisce al creditore la libera electioKQWvTIXW[[QJQTQ\oLQKPQMLMZMT¼ILMUXQUMV\WKW[zITLMJQ\WZM KWUMITÅLMQ][[WZMIXIZ\QZMLITUWUMV\WQVK]QQTKZMLQ\WvM[QOQJQTM¯"KW[z+I[[;Mb=V+Q^ NMJJZIQWV!QVGiust. civKWVVW\ILQ)LAMORGESE, Garantievertrag
secondo le Sezioni
Unite;QIٺMZUIQVWT\ZMKPM®TIXWTQbbIKPMKWV\QMVMTIKTI][WTI¹IXZQUIZQKPQM-[\IºVWVW[\IV\M[QIKPQIUI\IIVKPM¹ÅLMQ][[WZQIºVWVv[WOOM\\IITTILQ[KQXTQVILMOTQIZ\\! M!KK"KW[\Q\]Q[KMQV^MKM]VKWV\ZI\\WI]\WVWUWLQOIZIVbQI,QKWV[MO]MVbIQT\MZUQVMXMZ T¼M[K][[QWVMLMTTIOIZIVbQIÅ[[I\WLITT¼IZ\!KKVWV[QIXXTQKI[IT^WKPMVWV[QIXZM^Q[\WM[XTQKQ-\IUMV\MLITTMXIZ\Q¯"KW[z+I[[;Mb1+Q^ W\\WJZMVQVGiust. civ., 2011, 4, 929. Per TIOQ]ZQ[XZ]LMVbILQUMZQ\W<ZQJ:WUIVW^MUJZM!!QVBanca borsa, 1998, II, 197. Se in un XZQUWUWUMV\WQOQ]LQKQI^M^IVWKWV[QLMZI\WTIXZM[MVbILQ]VIKTI][WTIIXZQUIZQKPQM[\IKWUM []ٻKQMV\MIQÅVQLMTTIY]ITQÅKIbQWVMLMTVMOWbQWVMQ\MZUQVQLQ]VKWV\ZI\\WI]\WVWUWLQOIZIVbQI +I[[;Mb=V+Q^W\\WJZM! VQVRiv. dir. comm! 11QV\MUXQXQZMKMV\QTI ;]XZMUI+WZ\MKWV]VI[MV\MVbII;MbQWVQ=VQ\MPIXZMKQ[I\WKPM®TIXWTQbbIÅLMQ][[WZQI[\QX]TI\I IOIZIVbQILMTTMWJJTQOIbQWVQI[[]V\MI[[]ZOMIOIZIVbQII\QXQKIIKIOQWVMLMTT¼QV[W[\Q\]QJQTQ\o LMTTIWJJTQOIbQWVMXZQVKQXITMWVLMQTKZMLQ\WZMX]XZM\MVLMZMLITOIZIV\M[WTW]VZQ[IZKQUMV\W XZM[\IbQWVMLQ^MZ[ILIY]MTTIITTIY]ITMI^M^ILQZQ\\W¯+I[[;Mb=V+Q^ NMJJZIQWV 3947, cit. In dottrina, a commento della sopracitata pronuncia tra i numerosi contributi si veda G. BARILLÀ, Le Sezioni Unite e il Garantiervertrag]VY]IZ\WLQ[MKWTWLWXW"]VIXZWV]VKQI®[\WZQKI¯NIKPQIZMbbI
[]Q LQٺMZMV\Q UWLMTTQ LQ OIZIVbQM JIVKIZQM I]\WVWUM, in Banca borsa, 11 # , CERINI, Le Sezioni
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OIZIVbQMI]\WVWUMMQVXIZ\QKWTIZMTMXWTQbbMÅLMQ][[WZQM^Q[\MLITTM;MbQWVQ=VQ\M, in Giur. it., 2010, I, 2032; F.
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in Corr. giur., 2010, 1022; G. TRAVAGLINO, 6I\]ZIOQ]ZQLQKILMTTIXWTQbbIÅLMQ][[WZQI[\QX]TI\ILITT¼IXXIT\I\WZM
a garanzia delle obbligazioni verso la P.A., in Corr. merito6MTTMUW\Q^IbQWVQW[[MZ^ITI+WZ\M
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)KKIV\W I Y]M[\W [Q ZMOQ[\ZIVW U]\IUMV\Q VMT [M\\WZM KZMLQ\QbQW KPM hanno indubbiamente avuto un impatto evolutivo nel settore del
cre-26;]TTIVI\]ZILMQ+WVÅLQ[Q^MLIM.S. GIANNINI, Cooperative artigiane di garanzia del credito, in Banca
borsa tit. cred!1[[#+5ASUCCI1KWV[WZbQLQOIZIVbQIKWTTM\\Q^IÅLQ, in Riv. dir. comm., 1978, I,
394 ss.; G. VOLPE PUTZOLU, Commento alla deliberazione CIPI del 22 febbraio 1979 (statuto-tipo per i consorzi
e società consortili tra piccole e medie imprese), in Nuove leggi civ., 1979, 977; F. MERUSI, 9]ITKPMZQÆM[[QWVM
X]JJTQKQ[\QKI[]QKWV[WZbQÅLQQV5BIONE - V. CALANDRA BUONAURA (a cura di), +WV[WZbQÅLQMKWWXMZI\Q^M
di garanzia5QTIVW! !#R. COSTI, +WV[WZbQÅLQMKWWXMZI\Q^MLQOIZIVbQI, in +WV[WZbQÅLQMKWWXMZI\Q^M
di garanzia, cit., 43; L. DE ANGELIS, .QLMQ][[QWVQLMQ[WKQLQKWWXMZI\Q^MÅVIVbQIZQM, in Società, 1988, 1274 ss.;
G.D. MOSCO, 1KWV[WZbQÅLQMT¼QV\MZUMLQIbQWVMÅVIVbQIZQI"V]W^QQV\MZ^MV\QTMOQ[TI\Q^QMLM[XMZQMVbMM]ZWXMM, in
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in Riv. dir. priv., 2007, 362 ss.
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